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Rizzuto C, Barberi RC, Castriota M. Development of Electrochromic Devices, Based on Polymeric Gel, for Energy Saving Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3347. [PMID: 37631404 PMCID: PMC10458007 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the implementation of an electrochromic device (10 cm × 10 cm in size) for energy saving applications has been presented. As electrochromic system has been used with an electrochromic solution (ECsol) made by ethyl viologen diperchlorate [EV(ClO4)2], 1,1'-diethyl ferrocene (DEFc) and propylene carbonate (PC), as solvent. The final system has been obtained by mixing the ECsol, described above, with a polymeric system made by Bisphenol-A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA) and 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (Irgacure 651) in a weight percentage equal to 60:40% w/w, respectively. Lithography has been used to make a spacer pattern with a thickness of about 15-20 µm between the two substrates. Micro-Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of the EV•+ as justified by the blue color of the electrochromic device in the ON state. Electrochemical and optical properties of the electrochromic device have been studied. The device shows reversible electrochromic behavior as confirmed by cyclic color variation due to the reduction and oxidation process of the EV2+/EV•+ couple. The electrochromic device shows a variation of the % transmittance in the visible region at 400 nm of 59.6% in the OFF state and 0.48% at 3.0 V. At 606 nm the transmittance in the bleached state is 84.58% in the OFF state and then decreases to 1.01% when it is fully colored at 3.0 V. In the NIR region at 890 nm, the device shows a transmittance of 74.3% in the OFF state and 23.7% at 3.0 V while at 1165 nm the values of the transmittance changed from 83.21% in the OFF state to 1.58% in the ON state at 3.0 V. The electrochromic device shows high values of CCR% and exhibits excellent values of CE in both visible and near-infrared regions when switched between OFF/ON states. In the NIR region at 890 nm, electrochromic devices can be used for the energy-saving of buildings with a promising CE of 120.9 cm2/C and 420.1 cm2/C at 1165 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rizzuto
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Riccardo C. Barberi
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR-Nanotec c/o Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Marco Castriota
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
- CNR-Nanotec c/o Department of Physics, University of Calabria Ponte Bucci, Cubo 33B, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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2
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Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Song H, Lam E, Wright D, Pannwitz A, Bonke SA, Baumberg JJ, Bonnet S, Hammarström L, Reisner E. Self-Assembled Liposomes Enhance Electron Transfer for Efficient Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9399-9412. [PMID: 35594410 PMCID: PMC9164230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven conversion of CO2 to chemicals provides a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, but homogeneous systems are typically limited by cross reactivity between different redox half reactions and inefficient charge separation. Herein, we present the bioinspired development of amphiphilic photosensitizer and catalyst pairs that self-assemble in lipid membranes to overcome some of these limitations and enable photocatalytic CO2 reduction in liposomes using precious metal-free catalysts. Using sodium ascorbate as a sacrificial electron source, a membrane-anchored alkylated cobalt porphyrin demonstrates higher catalytic CO production (1456 vs 312 turnovers) and selectivity (77 vs 11%) compared to its water-soluble nonalkylated counterpart. Time-resolved and steady-state spectroscopy revealed that self-assembly facilitates this performance enhancement by enabling a charge-separation state lifetime increase of up to two orders of magnitude in the dye while allowing for a ninefold faster electron transfer to the catalyst. Spectroelectrochemistry and density functional theory calculations of the alkylated Co porphyrin catalyst support a four-electron-charging mechanism that activates the catalyst prior to catalysis, together with key catalytic intermediates. Our molecular liposome system therefore benefits from membrane immobilization and provides a versatile and efficient platform for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hongwei Song
- Department of Chemistry - Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erwin Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Demelza Wright
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Andrea Pannwitz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shannon A Bonke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry - Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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3
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Morino Y, Fukui KI. Interface Behavior of Electrolyte/Quinone Organic Active Material in Battery Operation by Operando Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3951-3958. [PMID: 35294832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the microscopic charge/discharge (delithiation/lithiation) mechanism at the interface of the electrolyte and organic cathode active material in the lithium-ion battery, we prepared a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) electrode of 1,4-benzoquinone terminated dihexyl disulfide (BQ-C6) on Au(111). An electrochemical setup with the BQ-C6 SAM as a working electrode and 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI)/triethyleneglycol dimethylether (G3) as the electrolyte was used. We adopted the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) method to obtain sufficient Raman signal of SAM for operando Raman spectroscopy measurements by the enhancement with ∼100 nm diameter Au particles coated with SiO2 shell (average thickness = 2 nm). By this method, we succeeded in acquiring the Raman signal of the molecular monolayer on the model electrode simulating the interface between the electrolyte and the organic active material. In the cyclic voltammogram, two peaks were observed during the reduction reaction (lithiation), whereas only one peak was detected in the course of the oxidation process (delithiation). Simultaneous operando SHINERS showed a two-step spectral shape change in lithiation and coinciding (or simultaneous) one-step recovery during delithiation to match cyclic voltammetry behavior. The results indicate an asymmetric lithiation/delithiation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Morino
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Fukui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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4
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Sagara T, Hagi Y, Toyohara M. Binding of Sulfate-Terminated Surfactants with Different Alkyl Chain Lengths to Viologen Sites Covalently Embedded in the Interior of a Self-Assembled Monolayer on a Au Electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:979-986. [PMID: 35029392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the binding of anionic surfactants of lower concentrations than their critical micelle concentrations (cmcs) to the cationic redox-active viologen site in the interior of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a polycrystalline Au electrode. We embedded the viologen site in the midway of the alkyl chain to facilitate the ion-pairing binding, which depends on the oxidation state of the viologen. We found that the binding of anionic surfactants and inorganic anions causes a negative shift of the formal potential of the redox couple of the viologen radical cation/viologen dication in line with the binding equilibrium. In contrast, the anion binding was weak and trivial when viologens are located at the SAM surface, indicative of the enhancement of the binding by the electrostatic interaction in the microenvironment with the low dielectric constant. The negative shift of the formal potential of viologen in the interior was greater for the surfactants with longer alkyl chain lengths, indicative of the efficacy of the alkyl chain-chain interaction. The chain-length-dependent potential shift followed the linear Traube rule but with a smaller slope than that in the original rule. We also demonstrated that the conjugated layer of the viologen SAM with dodecyl sulfate at a lower concentration than the cmc completely blocks the direct electron transfer (ET) from the Au electrode to solution-phase Fe(CN)63- but allows mediated ET around the formal potential of the viologen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Sagara
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8121, Japan
| | - Youichi Hagi
- Department of Materials Engineering and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Masaki Toyohara
- Department of Advanced Technology and Science for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Elnagar MM, Hermann JM, Jacob T, Kibler LA. An affordable option to Au single crystals through cathodic corrosion of a wire: Fabrication, electrochemical behavior, and applications in electrocatalysis and spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sun Y, Zhang C, Yuan Y, Xu M, Yao J. The moveable "hot spots" effect in an Au nanoparticles-Au plate coupled system. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23789-23798. [PMID: 33237087 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06997c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is mainly contributed by "hot spots". Due to the huge electromagnetic enhancement, "hot spots" have wide applications in surface analysis and surface catalysis. The in-depth research on the "hot spots" effect is conducive to understanding SERS enhancement mechanisms and designing substrates with high enhancement. At present, the investigation on the "hot spots" effect is mainly based on theoretical simulation and simple experimental models. However, little attention has been paid to the SERS substrates with practical applications. The main reason is that it is difficult to construct a suitable coupled model with great uniformity and sensitivity, which led to the lack of comparability of SERS intensities from different spots or substrates. In this work, Au nanoparticle mono-/bi-layer films coupled with Au single-crystal plate systems were constructed to investigate the distribution and transformation of "hot spots" dependent on the excitation wavelength by a single or dual probe-modified strategy, in which one or two types of molecules with distinct characteristic peaks were modified in different enhanced gaps. The results demonstrated that the wavelength that drove the transformation of the coupling mode from the "particle-particle" mode to the "particle-surface" mode was around 638 nm in the Au nanoparticle monolayer film (Au MLF) covered Au plate system. As the second naked Au MLF was transferred onto the first Au MLF, "hot spots" were transferred to the "particle-particle" gap between the upper and lower Au MLFs with a 638 nm laser as the excitation line. This work offers a novel avenue to investigate the "hot spots" effect in the complex multidimensional nanostructures, which is beneficial for the development of theoretical research and practical applications of SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Li CY, Duan S, Wen BY, Li SB, Kathiresan M, Xie LQ, Chen S, Anema JR, Mao BW, Luo Y, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Observation of inhomogeneous plasmonic field distribution in a nanocavity. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:922-926. [PMID: 32778804 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The progress of plasmon-based technologies relies on an understanding of the properties of the enhanced electromagnetic fields generated by the coupling nanostrucutres1-6. Plasmon-enhanced applications include advanced spectroscopies7-10, optomechanics11, optomagnetics12 and biosensing13-17. However, precise determination of plasmon field intensity distribution within a nanogap remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a molecular ruler made from a set of viologen-based, self-assembly monolayers with which we precisely measures field distribution within a plasmon nanocavity with ~2-Å spatial resolution. We observed an unusually large plasmon field intensity inhomogeneity that we attribute to the formation of a plasmonic comb in the nanocavity. As a consequence, we posit that the generally adopted continuous media approximation for molecular monolayers should be used carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bao-Ying Wen
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Song-Bo Li
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electro-Organic Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
| | - Li-Qiang Xie
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jason R Anema
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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8
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Han Y, Nickle C, Zhang Z, Astier HPAG, Duffin TJ, Qi D, Wang Z, Del Barco E, Thompson D, Nijhuis CA. Electric-field-driven dual-functional molecular switches in tunnel junctions. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:843-848. [PMID: 32483243 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To avoid crosstalk and suppress leakage currents in resistive random access memories (RRAMs), a resistive switch and a current rectifier (diode) are usually combined in series in a one diode-one resistor (1D-1R) RRAM. However, this complicates the design of next-generation RRAM, increases the footprint of devices and increases the operating voltage as the potential drops over two consecutive junctions1. Here, we report a molecular tunnel junction based on molecules that provide an unprecedented dual functionality of diode and variable resistor, resulting in a molecular-scale 1D-1R RRAM with a current rectification ratio of 2.5 × 104 and resistive on/off ratio of 6.7 × 103, and a low drive voltage of 0.89 V. The switching relies on dimerization of redox units, resulting in hybridization of molecular orbitals accompanied by directional ion migration. This electric-field-driven molecular switch operating in the tunnelling regime enables a class of molecular devices where multiple electronic functions are preprogrammed inside a single molecular layer with a thickness of only 2 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cameron Nickle
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Thorin J Duffin
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongchen Qi
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrique Del Barco
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Center, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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9
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In YR, Kim YM, Lee Y, Choi WY, Kim SH, Lee SW, Moon HC. Ultra-Low Power Electrochromic Heat Shutters Through Tailoring Diffusion-Controlled Behaviors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30635-30642. [PMID: 32519836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose low power consumption, all-in-one type electrochromic devices (ECDs) for effective heat shutters. Considering diffusion-controlled device operation, polymeric viologens (poly-viologens) are synthesized to lower the diffusivity of EC chromophores and to minimize self-bleaching. In comparison with devices based on mono-viologens corresponding to the monomer of poly-viologens, poly-viologen-containing ECDs exhibit advantages of lower coloration voltage (ca, -0.55 V) and higher coloration/bleaching cyclic stability (>1500 cycles). In particular, poly-viologen ECDs show remarkably reduced self-bleaching as designed, resulting in extremely low power consumption (∼8.3 μW/cm2) to maintain the colored state. Moreover, we successfully demonstrate solar heat shutters that suppress the increment of indoor temperature by taking the advantage of low-power operation and near-IR absorption of the colored poly-viologen-based ECDs. Overall, these results imply that the control of the diffusivity of EC chromophores is an effective methodology for achieving single-layered, low-power electrochemical heat shutters that can save indoor cooling energy when applied as smart windows for buildings or vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ryeong In
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, North Gyeongsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
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10
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Wen BY, Lin JS, Zhang YJ, Radjenovic PM, Zhang XG, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Probing Electric Field Distributions in the Double Layer of a Single-Crystal Electrode with Angstrom Spatial Resolution using Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11698-11702. [PMID: 32551614 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrical double layer (EDL) is the extremely important interfacial region involved in many electrochemical reactions, and it is the subject of significant study in electrochemistry and surface science. However, the direct measurement of interfacial electric fields in the EDL is challenging. In this work, both electrochemical resonant Raman spectroscopy and theoretical calculations were used to study electric field distributions in the EDL of an atomically flat single-crystal Au(111) electrode with self-assembled monolayer molecular films. This was achieved using a series of redox-active molecules containing the 4,4'-bipyridinium moiety as a Raman marker that were located at different precisely controlled distances away from the electrode surface. It was found that the electric field and the dipole moment of the probe molecule both directly affected its Raman signal intensity, which in turn could be used to map the electric field distribution at the interface. Also, by variation of the electrolyte anion concentration, the Raman intensity was found to decrease when the electric field strength increased. Moreover, the distance between adjacent Raman markers was ∼2.1 Å. Thus, angstrom-level spatial resolution in the mapping of electric field distributions at the electrode-electrolyte interface was realized. These results directly evidence the EDL structure, bridging the gap between the theoretical and experimental understandings of the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Petar M Radjenovic
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xia-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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11
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Sun J, Gong L, Wang W, Gong Z, Wang D, Fan M. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy for on‐site analysis: A review of recent developments. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:808-820. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Lin Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Zhengjun Gong
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Meikun Fan
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
- State‐province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Spatial Information Technology of High‐Speed Rail Safety Chengdu China
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12
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Jao CY, Samaimongkol P, Robinson HD. Tunable gap plasmons in gold nanospheres adsorbed into a pH-responsive polymer film. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 553:197-209. [PMID: 31203004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Plasmon nanorulers are exquisitely sensitive distance sensors that are based on the electromagnetic interaction between metal nanoparticles and surfaces. We hypothesize that nanorulers can act as quantitative probes of processes such as particle aggregation and adsorption, and deploy them to investigate particle adsorption onto stimulus-responsive polymer films. While such systems have previously been qualitatively investigated with plasmon nanorulers, our quantitative analysis should provide deeper insights. EXPERIMENT Gold nanospheres are adsorbed from solution onto pH-responsive, amine-rich polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films that are either directly deposited on a gold substrate or onto an intermediate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of charged thiols. Fitting the optical scattering spectrum to a full-wave calculation, we quantify the sphere-substrate gap distance with good accuracy. FINDINGS We find that the gold spheres partially embed into the PEMs rather than ride on top of them, and that although the amount of actuation of the spheres afforded by tuning the pH is well controlled, it is significantly smaller than the corresponding thickness changes in unstrained films. Further, the presence of a SAM below the PEM increases the amount of polymer in the PEM, except for the thickest and most highly charged films, where the SAM instead appears to displace from the area below the nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Jao
- Department of Physics, Virginia Tech, United States
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13
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Gossage ZT, Hernández‐Burgos K, Moore JS, Rodríguez‐López J. Impact of Charge Transport Dynamics and Conditioning on Cycling Efficiency within Single Redox Active Colloids. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Gossage
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
| | - Kenneth Hernández‐Burgos
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez‐López
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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14
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Datta S, Dey N, Bhattacharya S. Electrochemical probing of hydrogelation induced by the self-assembly of a donor-acceptor complex comprising pyranine and viologen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:2371-2374. [PMID: 28165515 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A long-tailed methyl viologen (DMV) forms a co-assembly (1 : 1) with pyranine to result in pronounced hydrogelation. The systematic evolution of the hydrogel promoted by the donor-acceptor interactions could be probed electrochemically in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Datta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. and Director's Research Unit (DRU), Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Santanu Bhattacharya
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. and Director's Research Unit (DRU), Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
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15
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Viologen-bridged polyaniline based multifunctional heterofilms for all-solid-state supercapacitors and memory devices. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Panneerselvam R, Liu GK, Wang YH, Liu JY, Ding SY, Li JF, Wu DY, Tian ZQ. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: bottlenecks and future directions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05979e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This feature article discusses developmental bottleneck issues in surface Raman spectroscopy in its early stages and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in the past four decades and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- iChEM
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Guo-Kun Liu
- Department of the Environment & Ecology
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361102
- China
| | - Yao-Hui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
- China
| | - Jun-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- iChEM
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- iChEM
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- iChEM
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- iChEM
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces
- iChEM
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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17
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Zhang D, Fang J, Li T. Sensitive and uniform detection using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering: Influence of colloidal-droplets evaporation based on Au-Ag alloy nanourchins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 514:217-226. [PMID: 29268212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) has been developed into a powerful vibrational spectroscopy technique for chemical detection. However, the fabrication of colloidal droplets-based SERS substrates with well reproducibility and uniformity still remains challenging. In this paper, colloidal suspensions of hollow Au-Ag alloy nanourchins (HAAA-NUs) and Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) with different morphologies were employed as SERS-active substrates. After evaporation of colloidal suspensions, we evaluated the SERS performance based on the following features: "Coffee Ring Effects", adsorption processes of probe molecule and colloidal NPs, spin coating and morphologies of suspended NPs. The results demonstrated that SERS signals could be enhanced enormously in the marginal region of Coffee Ring patterns. The limit of detection (LOD) for amaranth molecule would be reached 10-8 M. Moreover, by combining the droplets evaporation of HAAA-NUs suspensions with spin coating, the relative standard deviation (RSD) could be down to 3.5%, showing excellent reproducibility. The investigation here would provide a simple, practical and portable SERS detection method with excellent signal uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jixiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China.
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18
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Li JF, Zhang YJ, Ding SY, Panneerselvam R, Tian ZQ. Core-Shell Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5002-5069. [PMID: 28271881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell nanoparticles are at the leading edge of the hot research topics and offer a wide range of applications in optics, biomedicine, environmental science, materials, catalysis, energy, and so forth, due to their excellent properties such as versatility, tunability, and stability. They have attracted enormous interest attributed to their dramatically tunable physicochemical features. Plasmonic core-shell nanomaterials are extensively used in surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies, in particular, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), due to the unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property. This review provides a comprehensive overview of core-shell nanoparticles in the context of fundamental and application aspects of SERS and discusses numerous classes of core-shell nanoparticles with their unique strategies and functions. Further, herein we also introduce the concept of shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) in detail because it overcomes the long-standing limitations of material and morphology generality encountered in traditional SERS. We then explain the SERS-enhancement mechanism with core-shell nanoparticles, as well as three generations of SERS hotspots for surface analysis of materials. To provide a clear view for readers, we summarize various approaches for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles and their applications in SERS, such as electrochemistry, bioanalysis, food safety, environmental safety, cultural heritage, materials, catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. Finally, we exemplify about the future developments in new core-shell nanomaterials with different functionalities for SERS and other surface-enhanced spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Physics, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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19
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Li JF, Panneerselvam R, Tian ZQ. Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) of Electrode Surfaces. ADVANCES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527340934.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian F. Li
- Xiamen University; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South Siming Road 422 Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- Xiamen University; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South Siming Road 422 Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhong Q. Tian
- Xiamen University; State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South Siming Road 422 Xiamen 361005 China
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20
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Galperin M. Photonics and spectroscopy in nanojunctions: a theoretical insight. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4000-4019. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00067g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Green function methods for photonics and spectroscopy in nanojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
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21
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Wen BY, Yi J, Wang YH, Madasamy K, Zhang H, Kathiresan M, Li JF, Tian ZQ. In-situ monitoring of redox processes of viologen at Au(hkl) single-crystal electrodes using electrochemical shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Zaleski S, Wilson AJ, Mattei M, Chen X, Goubert G, Cardinal MF, Willets KA, Van Duyne RP. Investigating Nanoscale Electrochemistry with Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2023-30. [PMID: 27602428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemical sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) methodologies allows for the investigation of heterogeneous chemical reactions with high sensitivity. Specifically, SERS methodologies are well-suited to study electron transfer (ET) reactions, which lie at the heart of numerous fundamental processes: electrocatalysis, solar energy conversion, energy storage in batteries, and biological events such as photosynthesis. Heterogeneous ET reactions are commonly monitored by electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry, observing billions of electrochemical events per second. Since the first proof of detecting single molecules by redox cycling, there has been growing interest in examining electrochemistry at the nanoscale and single-molecule levels. Doing so unravels details that would otherwise be obscured by an ensemble experiment. The use of optical spectroscopies, such as SERS, to elucidate nanoscale electrochemical behavior is an attractive alternative to traditional approaches such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). While techniques such as single-molecule fluorescence or electrogenerated chemiluminescence have been used to optically monitor electrochemical events, SERS methodologies, in particular, have shown great promise for exploring electrochemistry at the nanoscale. SERS is ideally suited to study nanoscale electrochemistry because the Raman-enhancing metallic, nanoscale substrate duly serves as the working electrode material. Moreover, SERS has the ability to directly probe single molecules without redox cycling and can achieve nanoscale spatial resolution in combination with super-resolution or scanning probe microscopies. This Account summarizes the latest progress from the Van Duyne and Willets groups toward understanding nanoelectrochemistry using Raman spectroscopic methodologies. The first half of this Account highlights three techniques that have been recently used to probe few- or single-molecule electrochemical events: single-molecule SERS (SMSERS), superlocalization SERS imaging, and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). While all of the studies we discuss probe model redox dye systems, the experiments described herein push the study of nanoscale electrochemistry toward the fundamental limit, in terms of both chemical sensitivity and spatial resolution. The second half of this Account discusses current experimental strategies for studying nanoelectrochemistry with SERS techniques, which includes relevant electrochemically and optically active molecules, substrates, and substrate functionalization methods. In particular, we highlight the wide variety of SERS-active substrates and optically active molecules that can be implemented for EC-SERS, as well as the need to carefully characterize both the electrochemistry and resultant EC-SERS response of each new redox-active molecule studied. Finally, we conclude this Account with our perspective on the future directions of studying nanoscale electrochemistry with SERS/TERS, which includes the integration of SECM with TERS and the use of theoretical methods to further describe the fundamental intricacies of single-molecule, single-site electrochemistry at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Zaleski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Michael Mattei
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xu Chen
- Program
in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guillaume Goubert
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - M. Fernanda Cardinal
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Richard P. Van Duyne
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Program
in Applied Physics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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23
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Guan S, Donovan-Sheppard O, Reece C, Willock DJ, Wain AJ, Attard GA. Structure Sensitivity in Catalytic Hydrogenation at Platinum Surfaces Measured by Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS). ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Guan
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | | | - Christian Reece
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - David J. Willock
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Andrew J. Wain
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Gary A. Attard
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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24
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Yang X, Wang C, Shang J, Zhang C, Tan H, Yi X, Pan L, Zhang W, Fan F, Liu Y, Chen Y, Liu G, Li RW. An organic terpyridyl-iron polymer based memristor for synaptic plasticity and learning behavior simulation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductance of the viologen/terpyridyl-iron polymer bilayer structure has been effectively modulated by an electrochemical redox reaction for synaptic emulation.
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25
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Li JF, Zhang YJ, Rudnev AV, Anema JR, Li SB, Hong WJ, Rajapandiyan P, Lipkowski J, Wandlowski T, Tian ZQ. Electrochemical Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Correlating Structural Information and Adsorption Processes of Pyridine at the Au(hkl) Single Crystal/Solution Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2400-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Jason R. Anema
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Song-Bo Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Panneerselvam Rajapandiyan
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Jacek Lipkowski
- Guelph-Waterloo
Center for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
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26
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Bâldea I. An important impact of the molecule–electrode coupling asymmetry on the efficiency of bias-driven redox processes in molecular junctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15756-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An almost full reduction driven by applied bias can be achieved in cases of molecules asymmetrically coupled to two-electrodes. For symmetric coupling, reduction cannot exceed 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Bâldea
- Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Heidelberg
- D-69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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27
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Bâldea I. Electrochemical setup – a unique chance to simultaneously control orbital energies and vibrational properties of single-molecule junctions with unprecedented efficiency. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25942-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04316b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Li L, Steiner U, Mahajan S. Single nanoparticle SERS probes of ion intercalation in metal-oxide electrodes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:495-498. [PMID: 24392779 DOI: 10.1021/nl403485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Probing ion-intercalating processes in electrodes is hugely important for batteries, supercapacitors, and photovoltaic devices. In this work we use single-nanoparticle (NP) probes to see real-time molecular changes correlated to electrochemically modulated ion-intercalation in metal-oxide electrodes. Using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) transduced by single NP probes, we observe that the Raman frequencies and spectral intensities of the adsorbed molecules vary on cycling the electrochemical potential on a vanadium-oxide electrode. The potential-dependent frequency shifts in SERS from an electrochemically inert molecule are attributed to a Stark effect induced by chemical and structural changes as a result of ion-intercalation processes in vanadium oxide. Our study opens up a unique strategy to explore adsorbates and molecular reaction pathways on ion-intercalating materials and semiconducting interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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29
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Zhang M, Yu LJ, Huang YF, Yan JW, Liu GK, Wu DY, Tian ZQ, Mao BW. Extending the shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy approach to interfacial ionic liquids at single crystal electrode surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14740-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06269h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We employ, for the first time, SHINERS to study single crystal electrode surfaces in ionic liquids, and combine DFT calculations to elucidate the structural details of imidazolium-based ionic liquid–Au single crystal electrode interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Juan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia-Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guo-Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005, China
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30
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Electro-oxidation of Au(111) in contact with aqueous electrolytes: New insight from in situ vibration spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.02.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Miomandre F, Audibert J, Zhou Q, Audebert P, Martin P, Lacroix J. Electrochemically monitored fluorescence on plasmonic gratings: A first step toward smart displays with multiple inputs. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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32
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Li JF, Rudnev A, Fu Y, Bodappa N, Wandlowski T. In situ SHINERS at electrochemical single-crystal electrode/electrolyte interfaces: tuning preparation strategies and selected applications. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8940-52. [PMID: 24007327 DOI: 10.1021/nn403444j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We have studied Au(55 nm)@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on two low-index phases of gold and platinum single crystal electrodes in ClO4(-) and SO4(2-) ion-containing electrolytes by both electrochemical methods and in-situ shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). We showed the blocking of the electrode with surfactants originating from the synthesis of as-prepared SHINERS NPs. We introduce an efficient procedure to overcome this problem, which provides a fundamental platform for the application of SHINERS in surface electrochemistry and beyond. Our method is based on a hydrogen evolution treatment of the SHINERS-NP-modified single-crystal surfaces. The reliability of our preparation strategy is demonstrated in electrochemical SHINERS experiments on the potential-controlled adsorption and phase formation of pyridine on Au(hkl) and Pt(hkl). We obtained high-quality Raman spectra on these well-defined and structurally carefully characterized single-crystal surfaces. The analysis of the characteristic A1 vibrational modes revealed perfect agreement with the interpretation of single-crystal voltammetric and chronoamperometric experiments. Our study demonstrates that the SHINERS protocol developed in this work qualifies this Raman method as a pioneering approach with unique opportunities for in situ structure and reactivity studies at well-defined electrochemical solid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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33
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Xu JF, Liu GK. Electrochemical behavior of N-methyl-N'-carboxydecyl-4,4'-bipyridinium probed by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 114:55-60. [PMID: 23764489 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial structure determines the activity and selectivity of a sensor and plays important roles in interfacial electrochemistry, electroanalysis, biosensing, etc. In situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy appears to be a powerful tool to probe the electrochemical interface and surface process by providing the molecular fingerprint information. Herein, the electrochemical behaviors of N-methyl-N'-carboxydecyl-4,4'-bipyridinium (derivatives of methyl viologens, MV(2+)) with different alkyl chain lengths (n=2 and 10) on roughened Au electrodes were systematically investigated by the electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Three systems with different interfacial structures were constructed. One is to anchor the MV(2+) molecules via esterification with the 2-mercaptoethanol molecule pre-assembled on the Au surface. The second system is similar to the first one but without esterification. The third system is the direct adsorption of MV(2+) molecules on the bare roughened Au surfaces. The three systems gave different spectral response upon the change of the electrode potential. A drastically increased relative Raman intensity of 19a/8a modes of the MV(2+) molecules was observed at negative potentials. The phenomenon is attributed to the formation of the reduced form of MV(2+) molecules, which produces resonant Raman effect to enhanced the signal of 19a mode. The third system showed the highest electrochemical reduction activity towards the reduction of MV(2+) molecules, followed by the first and second systems. The result indicates that the interfacial structure can sensitively influence electrochemical activity of the electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Xu
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Qiu Z, Zhang M, Wu DY, Ding SY, Zuo QQ, Huang YF, Shen W, Lin XD, Tian ZQ, Mao BW. Raman spectroscopic investigation on TiO2-N719 dye interfaces using Ag@TiO2 nanoparticles and potential correlation strategies. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2217-24. [PMID: 23824871 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we employ Ag@TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) investigations of TiO2-N719 dye interfaces. In situ electrochemical SERS investigations of the Ag@TiO2-N719 interaction are systematically carried out under a series of electrode-potential controls. By comparing the potential dependence of resonant and pre-resonant SERS spectra recorded with different laser excitations, bidentate carboxylate linkage is considered to be involved in N719 adsorption on TiO2. Meanwhile, SCN ligand shows obvious interactions with TiO2, and their role in the adsorption and orientation of N719 on TiO2 should not be underestimated. The in situ SERS spectra of Ag@TiO2 show a clear bell-shaped intensity-potential relation for the major bands of N719. A molecule-to-TiO2 charge-transfer resonance is tentatively attributed to account for such a phenomenon. Under the influence of such a charge-transfer resonance, valuable information about the N719-TiO2 interaction as well as the intramolecular deformation of N719 is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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Kim S, Piao L, Han D, Kim BJ, Chung TD. Surface enhanced Raman scattering on non-SERS active substrates and in situ electrochemical study based on a single gold microshell. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:2056-2061. [PMID: 23427019 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201203187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A single gold microshell, which was elaborately fabricated to carry numerous hot spots on its own surface, enabled the acquisition of the SERS spectra from the molecules on non-SERS active substrates such as Si/SiO2, ITO, and glass. A self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanols on the gold microshell offered an easy and reliable way to electrically insulate from the underlying flat Pt electrode and accomplish in situ monitoring the electrochemical reaction with minimal interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Nowakowski J, Wäckerlin C, Girovsky J, Siewert D, Jung TA, Ballav N. Porphyrin metalation providing an example of a redox reaction facilitated by a surface reconstruction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2347-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc39134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Hill CM, Clayton DA, Pan S. Combined optical and electrochemical methods for studying electrochemistry at the single molecule and single particle level: recent progress and perspectives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:20797-807. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52756e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lin XD, Li JF, Huang YF, Tian XD, Uzayisenga V, Li SB, Ren B, Tian ZQ. Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Nanoparticle synthesis, characterization and applications in electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Li JF, Tian XD, Li SB, Anema JR, Yang ZL, Ding Y, Wu YF, Zeng YM, Chen QZ, Ren B, Wang ZL, Tian ZQ. Surface analysis using shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Nat Protoc 2012; 8:52-65. [PMID: 23237829 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a powerful fingerprint vibrational spectroscopy with a single-molecule detection limit, but its applications are generally restricted to 'free-electron-like' metal substrates such as Au, Ag and Cu nanostructures. We have invented a shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique, using Au-core silica-shell nanoparticles (Au@SiO(2) NPs), which makes SERS universally applicable to surfaces with any composition and any morphology. This protocol describes how to prepare shell-isolated nanoparticles (SHINs) with different well-controlled core sizes (55 and 120 nm), shapes (nanospheres, nanorods and nanocubes) and shell thicknesses (1-20 nm). It then describes how to apply SHINs to Pt and Au single-crystal surfaces with different facets in an electrochemical environment, on Si wafer surfaces adsorbed with hydrogen, on ZnO nanorods, and on living bacteria and fruit. With this method, SHINs can be prepared for use in ~3 h, and each subsequent procedure for SHINERS measurement requires 1-2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Kumar R, Pillai RG, Pekas N, Wu Y, McCreery RL. Spatially Resolved Raman Spectroelectrochemistry of Solid-State Polythiophene/Viologen Memory Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14869-76. [DOI: 10.1021/ja304458s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Rajesh G. Pillai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Nikola Pekas
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
| | - Yiliang Wu
- Xerox Research Centre of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive Mississauga, Ontario,
L5K 2L1, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta, Canada
- National
Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
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41
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Mubeen S, Zhang S, Kim N, Lee S, Krämer S, Xu H, Moskovits M. Plasmonic properties of gold nanoparticles separated from a gold mirror by an ultrathin oxide. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:2088-94. [PMID: 22414097 DOI: 10.1021/nl300351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
That a nanoparticle (NP) (for example of gold) residing above a gold mirror is almost as effective a surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate (when illuminated with light of the correct polarization and wavelength) as two closely coupled gold nanoparticles has been known for some time. The NP-overmirror (NPOM) configuration has the valuable advantage that it is amenable to top-down fabrication. We have fabricated a series of Au-NPOM substrates with varying but thin atomic layer-deposited oxide spacer and measured the SERS enhancement as a function of spacer thickness and angle of incidence (AOI). These were compared with high-quality finite-difference time-domain calculations, which reproduce the observed spacer thickness and AOI dependences faithfully. The SERS intensity is expected to be strongly affected by the AOI on account for the fact that the hot spot formed in the space between the NP and the mirror is most efficiently excited with an electromagnetic field component that is normal to the surface of the mirror. Intriguingly we find that the SERS intensity maximizes at ~60° and show that this is due to the coherent superposition of the incident and the reflected field components. The observed SERS intensity is also shown to be very sensitive to the dielectric constant of the oxide spacer layer with the most intense signals obtained when using a low dielectric constant oxide layer (SiO(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mubeen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Schulz C, Nowak S, Fröhlich R, Ravoo BJ. Covalent layer-by-layer assembly of redox active molecular multilayers on silicon (100) by photochemical thiol-ene chemistry. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:569-577. [PMID: 22183873 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of thin organic films covalently grafted onto silicon substrates is of significant interest, as they are expected to give access to a broad range of new materials for integration into microelectronic applications. Covalent layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly offers a high degree of freedom when designing such thin films. In this work an approach for the preparation of covalent redox active molecular multilayers on silicon (100) surfaces is presented using a highly branched decaallylferrocene and thiol-ene click chemistry. The multilayers are analyzed by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron sprectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the multilayer growth is linear for at least sixteen layers and the density of ferrocenes per layer is in the range of 6 × 10⁻¹¹ mol cm⁻². Moreover, this method for LbL assembly is extended to surfaces which have been locally passivated by microcontact printing. By atomic force microscopy measurements it is possible to show that the covalent LbL deposition proceeds exclusively in the nonpassivated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulz
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Qian K, Liu H, Yang L, Liu J. Functionalized shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for selective detection of trinitrotoluene. Analyst 2012; 137:4644-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35947b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Li JF, Ding SY, Yang ZL, Bai ML, Anema JR, Wang X, Wang A, Wu DY, Ren B, Hou SM, Wandlowski T, Tian ZQ. Extraordinary Enhancement of Raman Scattering from Pyridine on Single Crystal Au and Pt Electrodes by Shell-Isolated Au Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:15922-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2074533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Theoretical Chemistry, VU Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, HV Amsterdam 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Zhi-Lin Yang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Mei-Lin Bai
- Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jason R. Anema
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - De-Yin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shi-Min Hou
- Key Laboratory for Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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