1
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Yin Q, Zhang J, Tao Y, Kong F, Li P. The emerging development of solar evaporators in materials and structures. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133210. [PMID: 34890612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To tackle the increasingly severe freshwater resource scarcity problem, desalination using solar evaporators is potentially an effective approach. This article reviews the research progress of solar evaporators in recent years, including materials, structures, and performance evaluations. In terms of material research, this article introduces the mechanism of photothermal conversion of metallic, semiconductor, polymeric, and carbon-based materials and their applications in the research of solar evaporators. The structure design of solar evaporators that can improve the photothermal conversion efficiency and water transport efficiency are summarized in detail. Regarding the evaluation of the evaporator performance, common evaluation methods for steam efficiency and environmental benefits of solar evaporators were introduced. Finally, this article analyzes the current problems of evaporators and proposes a prospect for the development of new types of high-efficiency evaporators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yubo Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
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2
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Jeong H, Ki H, Kim JG, Kim J, Lee Y, Ihee H. Sensitivity of
time‐resolved
diffraction data to changes in internuclear distances and atomic positions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haeyun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hosung Ki
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Goo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Yunbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Department of Chemistry and KI for the BioCentury Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon Republic of Korea
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3
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Oviedo MJ, Quester K, Hirata GA, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Determination of conjugated protein on nanoparticles by an adaptation of the Coomassie blue dye method. MethodsX 2019; 6:2134-2140. [PMID: 31667112 PMCID: PMC6812394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new accurate spectrophotometric method for protein determination on nanoparticles is described. The method is based on the Coomassie blue dye that binds to the basic and aromatic amino acid residues of proteins, especially arginine and lysine. A known amount of reagent dye was mixed with a variety of protein-loaded nanoparticles. Thereafter the unconjugated reagent was mixed with excess protein (bovine serum albumin) and titrated. In this method, the reacted dye on the protein coating of nanoparticle is directly determined, in opposite to the conventional method, in which the conjugated protein is determined as the difference between the non-conjugated protein found in the supernatant after centrifugation, and the total amount of protein originally used. This method is able to measure amounts of coated protein lower than 1 ppm. Simple and accurate method especially adapted for protein-coated nanoparticles. The amino acid residues of protein in the nanoparticle surface react with Coomassie brilliant blue dye. The unreacted dye is titrated with an excess of a standard protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana J Oviedo
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, CP 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Katrin Quester
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, CP 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A Hirata
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, CP 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana, CP 22800, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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4
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Wang L, Miao X, Ali J, Lyu T, Pan G. Quantification of Oxygen Nanobubbles in Particulate Matters and Potential Applications in Remediation of Anaerobic Environment. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10624-10630. [PMID: 30320247 PMCID: PMC6173480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial nanobubbles can exist on various hydrophobic and hydrophilic material interfaces. There are diverse applications for oxygen nanobubbles, which are closely related to their content and long-term stability. However, it remains challenging to determine the amount of nanobubbles loaded in a porous material. In this study, a novel method was used to quantify the total amount of oxygen nanobubbles loaded onto irregular particulate materials. Different materials were evaluated and their oxygen-loading capacities were found to be as follows: activated carbon (AC) > zeolite > biochar > diatomite > coal ash > clay. Significant differences in oxygen-loading capacities were mainly ascribed to differences in the specific surface area and hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the materials. The total oxygen loading on AC achieved using the high pressure loading method was higher than that achieved by the temperature variation method. This new quantitative method provides the possibility for the manipulation of oxygen nanobubble materials in practical applications and it is anticipated to be an important supplement to the existing methods of characterizing interfacial oxygen nanobubbles. Our results demonstrate that materials containing oxygen nanobubbles can significantly increase the dissolved oxygen and oxidation reduction potential in anaerobic systems. With the addition of oxygen-loaded materials (such as AC), the survival time of zebrafish was prolonged up to 20 h in a deoxygenated water system, and the germination rate of Vallisneria spiralis was also increased from 27 to 73% in an anaerobic sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department
of Environmental Nanotechnology, Research Center for Eco-environmental
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Miao
- Department
of Environmental Nanotechnology, Research Center for Eco-environmental
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- Research
Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jafar Ali
- Department
of Environmental Nanotechnology, Research Center for Eco-environmental
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- Research
Center for Environmental Material and Pollution Control Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lyu
- School
of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell NG25 0QF, U.K.
| | - Gang Pan
- Department
of Environmental Nanotechnology, Research Center for Eco-environmental
Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- School
of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell NG25 0QF, U.K.
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5
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Yeshchenko OA, Naumenko AP, Kutsevol N, Harahuts II. Laser-driven structural transformations in dextran-graft-PNIPAM copolymer/Au nanoparticles hybrid nanosystem: the role of plasmon heating and attractive optical forces. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38400-38409. [PMID: 35559101 PMCID: PMC9089821 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural transformations in D-g-PNIPAM/AuNPs hybrid nanosystem arise from the synergetic action of plasmonic heating and attractive optical plasmonic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A. Yeshchenko
- Physics Department
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
- 01601 Kyiv
- Ukraine
| | | | - Nataliya V. Kutsevol
- Chemistry Department
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
- 01601 Kyiv
- Ukraine
| | - Iulia I. Harahuts
- Chemistry Department
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
- 01601 Kyiv
- Ukraine
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6
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Kang P, Chen Z, Nielsen SO, Hoyt K, D'Arcy S, Gassensmith JJ, Qin Z. Molecular Hyperthermia: Spatiotemporal Protein Unfolding and Inactivation by Nanosecond Plasmonic Heating. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:10.1002/smll.201700841. [PMID: 28696524 PMCID: PMC5686774 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of protein structure and activity in biological systems has important and broad implications in biomedical sciences as evidenced by recent advances in optogenetic approaches. Here, this study demonstrates that nanosecond pulsed laser heating of gold nanoparticles (GNP) leads to an ultrahigh and ultrashort temperature increase, coined as "molecular hyperthermia", which causes selective unfolding and inactivation of proteins adjacent to the GNP. Protein inactivation is highly dependent on both laser pulse energy and GNP size, and has a well-defined impact zone in the nanometer scale. It is anticipated that the fine control over protein structure and function enabled by this discovery will be highly enabling within a number of arenas, from probing the biophysics of protein folding/unfolding to the nanoscopic manipulation of biological systems via an optical trigger, to developing novel therapeutics for disease treatment without genetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Steven O Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Kenneth Hoyt
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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7
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Pandey HD, Leitner DM. Influence of thermalization on thermal conduction through molecular junctions: Computational study of PEG oligomers. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:084701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4999411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hari Datt Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Program, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - David M. Leitner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Physics Program, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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8
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Oang KY, Yang C, Muniyappan S, Kim J, Ihee H. SVD-aided pseudo principal-component analysis: A new method to speed up and improve determination of the optimum kinetic model from time-resolved data. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044013. [PMID: 28405591 PMCID: PMC5382018 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the optimum kinetic model is an essential prerequisite for characterizing dynamics and mechanism of a reaction. Here, we propose a simple method, termed as singular value decomposition-aided pseudo principal-component analysis (SAPPA), to facilitate determination of the optimum kinetic model from time-resolved data by bypassing any need to examine candidate kinetic models. We demonstrate the wide applicability of SAPPA by examining three different sets of experimental time-resolved data and show that SAPPA can efficiently determine the optimum kinetic model. In addition, the results of SAPPA for both time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TRXSS) and transient absorption (TA) data of the same protein reveal that global structural changes of protein, which is probed by TRXSS, may occur more slowly than local structural changes around the chromophore, which is probed by TA spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon 22212, South Korea
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9
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Methods for Generation and Detection of Nonstationary Vapor Nanobubbles Around Plasmonic Nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28150203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6646-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Laser pulse-induced vapor nanobubbles are nonstationary nanoevents that offer a broad range of applications, especially in the biomedical field. Plasmonic (usually gold) nanoparticles have the highest energy efficacy of the generation of vapor nanobubbles and such nanobubbles were historically named as plasmonic nanobubbles. Below we review methods (protocols) for generating and detecting plasmonic nanobubbles in liquids. The biomedical applications of plasmonic nanobubbles include in vivo and in vitro detection and imaging, gene transfer, micro-surgery, drug delivery, and other diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications.
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10
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Reich S, Schönfeld P, Letzel A, Kohsakowski S, Olbinado M, Gökce B, Barcikowski S, Plech A. Fluence Threshold Behaviour on Ablation and Bubble Formation in Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1084-1090. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reich
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; KIT Karlsruhe; Postfach 3640 76201 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Patrick Schönfeld
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; KIT Karlsruhe; Postfach 3640 76201 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Alexander Letzel
- University of Duisburg-Essen; Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Sebastian Kohsakowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen; Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | | | - Bilal Gökce
- University of Duisburg-Essen; Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen; Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE); Universitätsstrasse 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Anton Plech
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; KIT Karlsruhe; Postfach 3640 76201 Karlsruhe Germany
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11
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Guo A, Fu Y, Wang G, Wang X. Diameter effect of gold nanoparticles on photothermal conversion for solar steam generation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diameter effect of Au NPs on photothermal conversion was explored for generating solar steam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankang Guo
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Yang Fu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Gang Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
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12
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Wang L, Miao X, Pan G. Microwave-Induced Interfacial Nanobubbles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11147-11154. [PMID: 27238206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new method for generating nanobubbles via microwave irradiation was verified and quantified. AFM measurement showed that nanobubbles with diameters ranging from 200 to 600 nm were generated at a water-HOPG surface by applying microwave radiation to aqueous solutions with 9.0-30.0 mg/L dissolved oxygen. Graphite displays strong microwave absorption and transmits high thermal energy to the surface. Because of the high dielectric constant (20 °C, 80 F/m) and dielectric loss factor, water molecules have a strong ability to absorb microwave radiation. The thermal and nonthermal effects of microwave radiation made contributions to decreasing the gas solubility, thus facilitating nanobubble nucleation. The yield of nanobubbles increased about 10-fold when the irradiation time increased from 60 to 120 s at 200 W of microwave radiation. The nanobubble density increased from 0.8 to 15 μm-2 by improving the working power from 200 to 600 W. An apparent improvement in nanobubbles yield was obtained between 300 and 400 W, and the resulting temperature was 34-52 °C. When the initial dissolved oxygen increased from 11.3 to 30.0 mg/L, the density of nanobubbles increased from 1.2 to 13 μm-2. The generation of nanobubbles could be well controlled by adjusting the gas concentration, microwave power, or irradiation time. The method may be valuable in preparing surface nanobubbles quickly and conveniently for various applications, such as catalysis, hypoxia/anoxia remediation, and templates for preparing nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaojun Miao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
| | - Gang Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University , Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell NG25 0QF, United Kingdom
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13
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Davletshin YR, Kumaradas JC. The role of morphology and coupling of gold nanoparticles in optical breakdown during picosecond pulse exposures. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:869-80. [PMID: 27547604 PMCID: PMC4979631 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical study of the interaction of a 6 ps laser pulse with uncoupled and plasmon-coupled gold nanoparticles. We show how the one-dimensional assembly of particles affects the optical breakdown threshold of its surroundings. For this purpose we used a fully coupled electromagnetic, thermodynamic and plasma dynamics model for a laser pulse interaction with gold nanospheres, nanorods and assemblies, which was solved using the finite element method. The thresholds of optical breakdown for off- and on-resonance irradiated gold nanosphere monomers were compared against nanosphere dimers, trimers, and gold nanorods with the same overall size and aspect ratio. The optical breakdown thresholds had a stronger dependence on the optical near-field enhancement than on the mass or absorption cross-section of the nanostructure. These findings can be used to advance the nanoparticle-based nanoscale manipulation of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Carl Kumaradas
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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14
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Kim J, Kim KH, Oang KY, Lee JH, Hong K, Cho H, Huse N, Schoenlein RW, Kim TK, Ihee H. Tracking reaction dynamics in solution by pump–probe X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray liquidography (solution scattering). Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3734-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08949b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
TRXL and TRXAS are powerful techniques for real-time probing of structural and electronic dynamics of photoinduced reactions in solution phase.
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15
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Kim KH, Kim J, Oang KY, Lee JH, Grolimund D, Milne CJ, Penfold TJ, Johnson SL, Galler A, Kim TW, Kim JG, Suh D, Moon J, Kim J, Hong K, Guérin L, Kim TK, Wulff M, Bressler C, Ihee H. Identifying the major intermediate species by combining time-resolved X-ray solution scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23298-302. [PMID: 26300122 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the intermediate species along a reaction pathway is a first step towards a complete understanding of the reaction mechanism, but often this task is not trivial. There has been a strong on-going debate: which of the three intermediates, the CHI2 radical, the CHI2-I isomer, and the CHI2(+) ion, is the dominant intermediate species formed in the photolysis of iodoform (CHI3)? Herein, by combining time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL) and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS), we present strong evidence that the CHI2 radical is dominantly formed from the photolysis of CHI3 in methanol at 267 nm within the available time resolution of the techniques (∼20 ps for TRXL and ∼100 ps for TR-XAS). The TRXL measurement, conducted using the time-slicing scheme, detected no CHI2-I isomer within our signal-to-noise ratio, indicating that, if formed, the CHI2-I isomer must be a minor intermediate. The TR-XAS transient spectra measured at the iodine L1 and L3 edges support the same conclusion. The present work demonstrates that the application of these two complementary time-resolved X-ray methods to the same system can provide a detailed understanding of the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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16
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A hierarchical view on material formation during pulsed-laser synthesis of nanoparticles in liquid. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16313. [PMID: 26549694 PMCID: PMC4637878 DOI: 10.1038/srep16313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed-laser assisted nanoparticle synthesis in liquids (PLAL) is a versatile tool for nanoparticle synthesis. However, fundamental aspects of structure formation during PLAL are presently poorly understood. We analyse the spatio-temporal kinetics during PLAL by means of fast X-ray radiography (XR) and scanning small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), which permits us to probe the process on length scales from nanometers to millimeters with microsecond temporal resolution. We find that the global structural evolution, such as the dynamics of the vapor bubble can be correlated to the locus and evolution of silver nanoparticles. The bubble plays an important role in particle formation, as it confines the primary particles and redeposits them to the substrate. Agglomeration takes place for the confined particles in the second bubble. Additionally, upon the collapse of the second bubble a jet of confined material is ejected perpendicularly to the surface. We hypothesize that these kinetics influence the final particle size distribution and determine the quality of the resulting colloids, such as polydispersity and modality through the interplay between particle cloud compression and particle release into the liquid.
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17
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Oang KY, Kim KH, Jo J, Kim Y, Kim JG, Kim TW, Jun S, Kim J, Ihee H. Sub-100-ps structural dynamics of horse heart myoglobin probed by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering. Chem Phys 2014; 422:137-142. [PMID: 25678733 PMCID: PMC4323384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report sub-100-ps structural dynamics of horse heart myoglobin revealed by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering. By applying the time-slicing scheme to the measurement and subsequent deconvolution, we investigate the protein structural dynamics that occur faster than the X-ray temporal pulse width of synchrotrons (~100 ps). The singular value decomposition analysis of the experimental data suggests that two structurally distinguishable intermediates are formed within 100 ps. In particular, the global structural change occurring on the time scale of 70 ps is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Key Young Oang
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Junbeom Jo
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Goo Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhong Jun
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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18
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Niebling S, Björling A, Westenhoff S. MARTINI bead form factors for the analysis of time-resolved X-ray scattering of proteins. J Appl Crystallogr 2014; 47:1190-1198. [PMID: 25242909 PMCID: PMC4119947 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576714009959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) methods probe the structural dynamics of proteins in solution. Although technologically advanced, these methods are in many cases limited by data interpretation. The calculation of X-ray scattering profiles is computationally demanding and poses a bottleneck for all SAXS/WAXS-assisted structural refinement and, in particular, for the analysis of time-resolved data. A way of speeding up these calculations is to represent biomolecules as collections of coarse-grained scatterers. Here, such coarse-graining schemes are presented and discussed and their accuracies examined. It is demonstrated that scattering factors coincident with the popular MARTINI coarse-graining scheme produce reliable difference scattering in the range 0 < q < 0.75 Å-1. The findings are promising for future attempts at X-ray scattering data analysis, and may help to bridge the gap between time-resolved experiments and their interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Niebling
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander Björling
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Westenhoff
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Lau M, Haxhiaj I, Wagener P, Intartaglia R, Brandi F, Nakamura J, Barcikowski S. Ligand-free gold atom clusters adsorbed on graphene nano sheets generated by oxidative laser fragmentation in water. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Lukianova-Hleb E, Volkov AN, Lapotko DO. Laser pulse duration is critical for the generation of plasmonic nanobubbles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7425-34. [PMID: 24916057 PMCID: PMC4082386 DOI: 10.1021/la5015362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanobubbles (PNBs) are transient vapor nanobubbles generated in liquid around laser-overheated plasmonic nanoparticles. Unlike plasmonic nanoparticles, PNBs' properties are still largely unknown due to their highly nonstationary nature. Here we show the influence of the duration of the optical excitation on the energy efficacy and threshold of PNB generation. The combination of picosecond pulsed excitation with the nanoparticle clustering provides the highest energy efficacy and the lowest threshold fluence, around 5 mJ cm(-2), of PNB generation. In contrast, long excitation pulses reduce the energy efficacy of PNB generation by several orders of magnitude. Ultimately, the continuous excitation has the minimal energy efficacy, nine orders of magnitude lower than that for the picosecond excitation. Thus, the duration of the optical excitation of plasmonic nanoparticles can have a stronger effect on the PNB generation than the excitation wavelength, nanoparticle size, shape, or other "stationary" properties of plasmonic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina
Y. Lukianova-Hleb
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Physics
and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-140, Houston, Texas 77005, United
States
| | - Alexey N. Volkov
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United
States
| | - Dmitri O. Lapotko
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Department of Physics
and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS-140, Houston, Texas 77005, United
States
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21
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Hassan S, Schade M, Shaw CP, Lévy R, Hamm P. Response of villin headpiece-capped gold nanoparticles to ultrafast laser heating. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7954-62. [PMID: 24597838 DOI: 10.1021/jp500845f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of a small model protein, the 36-residue villin headpiece HP36, attached to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) is examined, and its response to laser excitation of the AuNPs is investigated. To that end, it is first verified by stationary IR and CD spectroscopy, together with denaturation experiments, that the folded structure of the protein is fully preserved when attached to the AuNP surface. It is then shown by time-resolved IR spectroscopy that the protein does not unfold, even upon the highest pump fluences that lead to local temperature jumps on the order of 1000 K of the phonon system of the AuNPs, since that temperature jump persists for too short a time of a few nanoseconds only to be destructive. Judged from a blue shift of the amide I band, indicating destabilized or a few broken hydrogen bonds, the protein either swells, becomes more unstructured from the termini, or changes its degree of solvation. In any case, it recovers immediately after the excess energy dissipates into the bulk solvent. The process is entirely reversible for millions of laser shots without any indication of aggregation of the protein or the AuNPs and with only a minor fraction of broken protein-AuNP thiol bonds. The work provides important cornerstones in designing laser pulse parameters for maximal heating with protein-capped AuNPs without destroying the capping layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Hwan Kim K, Kim J, Hyuk Lee J, Ihee H. Topical Review: Molecular reaction and solvation visualized by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering: Structure, dynamics, and their solvent dependence. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2014; 1:011301. [PMID: 26798770 PMCID: PMC4711596 DOI: 10.1063/1.4865234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray solution scattering is sensitive to global molecular structure and can track the dynamics of chemical reactions. In this article, we review our recent studies on triiodide ion (I3 (-)) and molecular iodine (I2) in solution. For I3 (-), we elucidated the excitation wavelength-dependent photochemistry and the solvent-dependent ground-state structure. For I2, by combining time-slicing scheme and deconvolution data analysis, we mapped out the progression of geminate recombination and the associated structural change in the solvent cage. With the aid of X-ray free electron lasers, even clearer observation of ultrafast chemical events will be made possible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, South Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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23
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Boulais E, Lachaine R, Hatef A, Meunier M. Plasmonics for pulsed-laser cell nanosurgery: Fundamentals and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Kim KH, Ki H, Oang KY, Nozawa S, Sato T, Kim J, Kim TK, Kim J, Adachi SI, Ihee H. Global reaction pathways in the photodissociation of I3 (-) ions in solution at 267 and 400 nm studied by picosecond X-ray liquidography. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3687-97. [PMID: 24115265 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of a photochemical reaction involves the formation and dissociation of various short-lived species on ultrafast timescales and therefore its characterization requires detailed structural information on the transient species. By making use of a structurally sensitive X-ray probe, time-resolved X-ray liquidography (TRXL) can directly elucidate the structures of reacting molecules in the solution phase and thus determine the comprehensive reaction mechanism with high accuracy. In this work, by performing TRXL measurements at two different wavelengths (400 and 267 nm), the reaction mechanism of I3 (-) photolysis, which changes subtly depending on the excitation wavelength, is elucidated. Upon 400 nm photoexcitation, the I3 (-) ion dissociates into I2 (-) and I. By contrast, upon 267 nm photoexcitation, the I3 (-) ion undergoes both two-body dissociation (I2 (-) +I) and three-body dissociation (I(-) +2I) with 7:3 molar ratio. At both excitation wavelengths, all the transient species ultimately disappear in 80 ns by recombining to form the I3 (-) ion nongeminately. In addition to the reaction dynamics of solute species, the results reveal the transient structure of the solute/solvent cage and the changes in solvent density and temperature as a function of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 305-701 (Republic of Korea), Fax: (+82) 42-350-2810; Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701 (Republic of Korea)
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25
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Borfecchia E, Garino C, Salassa L, Lamberti C. Synchrotron ultrafast techniques for photoactive transition metal complexes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120132. [PMID: 23776294 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of time-resolved X-ray techniques has revealed the structure of light-generated transient species for a wide range of samples, from small organic molecules to proteins. Time resolutions of the order of 100 ps are typically reached, allowing one to monitor thermally equilibrated excited states and capture their structure as a function of time. This review aims at providing a general overview of the application of time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TR-XSS) and time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS), the two techniques prevalently employed in the investigation of light-triggered structural changes of transition metal complexes. In particular, we herein describe the fundamental physical principles for static XSS and XAS and illustrate the theory of time-resolved XSS and XAS together with data acquisition and analysis strategies. Selected pioneering examples of photoactive transition metal complexes studied by TR-XSS and TR-XAS are discussed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Borfecchia
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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26
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Kim J, Kim J, Ihee H. Multireference Ab Initio Study of the Ground and Low-Lying Excited States of Cr(CO)2 and Cr(CO)3. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3861-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joonghan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 420-743,
Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon,
402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical
Reactions, Institute for Basic Science,
Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon,
305-701, Republic of Korea
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27
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Fang Z, Zhen YR, Neumann O, Polman A, García de Abajo FJ, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Evolution of light-induced vapor generation at a liquid-immersed metallic nanoparticle. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:1736-42. [PMID: 23517407 PMCID: PMC3888228 DOI: 10.1021/nl4003238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
When an Au nanoparticle in a liquid medium is illuminated with resonant light of sufficient intensity, a nanometer scale envelope of vapor-a "nanobubble"-surrounding the particle, is formed. This is the nanoscale onset of the well-known process of liquid boiling, occurring at a single nanoparticle nucleation site, resulting from the photothermal response of the nanoparticle. Here we examine bubble formation at an individual metallic nanoparticle in detail. Incipient nanobubble formation is observed by monitoring the plasmon resonance shift of an individual, illuminated Au nanoparticle, when its local environment changes from liquid to vapor. The temperature on the nanoparticle surface is monitored during this process, where a dramatic temperature jump is observed as the nanoscale vapor layer thermally decouples the nanoparticle from the surrounding liquid. By increasing the intensity of the incident light or decreasing the interparticle separation, we observe the formation of micrometer-sized bubbles resulting from the coalescence of nanoparticle-"bound" vapor envelopes. These studies provide the first direct and quantitative analysis of the evolution of light-induced steam generation by nanoparticles from the nanoscale to the macroscale, a process that is of fundamental interest for a growing number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu-Rong Zhen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Oara Neumann
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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28
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Kjær KS, van Driel TB, Kehres J, Haldrup K, Khakhulin D, Bechgaard K, Cammarata M, Wulff M, Sørensen TJ, Nielsen MM. Introducing a standard method for experimental determination of the solvent response in laser pump, X-ray probe time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments on systems in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:15003-16. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50751c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Doane TL, Burda C. The unique role of nanoparticles in nanomedicine: imaging, drug delivery and therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2885-911. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15260f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 857] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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