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Domingues TS, Hussain S, Haji-Akbari A. Divergence among Local Structure, Dynamics, and Nucleation Outcome in Heterogeneous Nucleation of Close-Packed Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:1279-1287. [PMID: 38284350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous crystal nucleation is the dominant mechanism of crystallization in most systems, yet its underlying physics remains an enigma. While emergent interfacial crystalline order precedes heterogeneous nucleation, its importance in the nucleation mechanism is unclear. Here, we use path sampling simulations of two model systems to demonstrate that crystalline order in its traditional sense is not predictive of the outcome of the heterogeneous nucleation of close-packed crystals. Consequently, structure-based collective variables (CVs) that reliably describe homogeneous nucleation can be poor descriptors of heterogeneous nucleation. This divergence between structure and nucleation outcome is accompanied by an intriguing dynamical anomaly, wherein low-coordinated crystalline particles outpace their liquid-like counterparts. We use committor analysis, high-throughput screening, and machine learning to devise CV optimization strategies and present suitable structural heuristics within the metastable fluid for CV prescreening. Employing such optimized CVs is pivotal for properly characterizing the mechanism of heterogeneous nucleation in metallic and colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago S Domingues
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Sarwar Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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2
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Takahashi K, Nakano H, Sato H. Unified polarizable electrode models for open and closed circuits: Revisiting the effects of electrode polarization and different circuit conditions on electrode-electrolyte interfaces. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014111. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0093095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A precise understanding of the interfacial structure and dynamics is essential for the optimal design of various electrochemical devices. Herein, we propose a method for classical molecular dynamics simulations to deal with electrochemical interfaces with polarizable electrodes under the open circuit condition. Less attention has been paid to electrochemical circuit conditions in computation despite being often essential for a proper assessment, especially comparison between different models. The present method is based on the chemical potential equalization principle, as is a method developed previously to deal with systems under the closed circuit condition. These two methods can be interconverted through the Legendre transformation, so that the difference in the circuit conditions can be compared on the same footing. Furthermore, the electrode polarization effect can be correctly studied by comparing the present method with the conventional simulations with the electrodes represented by fixed charges, since both of the methods describe systems under the open circuit condition. The method is applied to a parallel-plate capacitor composed of platinum electrodes and an aqueous electrolyte solution. The electrode polarization effects have an impact on the interfacial structure of the electrolyte solution. We found that the difference in the circuit conditions significantly affects the dynamics of the electrolyte solution. The electric field at the charged electrode surface is poorly screened by the nonequilibrium solution structure in the open circuit condition, which accelerates the motion of the electrolyte solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University - Katsura Campus, Japan
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3
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Nonclassical Nucleation—Role of Metastable Intermediate Phase in Crystal Nucleation: An Editorial Prefix. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Classical nucleation theory (CNT), which was established about 90 years ago, represents the most commonly used theory in describing nucleation processes. For a fluid-to-solid phase transition, CNT states that the solutes in a supersaturated solution reversibly form small clusters. Once a cluster reaches its critical size, it becomes thermodynamically stable and is favored for further growth. One of the most important assumptions of CNT is that the nucleation process is described by one reaction coordinate and all order parameters proceed simultaneously. Recent studies in experiments, computer simulations, and theory have revealed nonclassical features in the early stage of nucleation. In particular, the decoupling of order parameters involved during a fluid-to-solid transition leads to the so-called two-step nucleation mechanism, in which a metastable intermediate phase (MIP) exists in parallel to the initial supersaturated solution and the final crystals. These MIPs can be high-density liquid phases, mesoscopic clusters, or preordered states. In this Special Issue, we focus on the role of the various MIPs in the early stage of crystal nucleation of organic materials, metals and alloys, aqueous solutions, minerals, colloids, and proteins, and thus on various scenarios of nonclassical pathways of crystallization.
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4
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Liu Z, Cheng Q, Wang Y, Zheng A, Li K, Zhang J. Three-body aggregation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics simulation. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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5
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Dou X, Chen Y, Han Y. Modification of glycerol force Field for simulating silver nucleation under a diffusion limited condition. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Becit B, Duchstein P, Zahn D. Molecular mechanisms of mesoporous silica formation from colloid solution: Ripening-reactions arrest hollow network structures. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212731. [PMID: 30845145 PMCID: PMC6405164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The agglomeration of silica nanoparticles in aqueous solution is investigated from molecular simulations. Mimicking destabilization of colloidal solutions by full removal of protective moieties or surface charge, association of SiO2/Si(OH)4 core/shell particles leads to rapid proton transfer reactions that account for local silanole → silica ripening reactions. Yet, such virtually barrier-less binding is only observed within a limited contact zone. Agglomeration hence leads to the formation of oligomers of nanoparticles, whilst full merging into a compact precipitate is hampered by the need for extended structural reorganisation. Implementing sufficiently fast supply from colloidal solution, our simulations show the development of silica networks comprised of covalently bound, yet not fully merged nanoparticles. Within the oligomerized nanoparticle network, coordination numbers range from 2 to 5 –which is far below closest packing. Our simulations hence rationalize the formation of covalently bound network structures hosting extended pores. The resulting interfaces to the solvent show water immobilization only for the immediate contact layers, whilst the inner pores exhibit solvent mobility akin to bulk water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahanur Becit
- Computer Chemie Centrum, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Duchstein
- Computer Chemie Centrum, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Computer Chemie Centrum, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Panaritis C, Edake M, Couillard M, Einakchi R, Baranova EA. Insight towards the role of ceria-based supports for reverse water gas shift reaction over RuFe nanoparticles. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Hadjittofis E, Isbell MA, Karde V, Varghese S, Ghoroi C, Heng JYY. Influences of Crystal Anisotropy in Pharmaceutical Process Development. Pharm Res 2018; 35:100. [PMID: 29556822 PMCID: PMC5859710 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline materials are of crucial importance to the pharmaceutical industry, as a large number of APIs are formulated in crystalline form, occasionally in the presence of crystalline excipients. Owing to their multifaceted character, crystals were found to have strongly anisotropic properties. In fact, anisotropic properties were found to be quite important for a number of processes including milling, granulation and tableting. An understanding of crystal anisotropy and an ability to control and predict crystal anisotropy are mostly subjects of interest for researchers. A number of studies dealing with the aforementioned phenomena are grounded on over-simplistic assumptions, neglecting key attributes of crystalline materials, most importantly the anisotropic nature of a number of their properties. Moreover, concepts such as the influence of interfacial phenomena in the behaviour of crystalline materials during their growth and in vivo, are still poorly understood. The review aims to address concepts from a molecular perspective, focusing on crystal growth and dissolution. It begins with a brief outline of fundamental concepts of intermolecular and interfacial phenomena. The second part discusses their relevance to the field of pharmaceutical crystal growth and dissolution. Particular emphasis is given to works dealing with mechanistic understandings of the influence of solvents and additives on crystal habit. Furthermore, comments and perspectives, highlighting future directions for the implementation of fundamental concepts of interfacial phenomena in the rational understanding of crystal growth and dissolution processes, have been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychios Hadjittofis
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark Antonin Isbell
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Vikram Karde
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sophia Varghese
- DryProTech Laboratory, Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Chinmay Ghoroi
- DryProTech Laboratory, Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India
| | - Jerry Y Y Heng
- Surfaces and Particle Engineering Laboratory (SPEL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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9
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Sun B, Fernandez M, Barnard AS. Machine Learning for Silver Nanoparticle Electron Transfer Property Prediction. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:2413-2423. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baichuan Sun
- Molecular & Materials Modelling Laboratory, DATA61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed, Village Street, Docklands VIC, 3008, Australia
| | - Michael Fernandez
- Molecular & Materials Modelling Laboratory, DATA61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed, Village Street, Docklands VIC, 3008, Australia
| | - Amanda S. Barnard
- Molecular & Materials Modelling Laboratory, DATA61 CSIRO, Door 34 Goods Shed, Village Street, Docklands VIC, 3008, Australia
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Clark MD, Morris KR, Tomassone MS. Correlation of Solubility with the Metastable Limit of Nucleation Using Gauge-Cell Monte Carlo Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9081-9090. [PMID: 28812905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel simulation-based investigation of the nucleation of nanodroplets from solution and from vapor. Nucleation is difficult to measure or model accurately, and predicting when nucleation should occur remains an open problem. Of specific interest is the "metastable limit", the observed concentration at which nucleation occurs spontaneously, which cannot currently be estimated a priori. To investigate the nucleation process, we employ gauge-cell Monte Carlo simulations to target spontaneous nucleation and measure thermodynamic properties of the system at nucleation. Our results reveal a widespread correlation over 5 orders of magnitude of solubilities, in which the metastable limit depends exclusively on solubility and the number density of generated nuclei. This three-way correlation is independent of other parameters, including intermolecular interactions, temperature, molecular structure, system composition, and the structure of the formed nuclei. Our results have great potential to further the prediction of nucleation events using easily measurable solute properties alone and to open new doors for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Clark
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kenneth R Morris
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University , Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Maria Silvina Tomassone
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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11
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Wall MA, Harmsen S, Pal S, Zhang L, Arianna G, Lombardi JR, Drain CM, Kircher MF. Surfactant-Free Shape Control of Gold Nanoparticles Enabled by Unified Theoretical Framework of Nanocrystal Synthesis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201605622. [PMID: 28374940 PMCID: PMC5502103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have unique properties that are highly dependent on their shape and size. Synthetic methods that enable precise control over nanoparticle morphology currently require shape-directing agents such as surfactants or polymers that force growth in a particular direction by adsorbing to specific crystal facets. These auxiliary reagents passivate the nanoparticles' surface, and thus decrease their performance in applications like catalysis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Here, a surfactant- and polymer-free approach to achieving high-performance gold nanoparticles is reported. A theoretical framework to elucidate the growth mechanism of nanoparticles in surfactant-free media is developed and it is applied to identify strategies for shape-controlled syntheses. Using the results of the analyses, a simple, green-chemistry synthesis of the four most commonly used morphologies: nanostars, nanospheres, nanorods, and nanoplates is designed. The nanoparticles synthesized by this method outperform analogous particles with surfactant and polymer coatings in both catalysis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Wall
- Department of Radiology and Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stefan Harmsen
- Department of Radiology and Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Soumik Pal
- Department of Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Gianluca Arianna
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John R Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry, City College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Radiology and Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, NY, 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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12
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Schiener A, Schmidt E, Bergmann C, Seifert S, Zahn D, Krach A, Weihrich R, Magerl A. The formation of CdS quantum dots and Au nanoparticles. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zkri-2016-1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We report on microsecond-resolved in-situ SAXS experiments of the early nucleation and growth behavior of both cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots in aqueous solution including the temperature dependence and of gold (Au) nanoparticles. A novel free-jet setup was developped to access reaction times as early as 20 μs. As the signal in particular in the beginning of the reaction is weak the containment-free nature of this sample environment prooved crucial. The SAXS data reveal a two-step pathway with a surprising stability of a structurally relaxed cluster with a diameter of about 2 nm. While these develop rapidly by ionic assembly, a further slower growth is attributed to cluster attachment. WAXS diffraction confirms, that the particles at this early stage are not yet crystalline. This growth mode is confirmed for a temperature range from 25°C to 45°C. An energy barrier for the diffusion of primary clusters in water of 0.60 eV was experimentally observed in agreement with molecular simulations. To access reaction times beyond 100 ms, a stopped-drop setup -again contaiment- free is introduced. SAXS experiments on the growth of Au nanoparticles on an extended time scale provide a much slower growth with one population only. Further, the influence of ionizing X-ray radiation on the Au particle fromation and growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schiener
- Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ella Schmidt
- Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Bergmann
- Crystallography and Structural Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Theoretical Chemistry and Computer-Chemistry-Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Krach
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Weihrich
- Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Institute for Materials Resource Management, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstr. 1, 86135 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Magerl
- Biophysics Goup, Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Dietrich H, Schmaltz T, Halik M, Zahn D. Molecular dynamics simulations of phosphonic acid–aluminum oxide self-organization and their evolution into ordered monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5137-5144. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08681k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We outline an unprejudiced molecular dynamics simulation approach to study the mechanisms of self-organization encompassing the evolution of surfactant–surface interactions to the growth of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Dietrich
- Computer Chemie Centrum & Chair of Theoretical Chemistry
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91052 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - T. Schmaltz
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD)
- Institute of Polymer Materials
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - M. Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices (OMD)
- Institute of Polymer Materials
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - D. Zahn
- Computer Chemie Centrum & Chair of Theoretical Chemistry
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91052 Erlangen
- Germany
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14
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Milek T, Zahn D. A Surfactants Walk to Work: Modes of Action of Citrate Controlling (10-10) and (000-1) Zinc Oxide Surface Growth from Solution. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Sosso G, Chen J, Cox SJ, Fitzner M, Pedevilla P, Zen A, Michaelides A. Crystal Nucleation in Liquids: Open Questions and Future Challenges in Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7078-116. [PMID: 27228560 PMCID: PMC4919765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleation of crystals in liquids is one of nature's most ubiquitous phenomena, playing an important role in areas such as climate change and the production of drugs. As the early stages of nucleation involve exceedingly small time and length scales, atomistic computer simulations can provide unique insights into the microscopic aspects of crystallization. In this review, we take stock of the numerous molecular dynamics simulations that, in the past few decades, have unraveled crucial aspects of crystal nucleation in liquids. We put into context the theoretical framework of classical nucleation theory and the state-of-the-art computational methods by reviewing simulations of such processes as ice nucleation and the crystallization of molecules in solutions. We shall see that molecular dynamics simulations have provided key insights into diverse nucleation scenarios, ranging from colloidal particles to natural gas hydrates, and that, as a result, the general applicability of classical nucleation theory has been repeatedly called into question. We have attempted to identify the most pressing open questions in the field. We believe that, by improving (i) existing interatomic potentials and (ii) currently available enhanced sampling methods, the community can move toward accurate investigations of realistic systems of practical interest, thus bringing simulations a step closer to experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele
C. Sosso
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Ji Chen
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | | | - Martin Fitzner
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Philipp Pedevilla
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Andrea Zen
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
| | - Angelos Michaelides
- Thomas Young Centre, London
Centre for Nanotechnology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street WC1E
6BT London, U.K.
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16
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Ahmad R, Brandl M, Distaso M, Herre P, Spiecker E, Hock R, Peukert W. A comprehensive study on the mechanism behind formation and depletion of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) phases. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High efficiency kesterite based solar cells have vigorously raised the research interests in this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Ahmad
- Institute of Particle Technology
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Brandl
- Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monica Distaso
- Institute of Particle Technology
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Herre
- Institute of Particle Technology
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Hock
- Chair for Crystallography and Structural Physics
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
- 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Peukert W, Segets D, Pflug L, Leugering G. Unified Design Strategies for Particulate Products. MESOSCALE MODELING IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PART I 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ache.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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