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Algar WR, Massey M, Rees K, Higgins R, Krause KD, Darwish GH, Peveler WJ, Xiao Z, Tsai HY, Gupta R, Lix K, Tran MV, Kim H. Photoluminescent Nanoparticles for Chemical and Biological Analysis and Imaging. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9243-9358. [PMID: 34282906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Research related to the development and application of luminescent nanoparticles (LNPs) for chemical and biological analysis and imaging is flourishing. Novel materials and new applications continue to be reported after two decades of research. This review provides a comprehensive and heuristic overview of this field. It is targeted to both newcomers and experts who are interested in a critical assessment of LNP materials, their properties, strengths and weaknesses, and prospective applications. Numerous LNP materials are cataloged by fundamental descriptions of their chemical identities and physical morphology, quantitative photoluminescence (PL) properties, PL mechanisms, and surface chemistry. These materials include various semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, carbon dots, nanodiamonds, luminescent metal nanoclusters, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and downshifting nanoparticles, triplet-triplet annihilation nanoparticles, persistent-luminescence nanoparticles, conjugated polymer nanoparticles and semiconducting polymer dots, multi-nanoparticle assemblies, and doped and labeled nanoparticles, including but not limited to those based on polymers and silica. As an exercise in the critical assessment of LNP properties, these materials are ranked by several application-related functional criteria. Additional sections highlight recent examples of advances in chemical and biological analysis, point-of-care diagnostics, and cellular, tissue, and in vivo imaging and theranostics. These examples are drawn from the recent literature and organized by both LNP material and the particular properties that are leveraged to an advantage. Finally, a perspective on what comes next for the field is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Russ Algar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Melissa Massey
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelly Rees
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rehan Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine D Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ghinwa H Darwish
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - William J Peveler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Zhujun Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hsin-Yun Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Rupsa Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kelsi Lix
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael V Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyungki Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Chen Y, Xu X, Li C, Bendavid A, Westerhausen MT, Bradac C, Toth M, Aharonovich I, Tran TT. Bottom-Up Synthesis of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoparticles with Intensity-Stabilized Quantum Emitters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2008062. [PMID: 33733581 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202008062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles are widely utilized in a large range of nanoscale imaging and sensing applications. While ultra-small nanoparticles (size ≤10 nm) are highly desirable, at this size range, their photostability can be compromised due to effects such as intensity fluctuation and spectral diffusion caused by interaction with surface states. In this article, a facile, bottom-up technique for the fabrication of sub-10-nm hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles hosting photostable bright emitters via a catalyst-free hydrothermal reaction between boric acid and melamine is demonstrated. A simple stabilization protocol that significantly reduces intensity fluctuation by ≈85% and narrows the emission linewidth by ≈14% by employing a common sol-gel silica coating process is also implemented. This study advances a promising strategy for the scalable, bottom-up synthesis of high-quality quantum emitters in hBN nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Chen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Chi Li
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 36 Bradfield Road, Lindfield, NSW, 2070, Australia
| | - Mika T Westerhausen
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Toan Trong Tran
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Nanodiamonds: Synthesis and Application in Sensing, Catalysis, and the Possible Connection with Some Processes Occurring in Space. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the unique characteristics of nanodiamonds (NDs) and the fluorescence properties of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers has lead to a tool with quantum sensing capabilities and nanometric spatial resolution; this tool is able to operate in a wide range of temperatures and pressures and in harsh chemical conditions. For the development of devices based on NDs, a great effort has been invested in researching cheap and easily scalable synthesis techniques for NDs and NV-NDs. In this review, we discuss the common fluorescent NDs synthesis techniques as well as the laser-assisted production methods. Then, we report recent results regarding the applications of fluorescent NDs, focusing in particular on sensing of the environmental parameters as well as in catalysis. Finally, we underline that the highly non-equilibrium processes occurring in the interactions of laser-materials in controlled laboratory conditions for NDs synthesis present unique opportunities for investigation of the phenomena occurring under extreme thermodynamic conditions in planetary cores or under warm dense matter conditions.
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Ryazanova AI, Lvova NA. Adsorption Properties of the C(100)-(2×1) Diamond Surface with Vacancy Defects and “Nitrogen + Vacancy” Complexes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441904023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chipaux M, van der Laan KJ, Hemelaar SR, Hasani M, Zheng T, Schirhagl R. Nanodiamonds and Their Applications in Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704263. [PMID: 29573338 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Diamonds owe their fame to a unique set of outstanding properties. They combine a high refractive index, hardness, great stability and inertness, and low electrical but high thermal conductivity. Diamond defects have recently attracted a lot of attention. Given this unique list of properties, it is not surprising that diamond nanoparticles are utilized for numerous applications. Due to their hardness, they are routinely used as abrasives. Their small and uniform size qualifies them as attractive carriers for drug delivery. The stable fluorescence of diamond defects allows their use as stable single photon sources or biolabels. The magnetic properties of the defects make them stable spin qubits in quantum information. This property also allows their use as a sensor for temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. This Review focuses on applications in cells. Different diamond materials and the special requirements for the respective applications are discussed. Methods to chemically modify the surface of diamonds and the different hurdles one has to overcome when working with cells, such as entering the cells and biocompatibility, are described. Finally, the recent developments and applications in labeling, sensing, drug delivery, theranostics, antibiotics, and tissue engineering are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayeul Chipaux
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiran J van der Laan
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon R Hemelaar
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Masoumeh Hasani
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838683, Iran
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Drug Addiction and Medication Safety, Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital & Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, 518036, Shenzhen, China
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Bradac C, Johnsson MT, Breugel MV, Baragiola BQ, Martin R, Juan ML, Brennen GK, Volz T. Room-temperature spontaneous superradiance from single diamond nanocrystals. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1205. [PMID: 29089492 PMCID: PMC5663960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Superradiance (SR) is a cooperative phenomenon which occurs when an ensemble of quantum emitters couples collectively to a mode of the electromagnetic field as a single, massive dipole that radiates photons at an enhanced rate. Previous studies on solid-state systems either reported SR from sizeable crystals with at least one spatial dimension much larger than the wavelength of the light and/or only close to liquid-helium temperatures. Here, we report the observation of room-temperature superradiance from single, highly luminescent diamond nanocrystals with spatial dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of light, and each containing a large number (~ 103) of embedded nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres. The results pave the way towards a systematic study of SR in a well-controlled, solid-state quantum system at room temperature. Previously, superradiance was observed from sizeable crystals or close to liquid-helium temperatures. Here, Bradec et al. report the observation of room-temperature superradiance from single, highly luminescent diamond nanocrystals with spatial dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bradac
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mattias T Johnsson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Matthew van Breugel
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ben Q Baragiola
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Rochelle Martin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Mathieu L Juan
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Gavin K Brennen
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Hemelaar SR, Nagl A, Bigot F, Rodríguez-García MM, de Vries MP, Chipaux M, Schirhagl R. The interaction of fluorescent nanodiamond probes with cellular media. Mikrochim Acta 2017; 184:1001-1009. [PMID: 28344361 PMCID: PMC5346409 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are promising tools to image cells, bioanalytes and physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, and electric or magnetic fields with nanometer resolution. To exploit their potential for intracellular applications, the FNDs have to be brought into contact with cell culture media. The interactions between the medium and the diamonds crucially influence sensitivity as well as the ability to enter cells. The authors demonstrate that certain proteins and salts spontaneously adhere to the FNDs and may cause aggregation. This is a first investigation on the fundamental questions on how (a) FNDs interact with the medium, and (b) which proteins and salts are being attracted. A differentiation between strongly binding and weakly binding proteins is made. Not all proteins participate in the formation of FND aggregates. Surprisingly, some main components in the medium seem to play no role in aggregation. Simple strategies to prevent aggregation are discussed. These include adding the proteins, which are naturally present in the cell culture to the diamonds first and then inserting them in the full medium. Graphical abstractSchematic of the interaction of nanodiamonds with cell culture medium. Certain proteins and salts adhere to the diamond surface and lead to aggregation or to formation of a protein corona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Hemelaar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Nagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - François Bigot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Melissa M. Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel P. de Vries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Antonius Deusinglaan 1, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9713 AW Groningen, Netherlands
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8
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Ekimov EA, Kondrin MV. Vacancy-impurity centers in diamond: perspectives of synthesis and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3367/ufnr.2016.11.037959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Wang S, Ye J, Li X, Liu Z. Boronate Affinity Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Inhibition Assay of cis-Diol Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5088-96. [PMID: 27089186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been essential for many applications, in which an appropriate donor-acceptor pair is the key. Traditional dye-to-dye combinations remain the working horses but are rather nonspecifically susceptive to environmental factors (such as ionic strength, pH, oxygen, etc.). Besides, to obtain desired selectivity, functionalization of the donor or acceptor is essential but usually tedious. Herein, we present fluorescent poly(m-aminophenylboronic acid) nanoparticles (poly(mAPBA) NPs) synthesized via a simple procedure and demonstrate a FRET scheme with suppressed environmental effects for the selective sensing of cis-diol biomolecules. The NPs exhibited stable fluorescence properties, resistance to environmental factors, and a Förster distance comparable size, making them ideal donor for FRET applications. By using poly(mAPBA) NPs and adenosine 5'-monophosphate modified graphene oxide (AMP-GO) as a donor and an acceptor, respectively, an environmental effects-suppressed boronate affinity-mediated FRET system was established. The fluorescence of poly(mAPBA) NPs was quenched by AMP-GO while it was restored when a competing cis-diol compounds was present. The FRET system exhibited excellent selectivity and improved sensitivity toward cis-diol compounds. Quantitative inhibition assay of glucose in human serum was demonstrated. As many cis-diol compounds such as sugars and glycoproteins are biologically and clinically significant, the FRET scheme presented herein could find more promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, China
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Bradac C, Say JM, Rastogi ID, Cordina NM, Volz T, Brown LJ. Nano-assembly of nanodiamonds by conjugation to actin filaments. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:296-304. [PMID: 26296437 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (NDs) are remarkable objects. They possess unique mechanical and optical properties combined with high surface areas and controllable surface reactivity. They are non-toxic and hence suited for use in biological environments. NDs are also readily available and commercially inexpensive. Here, the exceptional capability of controlling and tailoring their surface chemistry is demonstrated. Small, bright diamond nanocrystals (size ˜30 nm) are conjugated to protein filaments of actin (length ˜3-7 µm). The conjugation to actin filaments is extremely selective and highly target-specific. These unique features, together with the relative simplicity of the conjugation-targeting method, make functionalised nanodiamonds a powerful and versatile platform in biomedicine and quantum nanotechnologies. Applications ranging from using NDs as superior biological markers to, potentially, developing novel bottom-up approaches for the fabrication of hybrid quantum devices that would bridge across the bio/solid-state interface are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bradac
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Jana M Say
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ishan D Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Nicole M Cordina
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Thomas Volz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems (EQuS), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Louise J Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Nagl A, Hemelaar SR, Schirhagl R. Improving surface and defect center chemistry of fluorescent nanodiamonds for imaging purposes--a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7521-36. [PMID: 26220715 PMCID: PMC4575388 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Diamonds are widely used for jewelry owing to their superior optical properties accounting for their fascinating beauty. Beyond the sparkle, diamond is highly investigated in materials science for its remarkable properties. Recently, fluorescent defects in diamond, particularly the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV(-)) center, have gained much attention: The NV(-) center emits stable, nonbleaching fluorescence, and thus could be utilized in biolabeling, as a light source, or as a Förster resonance energy transfer donor. Even more remarkable are its spin properties: with the fluorescence intensity of the NV(-) center reacting to the presence of small magnetic fields, it can be utilized as a sensor for magnetic fields as small as the field of a single electron spin. However, a reproducible defect and surface and defect chemistry are crucial to all applications. In this article we review methods for using nanodiamonds for different imaging purposes. The article covers (1) dispersion of particles, (2) surface cleaning, (3) particle size selection and reduction, (4) defect properties, and (5) functionalization and attachment to nanostructures, e.g., scanning probe microscopy tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Robert Hemelaar
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AW, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Moore L, Grobárová V, Shen H, Man HB, Míčová J, Ledvina M, Štursa J, Nesladek M, Fišerová A, Ho D. Comprehensive interrogation of the cellular response to fluorescent, detonation and functionalized nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:11712-21. [PMID: 25037888 PMCID: PMC4399863 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr02570a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are versatile nanoparticles that are currently being investigated for a variety of applications in drug delivery, biomedical imaging and nanoscale sensing. Although initial studies indicate that these small gems are biocompatible, there is a great deal of variability in synthesis methods and surface functionalization that has yet to be evaluated. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the cellular compatibility of an array of nanodiamond subtypes and surface functionalization strategies. These results demonstrate that NDs are well tolerated by multiple cell types at both functional and gene expression levels. In addition, ND-mediated delivery of daunorubicin is less toxic to multiple cell types than treatment with daunorubicin alone, thus demonstrating the ability of the ND agent to improve drug tolerance and decrease therapeutic toxicity. Overall, the results here indicate that ND biocompatibility serves as a promising foundation for continued preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moore
- Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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Thiering G, Londero E, Gali A. Single nickel-related defects in molecular-sized nanodiamonds for multicolor bioimaging: an ab initio study. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:12018-12025. [PMID: 25180791 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds constitute an outstanding alternative to semiconductor quantum dots and dye molecules for in vivo biomarker applications, where the fluorescence comes from optically active point defects acting as color centers in the nanodiamonds. For practical purposes, these color centers should be photostable as a function of the laser power or the surface termination of nanodiamonds. Furthermore, they should exhibit a sharp and nearly temperature-independent zero-phonon line. In this study, we show by hybrid density functional theory calculations that nickel doped nanodiamonds exhibit the desired properties, thus opening the avenue to practical applications. In particular, harnessing the strong quantum confinement effect in molecule-sized nanodiamonds is very promising for achieving multicolor imaging by single nickel-related defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary.
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Geiselmann M, Marty R, Renger J, García de Abajo FJ, Quidant R. Deterministic optical-near-field-assisted positioning of nitrogen-vacancy centers. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:1520-1525. [PMID: 24571659 DOI: 10.1021/nl4047587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanopositioning of single quantum emitters to control their coupling to integrated photonic structures is a crucial step in the fabrication of solid-state quantum optics devices. We use the optical near-field enhancement produced by nanofabricated gold antennas subject to near-infrared illumination to deterministically trap and position single nanodiamonds (NDs) hosting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. The positioning of the NDs at the antenna regions of maximum field intensity is first characterized using both fluorescence and electron microscopy imaging. We further study the interaction between the nanoantenna and the delivered NV center by analyzing its change in fluorescence lifetime, which is driven by the increase in the local density of optical states at the trapping positions. Additionally, the plasmonic enhancement of the near-field intensity allows us to optically control the NV excited lifetime using relatively low NIR illumination intensities, some 20 times lower than in the absence of the antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geiselmann
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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Chandra S, Miller AD, Bendavid A, Martin PJ, Wong DKY. Minimizing Fouling at Hydrogenated Conical-Tip Carbon Electrodes during Dopamine Detection in Vivo. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2443-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403283t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avi Bendavid
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
| | - Philip J. Martin
- CSIRO Materials
Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia
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Barnard AS, Ōsawa E. The impact of structural polydispersivity on the surface electrostatic potential of nanodiamond. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1188-1194. [PMID: 24302124 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05344j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the multipolar surface electrostatic potential on faceted diamond nanoparticles explained numerous observations over the past decades, but also raised questions as to how it could be reconciled with seemingly contradictory observations of micron sized diamond and bulk diamond surfaces. It was also unclear how surface electrostatic potential would vary for more quasi-spherical shapes, and derivatives of the ideal truncated octahedron. Here we present new results examining the size-dependence of the multi-polar surface electrostatic potential up to experimentally relevant sizes, and explore the impact of {110} facets which have been shown to present in reasonable quantities (experimentally). We have used computational methods that are consistent with previous work to allow for a direct comparison, and show that both particle size and the fraction of {110} facets on nanodiamond play a critical role in the surface charge. When the particle size is below ~2.5 nm multipoles are likely to dominate, but over ~3.0 nm the {110} facets efficiently neutralize the charges leading to a practically monopolar distribution, consistent with observations at other length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Barnard
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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17
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Guo Y, Li S, Li W, Moosa B, Khashab NM. The Hofmeister effect on nanodiamonds: how addition of ions provides superior drug loading platforms. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:84-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Mahfouz R, Floyd DL, Peng W, Choy JT, Loncar M, Bakr OM. Size-controlled fluorescent nanodiamonds: a facile method of fabrication and color-center counting. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11776-11782. [PMID: 24121668 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a facile method for the production of fluorescent diamond nanocrystals (DNCs) of different sizes and efficiently quantify the concentration of emitting defect color centers (DCCs) of each DNC size. We prepared the DNCs by ball-milling commercially available micrometer-sized synthetic (high pressure, high temperature (HPHT)) diamonds and then separated the as-produced DNCs by density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGU) into size-controlled fractions. A protocol to enhance the uniformity of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in the diamonds was devised by depositing the DNCs as a dense monolayer on amino-silanized silicon substrates and then subjecting the monolayer to He(+) beam irradiation. Using a standard confocal setup, we analyzed the average number of NV centers per crystal, and obtained a quantitative relationship between the DNC particle size and the NV number per crystal. This relationship was in good agreement with results from previous studies that used more elaborate setups. Our findings suggest that nanocrystal size separation by DGU may be used to control the number of defects per nanocrystal. The efficient approaches described herein to control and quantify DCCs are valuable to researchers as they explore applications for color centers and new strategies to create them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Mahfouz
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Solar and Photovoltaic Engineering Research Centre, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Inam FA, Grogan MDW, Rollings M, Gaebel T, Say JM, Bradac C, Birks TA, Wadsworth WJ, Castelletto S, Rabeau JR, Steel MJ. Emission and nonradiative decay of nanodiamond NV centers in a low refractive index environment. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3833-43. [PMID: 23586780 DOI: 10.1021/nn304202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is the most widely studied single optical defect in diamond with great potential for applications in quantum technologies. Development of practical single-photon devices requires an understanding of the emission under a range of conditions and environments. In this work, we study the properties of a single NV center in nanodiamonds embedded in an air-like silica aerogel environment which provides a new domain for probing the emission behavior of NV centers in nanoscale environments. In this arrangement, the emission rate is governed primarily by the diamond crystal lattice with negligible contribution from the surrounding environment. This is in contrast to the conventional approach of studying nanodiamonds on a glass coverslip. We observe an increase in the mean lifetime due to the absence of a dielectric interface near the emitting dipoles and a distribution arising from the irregularities in the nanodiamond geometry. Our approach results in the estimation of the mean quantum efficiency (~0.7) of the nanodiamond NV emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz A Inam
- MQ Photonics Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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20
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Abstract
While significant progress has been made toward production of monodispersed samples of a variety of nanoparticles, in cases such as diamond nanoparticles (nanodiamonds) a significant degree of polydispersivity persists, so scaling-up of laboratory applications to industrial levels has its challenges. In many cases, however, monodispersivity is not essential for reliable application, provided that the inevitable uncertainties are just as predictable as the functional properties. As computational methods of materials design are becoming more widespread, there is a growing need for robust methods for modeling ensembles of nanoparticles, that capture the structural complexity characteristic of real specimens. In this paper we present a simple statistical approach to modeling of ensembles of nanoparticles, and apply it to nanodiamond, based on sets of individual simulations that have been carefully selected to describe specific structural sources that are responsible for scattering of fundamental properties, and that are typically difficult to eliminate experimentally. For the purposes of demonstration we show how scattering in the Fermi energy and the electronic band gap are related to different structural variations (sources), and how these results can be combined strategically to yield statistically significant predictions of the properties of an entire ensemble of nanodiamonds, rather than merely one individual 'model' particle or a non-representative sub-set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Barnard
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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21
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Singh S, Catledge SA. Silicon vacancy color center photoluminescence enhancement in nanodiamond particles by isolated substitutional nitrogen on {100} surfaces. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2013; 113:44701. [PMID: 23441101 PMCID: PMC3568091 DOI: 10.1063/1.4783958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds were produced by incorporation of silicon-vacancy (Si-V) defect centers in as-received diamonds of averaged size ∼255 nm using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The potential for further enhancement of Si-V emission in nanodiamonds (NDs) is demonstrated through controlled nitrogen doping by adding varying amounts of N(2) in a H(2) + CH(4) feedgas mixture. Nitrogen doping promoted strong narrow-band (FWHM ∼ 10 nm) emission from the Si-V defects in NDs, as confirmed by room temperature photoluminescence. At low levels, isolated substitutional nitrogen in {100} growth sectors is believed to act as a donor to increase the population of optically active (Si-V)(-) at the expense of optically inactive Si-V defects, thus increasing the observed luminescence from this center. At higher levels, clustered nitrogen leads to deterioration of diamond quality with twinning and increased surface roughness primarily on {111} faces, leading to a quenching of the Si-V luminescence. Enhancement of the Si-V defect through controlled nitrogen doping offers a viable alternative to nitrogen-vacancy defects in biolabeling/sensing applications involving sub-10 nm diamonds for which luminescent activity and stability are reportedly poor.
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22
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Hu W, Li Z, Yang J, Hou J. Nondecaying long range effect of surface decoration on the charge state of NV center in diamond. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:034702. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4775364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Bradac C, Gaebel T, Pakes CI, Say JM, Zvyagin AV, Rabeau JR. Effect of the nanodiamond host on a nitrogen-vacancy color-centre emission state. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:132-9. [PMID: 23024073 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Control over the quantum states of individual luminescent nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres in nanodiamonds (NDs) is demonstrated by careful design of the crystal host: its size, surface functional groups, and interfacing substrate. By progressive etching of the ND host, the NV centres are induced to switch from latent, through continuous, to intermittent or "blinking" emission states. The blinking mechanism of the NV centre in NDs is elucidated and a qualitative model proposed to explain this phenomenon in terms of the centre electron(s) tunnelling to acceptor site(s). These measurements suggest that the substrate material and its proximity to the NV are responsible for the fluorescence intermittency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bradac
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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24
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Lai L, Barnard AS. Interparticle Interactions and Self-Assembly of Functionalized Nanodiamonds. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:896-901. [PMID: 26286417 DOI: 10.1021/jz300066j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although unpassivated detonation nanodiamonds are known to form tightly bound (and sometimes ordered) superstructures, in most high performance applications the surface are deliberately functionalized, and this can profoundly alter the aggregation behavior. In the present study, we model the aggregation of functionalized nanodiamonds and show that functionalization greatly reduces the Coulombic interactions characteristic of unsaturated particles. Our results provide new insights into the interactions of functionalized nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lai
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Amanda S Barnard
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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25
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Lai L, Barnard AS. Nanodiamond for hydrogen storage: temperature-dependent hydrogenation and charge-induced dehydrogenation. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1130-1137. [PMID: 22089370 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based hydrogen storage materials are one of hottest research topics in materials science. Although the majority of studies focus on highly porous loosely bound systems, these systems have various limitations including use at elevated temperature. Here we propose, based on computer simulations, that diamond nanoparticles may provide a new promising high temperature candidate with a moderate storage capacity, but good potential for recyclability. The hydrogenation of nanodiamonds is found to be easily achieved, in agreement with experiments, though we find the stability of hydrogenation is dependent on the morphology of nanodiamonds and surrounding environment. Hydrogenation is thermodynamically favourable even at high temperature in pure hydrogen, ammonia, and methane gas reservoirs, whereas water vapour can help to reduce the energy barrier for desorption. The greatest challenge in using this material is the breaking of the strong covalent C-H bonds, and we have identified that the spontaneous release of atomic hydrogen may be achieved through charging of hydrogenated nanodiamonds. If the degree of induced charge is properly controlled, the integrity of the host nanodiamond is maintained, which indicates that an efficient and recyclable approach for hydrogen release may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lai
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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26
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Moore LK, Gatica M, Chow EK, Ho D. Diamond-Based Nanomedicine: Enhanced Drug Delivery and Imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/dst.2012.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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27
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Say JM, Bradac C, Gaebel T, Rabeau JR, Brown LJ. Processing 15-nm Nanodiamonds Containing Nitrogen-vacancy Centres for Single-molecule FRET. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Colour centres in nanodiamonds have many properties such as chemical and physical stability, biocompatibility, straightforward surface functionalisation as well as bright and stable photoluminescence, which make them attractive for biological applications. Here we examine the use of fluorescent nanodiamonds containing a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre, as an alternative nano-label over conventional fluorophores. We describe a series of chemical treatments and air oxidation to reliably produce small (~15 nm) oxidised nanodiamonds suitable for applications in bioscience. We use Förster resonance energy transfer to measure the coupling efficiency from a single NV centre in a selected nanodiamond to an IRDye 800CW dye molecule absorbed onto the surface. Our single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer analysis, based on fluorescence lifetime measurements, locates the position of the photostable NV centre deep within the core of the nanodiamond.
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28
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Shi H, Barnard AS, Snook IK. High throughput theory and simulation of nanomaterials: exploring the stability and electronic properties of nanographene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32618c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Wang G, Luo G, Soo YL, Sabirianov RF, Lin HJ, Mei WN, Namavar F, Cheung CL. Phase stabilization in nitrogen-implanted nanocrystalline cubic zirconia. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19517-25. [PMID: 21971264 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phase stability of nanocrystallites with metastable crystal structures under ambient conditions is usually attributed to their small grain size. It remains a challenging problem to maintain such phase integrity of these nanomaterials when their crystallite sizes become larger. Here we report an experimental-modelling approach to study the roles of nitrogen dopants in the formation and stabilization of cubic ZrO(2) nanocrystalline films. Mixed nitrogen and argon ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) was applied to produce nitrogen-implanted cubic ZrO(2) nanocrystallites with grain sizes of 8-13 nm. Upon thermal annealing, the atomic structure of these ZrO(2) films was observed to evolve from a cubic phase, to a tetragonal phase and then a monoclinic phase. Our X-ray absorption near edge structure study on the annealed samples together with first-principle modelling revealed the significance of the interstitial nitrogen in the phase stabilization of nitrogen implanted cubic ZrO(2) crystallites via the soft mode hardening mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghua Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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30
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Lai L, Barnard AS. Modeling the thermostability of surface functionalisation by oxygen, hydroxyl, and water on nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2566-2575. [PMID: 21818865 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nanodiamond functionalisation is of great importance for biological and medical applications. Here we examine the stabilities of oxygen, hydroxyl, and water functionalisation of the nanodiamonds using the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding simulations. We find that the oxygen and hydroxyl termination are thermodynamically favourable and form strong C–O covalent bonds on the nanodiamond surface in an O2 and H2 gas reservoir, which confirms previous experiments. Yet, the thermodynamic stabilities of oxygen and hydroxyl functionalisation decrease dramatically in a water vapour reservoir. In contrast, H2O molecules are found to be physically adsorbed on the nanodiamond surface, and forced chemical adsorption results in decomposition of H2O. Moreover, the functionalisation efficiency is found to be facet dependent. The oxygen functionalisation prefers the {100} facets as opposed to alternative facets in an O2 and H2 gas reservoir. The hydroxyl functionalisation favors the {111} surfaces in an O2 and H2 reservoir and the {100} facets in a water vapour reservoir, respectively. This facet selectivity is found to be largely dependent upon the environmental temperature, chemical reservoir, and morphology of the nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lai
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
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31
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Chang LY, Osawa E, Barnard AS. Confirmation of the electrostatic self-assembly of nanodiamonds. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:958-962. [PMID: 21258697 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00883d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A reliable explanation for the underlying mechanism responsible for the persistent aggregation and self-assembly of colloidal 5 nm diamond nanoparticles is critical to the development of nanodiamond-based technologies. Although a number of mechanisms have been proposed, validation has been hindered by the inherent difficulty associated with the identification and characterisation of the inter-particle interfaces. In this paper we present results of high resolution aberration corrected electron microscopy and complementary computer simulations to explicate the features involved, and confirm the electrostatic interaction mechanism as the most probable cause for the formation of agglutinates and agglomerates of primary particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Yun Chang
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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32
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Hui YY, Chang YR, Mohan N, Lim TS, Chen YY, Chang HC. Polarization modulation spectroscopy of single fluorescent nanodiamonds with multiple nitrogen vacancy centers. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1878-84. [PMID: 21332226 DOI: 10.1021/jp110761u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A technique based on polarization modulation spectroscopy (PMS) has been developed to determine quantitatively the number of fluorophores in nanoparticles at the single-molecule level. The technique involves rotation of the polarization of the excitation laser on a millisecond time scale, leading to fluorescence intensity modulation. By taking account of the heterogeneous orientation among the dipoles of the fluorophores and simulating the modulation depth distribution with Monte Carlo calculations, we show that it is possible to deduce the ensemble average and number distribution of the fluorophores. We apply the technique to fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) containing multiple nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. Comparing the experimental and simulated modulation depth distributions of 11 nm FNDs, we deduce an average number of <N> = 3, which is in good agreement with independent photon correlation measurements. The method is general, rapid, and applicable to other nanoparticles, polymers, and molecular complexes containing multiple and randomly orientated fluorophores as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuen Yung Hui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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33
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Kratochvílová I, Kovalenko A, Fendrych F, Petráková V, Záliš S, Nesládek M. Tuning of nanodiamond particles' optical properties by structural defects and surface modifications: DFT modelling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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35
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Bradac C, Gaebel T, Naidoo N, Sellars MJ, Twamley J, Brown LJ, Barnard AS, Plakhotnik T, Zvyagin AV, Rabeau JR. Observation and control of blinking nitrogen-vacancy centres in discrete nanodiamonds. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:345-9. [PMID: 20383128 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy colour centres in diamond can undergo strong, spin-sensitive optical transitions under ambient conditions, which makes them attractive for applications in quantum optics, nanoscale magnetometry and biolabelling. Although nitrogen-vacancy centres have been observed in aggregated detonation nanodiamonds and milled nanodiamonds, they have not been observed in very small isolated nanodiamonds. Here, we report the first direct observation of nitrogen-vacancy centres in discrete 5-nm nanodiamonds at room temperature, including evidence for intermittency in the luminescence (blinking) from the nanodiamonds. We also show that it is possible to control this blinking by modifying the surface of the nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bradac
- Centre for Quantum Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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36
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Tachikawa T, Majima T. Single-molecule, single-particle fluorescence imaging of TiO2-based photocatalytic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4802-19. [DOI: 10.1039/b919698f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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