1
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Hussain T, Zhao Z, Murphy B, Taylor ZE, Gudorf JA, Klein S, Barnes LF, VanNieuwenhze M, Jarrold MF, Zlotnick A. Chemically Tagging Cargo for Specific Packaging inside and on the Surface of Virus-like Particles. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39087909 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have untapped potential for packaging and delivery of macromolecular cargo. To be a broadly useful platform, there needs to be a strategy for attaching macromolecules to the inside or the outside of the VLP with minimal modification of the platform or cargo. Here, we repurpose antiviral compounds that bind to hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsids to create a chemical tag to noncovalently attach cargo to the VLP. Our tag consists of a capsid assembly modulator, HAP13, connected to a linker terminating in maleimide. Our cargo is a green fluorescent protein (GFP) with a single addressable cysteine, a feature that can be engineered in many proteins. The HAP-GFP construct maintained HAP's intrinsic ability to bind HBV capsids and accelerate assembly. We investigated the capacity of HAP-GFP to coassemble with HBV capsid protein and bind to preassembled capsids. HAP-GFP binding was concentration-dependent, sensitive to capsid stability, and dependent on linker length. Long linkers had the greatest activity to bind capsids, while short linkers impeded assembly and damaged intact capsids. In coassembly reactions, >20 HAP-GFP molecules were presented on the outside and inside of the capsid, concentrating the cargo by more than 100-fold compared to bulk solution. We also tested an HAP-GFP with a cleavable linker so that external GFP molecules could be removed, resulting in exclusive internal packaging. These results demonstrate a generalizable strategy for attaching cargo to a VLP, supporting development of HBV as a modular VLP platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Hussain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zhongchao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brennan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Zachary E Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jessica A Gudorf
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Shelby Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lauren F Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Michael VanNieuwenhze
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Martin F Jarrold
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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2
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Ma X, Yi L, Li J, Ma J, Li W, Wang L, Liu C, Li B, Deng N, Kang W, Xue C. Engineering a Self-Assembled Protein Cage for Targeted Dual Functionalization. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39017718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled protein cages are attractive scaffolds for organizing various proteins of interest (POIs) toward applications in synthetic biology and medical science. However, specifically attaching multiple POIs to a single protein cage remains challenging, resulting in diversity among the functionalized particles. Here, we present the engineering of a self-assembled protein cage, DTMi3ST, capable of independently recruiting two different POIs using SpyCatcher (SC)/SpyTag (ST) and DogCatcher (DC)/DogTag (DT) chemistries, thereby reducing variability between assemblies. Using fluorescent proteins as models, we demonstrate controlled targeting of two different POIs onto DTMi3ST protein cages both in vitro and inside living cells. Furthermore, dual functionalization of the DTMi3ST protein cage with a membrane-targeting peptide and β-galactosidase resulted in the construction of membrane-bound enzyme assemblies in Escherichia coli, leading to a 69.6% enhancement in substrate utilization across the membrane. This versatile protein cage platform provides dual functional nanotools for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Lun Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lingqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, Georgia 30060, United States
| | - Ning Deng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Wei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
| | - Chuang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Centre for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Ningbo Institute of Dalian University of Technology, Ningbo 315016, China
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3
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Azuma Y, Gaweł S, Pasternak M, Woźnicka O, Pyza E, Heddle JG. Reengineering of an Artificial Protein Cage for Efficient Packaging of Active Enzymes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2312286. [PMID: 38738740 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein cages that readily encapsulate active enzymes of interest present useful nanotools for delivery and catalysis, wherein those with programmable disassembly characteristics serve as particularly attractive platforms. Here, a general guest packaging system based on an artificial protein cage, TRAP-cage, the disassembly of which can be induced by the addition of reducing agents, is established. In this system, TRAP-cage with SpyCatcher moieties in the lumen is prepared using genetic modification of the protein building block and assembled into a cage structure with either monovalent gold ions or molecular crosslinkers. The resulting protein cage can efficiently capture guest proteins equipped with a SpyTag by simply mixing them in an aqueous solution. This post-assembly loading system, which circumvents the exposure of guests to thiol-reactive crosslinkers, enables the packaging of enzymes possessing a catalytic cysteine or a metal cofactor while retaining their catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Azuma
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Szymon Gaweł
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Monika Pasternak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Prof. S. Łojasiewicza 11, Krakow, 30-348, Poland
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Jonathan G Heddle
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, Krakow, 30-387, Poland
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4
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Maity B, Kameyama S, Tian J, Pham TT, Abe S, Chatani E, Murata K, Ueno T. Fusion of amyloid beta with ferritin yields an isolated oligomeric beta-sheet-rich aggregate inside the ferritin cage. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:2408-2417. [PMID: 38511491 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00173g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a severe brain condition caused by the formation of amyloid plaques composed of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. These peptides form oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils before deposition into amyloid plaques. Among these intermediates, Aβ oligomers (AβOs) were found to be the most toxic and therefore an appealing target for drug development and understanding their role in the disease. However, precise isolation and characterization of AβOs have proven challenging because AβOs tend to aggregate and form heterogeneous mixtures in solution. As a solution, we genetically fused the Aβ peptide with a ferritin monomer. Such fusion allowed the encapsulation of precisely 24 Aβ peptides inside the 24-mer ferritin cage. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM), we disassembled ferritin and directly visualized the Aβ core enclosed within the cage. The thioflavin-T assay (ThT) and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) revealed the presence of a β-sheet structure in the encapsulated oligomeric aggregate. Gallic acid, an amyloid inhibitor, can inhibit the fluorescence of ThT bound AβOs. Our approach represents a significant advancement in the isolation and characterization of β-sheet rich AβOs and is expected to be useful for future studies of other disordered peptides such as α-synuclein and tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Maity
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 8501, Japan.
| | - Shiori Kameyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 8501, Japan.
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 8501, Japan.
| | - Thuc Toan Pham
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 8501, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Abe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 8501, Japan.
| | - Eri Chatani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institute for Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226 8501, Japan.
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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5
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Kassem R, Cousin A, Clesse D, Poignavent V, Trolet A, Ritzenthaler C, Michon T, Chovin A, Demaille C. Nanobody-guided redox and enzymatic functionalization of icosahedral virus particles for enhanced bioelectrocatalysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 155:108570. [PMID: 37769510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral, 30 nm diameter, grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) virus particles are adsorbed onto electrodes and used as nanoscaffolds for the assembly of an integrated glucose oxidizing system, comprising the enzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone-glucose dehydrogenase (PQQ-GDH) and ferrocenylated polyethylene glycol chains (Fc-PEG) as a redox co-substrate. Two different GFLV-specific nanobodies, either fused to the enzyme, or chemically conjugated to Fc-PEG, are used for the regio-selective immunodecoration of the viral particles. A comprehensive kinetic characterization of the enzymatic function of the particles, initially decorated with the enzyme alone shows that simple immobilization on the GFLV capsid has no effect on the kinetic scheme of the enzyme, nor on its catalytic activity. However, we find that co-immobilization of the enzyme and the Fc-PEG co-substrate on GFLV does induce enzymatic enhancement, by promoting cooperativity between the two subunits of the homodimeric enzyme, via "synchronization" of their redox state. A decrease in inhibition of the enzyme by its substrate (glucose) is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Racha Kassem
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Cousin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Daniel Clesse
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vianney Poignavent
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Trolet
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Thierry Michon
- Université de Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Arnaud Chovin
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Demaille
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, F-75013 Paris, France.
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6
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Pham TT, Abe S, Date K, Hirata K, Suzuki T, Ueno T. Displaying a Protein Cage on a Protein Crystal by In-Cell Crystal Engineering. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10118-10125. [PMID: 37955329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of solid biomaterials has rapidly progressed in recent years in applications in bionanotechnology. The immobilization of proteins, such as enzymes, within protein crystals is being used to develop solid catalysts and functionalized materials. However, an efficient method for encapsulating protein assemblies has not yet been established. This work presents a novel approach to displaying protein cages onto a crystalline protein scaffold using in-cell protein crystal engineering. The polyhedra crystal (PhC) scaffold, which displays a ferritin cage, was produced by coexpression of polyhedrin monomer (PhM) and H1-ferritin (H1-Fr) monomer in Escherichia coli. The H1-tag is derived from the H1-helix of PhM. Our technique represents a unique strategy for immobilizing protein assemblies onto in-cell protein crystals and is expected to contribute to various applications in bionanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuc Toan Pham
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Date
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kunio Hirata
- SR Life Science Instrumentation Unit, RIKEN/SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1, Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun 679-5148, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Taiga Suzuki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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7
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Feng T, Liu J, Zhang X, Fan D, Bai Y. Protein engineering of multi-enzyme virus-like particle nanoreactors for enhanced chiral alcohol synthesis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6606-6616. [PMID: 38024302 PMCID: PMC10662152 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, virus-like particles (VLPs) that can encapsulate single or multiple enzymes have been studied extensively as typical nanoreactors for biocatalysis in vitro, yet their catalytic efficiencies are usually inadequate for real applications. These biocatalytic nanoreactors should be engineered like their free-enzyme counterparts to improve their catalytic performance for potential applications. Herein we engineer biocatalytic VLPs for the enhanced synthesis of chiral alcohols. Different methods including directed evolution were applied to the entire bacteriophage P22 VLPs (except the coat protein), which encapsulated a carbonyl reductase from Scheffersomyces stipitis (SsCR) and a glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus megaterium (BmGDH) in their capsids. The best variant, namely M5, showed an enhanced turnover frequency (TOF, min-1) up to 15-fold toward the majority of tested aromatic prochiral ketones, and gave up to 99% enantiomeric excess in the synthesis of chiral alcohol pharmaceutical intermediates. A comparison with the mutations of the free-enzyme counterparts showed that the same amino acid mutations led to different changes in the catalytic efficiencies of free and confined enzymes. Finally, the engineered M5 nanoreactor showed improved efficiency in the scale-up synthesis of chiral alcohols. The conversions of three substrates catalyzed by M5 were all higher than those catalyzed by the wild-type nanoreactor, demonstrating that enzyme-encapsulating VLPs can evolve to enhance their catalytic performance for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jiaxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Daidi Fan
- Shaanxi R&D Centre of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai 200237 China
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8
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Furukawa H, Kimura Y, Inaba H, Matsuura K. A supramolecular system mimicking the infection process of an enveloped virus through membrane fusion. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19934. [PMID: 37968508 PMCID: PMC10651892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47347-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is an essential step for the entry of enveloped viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus and influenza virus, into the host cell, often triggered by the binding of membrane proteins on the viral envelope to host cell membrane. Recently, external stimuli was shown to trigger membrane fusion in an artificial system. Direct observation of artificial membrane fusion using a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV), which is similar in size to a cell, is useful as a biological model system. However, there are no model systems for studying membrane fusion of enveloped viruses with host cells. Here, we report a supramolecular model system for viral entry into a GUV or cell through membrane fusion. The system was constructed by complexing a cationic lipid bilayer on an anionic artificial viral capsid, self-assembled from viral β-annulus peptides. We demonstrate that the cationic enveloped artificial viral capsid electrostatically interacts with the anionic GUV or cell, and the capsid enters the GUV or cell through membrane fusion. The model system established in this study will be important for analyzing membrane fusion during infection of a natural virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yuuna Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.
- Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan.
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9
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Cheah LC, Liu L, Plan MR, Peng B, Lu Z, Schenk G, Vickers CE, Sainsbury F. Product Profiles of Promiscuous Enzymes Can be Altered by Controlling In Vivo Spatial Organization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303415. [PMID: 37750486 PMCID: PMC10646250 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme spatial organization is an evolved mechanism for facilitating multi-step biocatalysis and can play an important role in the regulation of promiscuous enzymes. The latter function suggests that artificial spatial organization can be an untapped avenue for controlling the specificity of bioengineered metabolic pathways. A promiscuous terpene synthase (nerolidol synthase) is co-localized and spatially organized with the preceding enzyme (farnesyl diphosphate synthase) in a heterologous production pathway, via translational protein fusion and/or co-encapsulation in a self-assembling protein cage. Spatial organization enhances nerolidol production by ≈11- to ≈62-fold relative to unorganized enzymes. More interestingly, striking differences in the ratio of end products (nerolidol and linalool) are observed with each spatial organization approach. This demonstrates that artificial spatial organization approaches can be harnessed to modulate the product profiles of promiscuous enzymes in engineered pathways in vivo. This extends the application of spatial organization beyond situations where multiple enzymes compete for a single substrate to cases where there is competition among multiple substrates for a single enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen Cheah
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic BiologyCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Dutton ParkSt LuciaQLD4102Australia
- Present address:
Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness5 Portarlington RdEast GeelongVIC3219Australia
| | - Lian Liu
- Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node)The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Manuel R. Plan
- Metabolomics Australia (Queensland Node)The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Bingyin Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic BiologyCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Dutton ParkSt LuciaQLD4102Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
- School of Biological and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
| | - Zeyu Lu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic BiologyCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Dutton ParkSt LuciaQLD4102Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic BiologyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
- School of Biological and Environmental ScienceQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
- Centre for Cell Factories and BiopolymersGriffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic BiologyCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Dutton ParkSt LuciaQLD4102Australia
- Centre for Cell Factories and BiopolymersGriffith Institute for Drug DiscoveryGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
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10
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Su Y, Liu B, Huang Z, Teng Z, Yang L, Zhu J, Huo S, Liu A. Virus-like particles nanoreactors: from catalysis towards bio-applications. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9084-9098. [PMID: 37697810 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01112g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are self-assembled supramolecular structures found in nature, often used for compartmentalization. Exploiting their inherent properties, including precise nanoscale structures, monodispersity, and high stability, these architectures have been widely used as nanocarriers to protect or enrich catalysts, facilitating catalytic reactions and avoiding interference from the bulk solutions. In this review, we summarize the current progress of virus-like particles (VLPs)-based nanoreactors. First, we briefly introduce the physicochemical properties of the most commonly used virus particles to understand their roles in catalytic reactions beyond the confined space. Next, we summarize the self-assembly of nanoreactors forming higher-order hierarchical structures, highlighting the emerging field of nanoreactors as artificial organelles and their potential biomedical applications. Finally, we discuss the current findings and future perspectives of VLPs-based nanoreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Su
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Beibei Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhenkun Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zihao Teng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Liulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research and High-Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Aijie Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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11
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Wang Y, Douglas T. Tuning Multistep Biocatalysis through Enzyme and Cofactor Colocalization in Charged Porous Protein Macromolecular Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43621-43632. [PMID: 37695852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Spatial organization of biocatalytic activities is crucial to organisms to efficiently process complex metabolism. Inspired by this mechanism, artificial scaffold structures are designed to harbor functionally coupled biocatalysts, resulting in acellular materials that can complete multistep reactions at high efficiency and low cost. Substrate channeling is an approach for efficiency enhancement of multistep reactions, but fast diffusion of small molecule intermediates poses a major challenge to achieve channeling in vitro. Here, we explore how multistep biocatalysis is affected, and can be modulated, by cofactor-enzyme colocalization within a synthetic bioinspired material. In this material, a heterogeneous protein macromolecular framework (PMF) acts as a porous host matrix for colocalization of two coupled enzymes and their small molecule cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). After formation of the PMF from a higher order assembly of P22 virus-like particles (VLPs), the enzymes were partitioned into the PMF by covalent attachment and presentation on the VLP exterior. Using a collective property of the PMF (i.e., high density of negative charges in the PMF), NAD molecules were partitioned into the framework via electrostatic interactions after being conjugated to a polycationic species. This effectively controlled the localization and diffusion of NAD, resulting in substrate channeling between the enzymes. Changing ionic strength modulates the PMF-NAD interactions, tuning two properties that impact the multistep efficiency oppositely in response to ionic strength: cofactor partitioning (colocalization with the enzymes) and cofactor mobility (translocation between the enzymes). Within the range tested, we observed a maximum of 5-fold increase or 75% decrease in multistep efficiency as compared to free enzymes in solution, which suggest both the colocalization and the mobility are critical for the multistep efficiency. This work demonstrates utility of collective behaviors, exhibited by hierarchical bioassemblies, in the construction of functional materials for enzyme cascades, which possess properties such as tunable multistep biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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12
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Villanueva-Flores F, Pastor AR, Palomares LA, Huerta-Saquero A. A Novel Formulation of Asparaginase Encapsulated into Virus-like Particles of Brome Mosaic Virus: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2260. [PMID: 37765229 PMCID: PMC10535207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in plant-derived virus-like particles (pVLPs) for the design of a new generation of nanocarriers is based on their lack of infection for humans, their immunostimulatory properties to fight cancer cells, and their capability to contain and release cargo molecules. Asparaginase (ASNase) is an FDA-approved drug to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LLA); however, it exhibits high immunogenicity which often leads to discontinuation of treatment. In previous work, we encapsulated ASNase into bacteriophage P22-based VLPs through genetic-directed design to form the ASNase-P22 nanobioreactors. In this work, a commercial ASNase was encapsulated into brome mosaic virus-like particles (BMV-VLPs) to form stable ASNase-BMV nanobioreactors. According to our results, we observed that ASNase-BMV nanobioreactors had similar cytotoxicity against MOLT-4 and Reh cells as the commercial drug. In vivo assays showed a higher specific anti-ASNase IgG response in BALB/c mice immunized with ASNase encapsulated into BMV-VLPs compared with those immunized with free ASNase. Nevertheless, we also detected a high and specific IgG response against BMV capsids on both ASNase-filled capsids (ASNase-BMV) and empty BMV capsids. Despite the fact that our in vivo studies showed that the BMV-VLPs stimulate the immune response either empty or with cargo proteins, the specific cytotoxicity against leukemic cells allows us to propose ASNase-BMV as a potential novel formulation for LLA treatment where in vitro and in vivo evidence of functionality is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Villanueva-Flores
- Departamento de Bionanotecnología, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida Heroico Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, CH, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Pastor
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Departamento de Bionanotecnología, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
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13
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Hewagama ND, Uchida M, Wang Y, Kraj P, Lee B, Douglas T. Higher-Order VLP-Based Protein Macromolecular Framework Structures Assembled via Coiled-Coil Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3716-3728. [PMID: 37467146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical organization is one of the fundamental features observed in biological systems that allows for efficient and effective functioning. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are elegant examples of a hierarchically organized supramolecular structure, where many subunits are self-assembled to generate the functional cage-like architecture. Utilizing VLPs as building blocks to construct two- and three-dimensional (3D) higher-order structures is an emerging research area in developing functional biomimetic materials. VLPs derived from P22 bacteriophages can be repurposed as nanoreactors by encapsulating enzymes and modular units to build higher-order catalytic materials via several techniques. In this study, we have used coiled-coil peptide interactions to mediate the P22 interparticle assembly into a highly stable, amorphous protein macromolecular framework (PMF) material, where the assembly does not depend on the VLP morphology, a limitation observed in previously reported P22 PMF assemblies. Many encapsulated enzymes lose their optimum functionalities under the harsh conditions that are required for the P22 VLP morphology transitions. Therefore, the coiled-coil-based PMF provides a fitting and versatile platform for constructing functional higher-order catalytic materials compatible with sensitive enzymes. We have characterized the material properties of the PMF and utilized the disordered PMF to construct a biocatalytic 3D material performing single- and multistep catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathasha D Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, California 93740, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Pawel Kraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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14
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João J, Prazeres DMF. Manufacturing of non-viral protein nanocages for biotechnological and biomedical applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1200729. [PMID: 37520292 PMCID: PMC10374429 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1200729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein nanocages are highly ordered nanometer scale architectures, which are typically formed by homo- or hetero-self-assembly of multiple monomers into symmetric structures of different size and shape. The intrinsic characteristics of protein nanocages make them very attractive and promising as a biological nanomaterial. These include, among others, a high surface/volume ratio, multi-functionality, ease to modify or manipulate genetically or chemically, high stability, mono-dispersity, and biocompatibility. Since the beginning of the investigation into protein nanocages, several applications were conceived in a variety of areas such as drug delivery, vaccine development, bioimaging, biomineralization, nanomaterial synthesis and biocatalysis. The ability to generate large amounts of pure and well-folded protein assemblies is one of the keys to transform nanocages into clinically valuable products and move biomedical applications forward. This calls for the development of more efficient biomanufacturing processes and for the setting up of analytical techniques adequate for the quality control and characterization of the biological function and structure of nanocages. This review concisely covers and overviews the progress made since the emergence of protein nanocages as a new, next-generation class of biologics. A brief outline of non-viral protein nanocages is followed by a presentation of their main applications in the areas of bioengineering, biotechnology, and biomedicine. Afterwards, we focus on a description of the current processes used in the manufacturing of protein nanocages with particular emphasis on the most relevant aspects of production and purification. The state-of-the-art on current characterization techniques is then described and future alternative or complementary approaches in development are also discussed. Finally, a critical analysis of the limitations and drawbacks of the current manufacturing strategies is presented, alongside with the identification of the major challenges and bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge João
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Duarte Miguel F. Prazeres
- iBB–Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB–Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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van der Ven AM, Gyamfi H, Suttisansanee U, Ahmad MS, Su Z, Taylor RM, Poole A, Chiorean S, Daub E, Urquhart T, Honek JF. Molecular Engineering of E. coli Bacterioferritin: A Versatile Nanodimensional Protein Cage. Molecules 2023; 28:4663. [PMID: 37375226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, intense interest is focused on the discovery and application of new multisubunit cage proteins and spherical virus capsids to the fields of bionanotechnology, drug delivery, and diagnostic imaging as their internal cavities can serve as hosts for fluorophores or bioactive molecular cargo. Bacterioferritin is unusual in the ferritin protein superfamily of iron-storage cage proteins in that it contains twelve heme cofactors and is homomeric. The goal of the present study is to expand the capabilities of ferritins by developing new approaches to molecular cargo encapsulation employing bacterioferritin. Two strategies were explored to control the encapsulation of a diverse range of molecular guests compared to random entrapment, a predominant strategy employed in this area. The first was the inclusion of histidine-tag peptide fusion sequences within the internal cavity of bacterioferritin. This approach allowed for the successful and controlled encapsulation of a fluorescent dye, a protein (fluorescently labeled streptavidin), or a 5 nm gold nanoparticle. The second strategy, termed the heme-dependent cassette strategy, involved the substitution of the native heme with heme analogs attached to (i) fluorescent dyes or (ii) nickel-nitrilotriacetate (NTA) groups (which allowed for controllable encapsulation of a histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein). An in silico docking approach identified several small molecules able to replace the heme and capable of controlling the quaternary structure of the protein. A transglutaminase-based chemoenzymatic approach to surface modification of this cage protein was also accomplished, allowing for future nanoparticle targeting. This research presents novel strategies to control a diverse set of molecular encapsulations and adds a further level of sophistication to internal protein cavity engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M van der Ven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hawa Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Muhammad S Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Zhengding Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert M Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amanda Poole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sorina Chiorean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Daub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Taylor Urquhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John F Honek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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16
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Abrahamson CH, Palmero BJ, Kennedy NW, Tullman-Ercek D. Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Multienzyme Organization and Encapsulation. Annu Rev Biophys 2023; 52:553-572. [PMID: 36854212 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-092222-020832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The advent of biotechnology has enabled metabolic engineers to assemble heterologous pathways in cells to produce a variety of products of industrial relevance, often in a sustainable way. However, many pathways face challenges of low product yield. These pathways often suffer from issues that are difficult to optimize, such as low pathway flux and off-target pathway consumption of intermediates. These issues are exacerbated by the need to balance pathway flux with the health of the cell, particularly when a toxic intermediate builds up. Nature faces similar challenges and has evolved spatial organization strategies to increase metabolic pathway flux and efficiency. Inspired by these strategies, bioengineers have developed clever strategies to mimic spatial organization in nature. This review explores the use of spatial organization strategies, including protein scaffolding and protein encapsulation inside of proteinaceous shells, toward overcoming bottlenecks in metabolic engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte H Abrahamson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA;
| | - Brett J Palmero
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Nolan W Kennedy
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Danielle Tullman-Ercek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA;
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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17
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Wang Y, Selivanovitch E, Douglas T. Enhancing Multistep Reactions: Biomimetic Design of Substrate Channeling Using P22 Virus-Like Particles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206906. [PMID: 36815387 PMCID: PMC10161098 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many biocatalytic processes inside cells employ substrate channeling to control the diffusion of intermediates for improved efficiency of enzymatic cascade reactions. This inspirational mechanism offers a strategy for increasing efficiency of multistep biocatalysis, especially where the intermediates are expensive cofactors that require continuous regeneration. However, it is challenging to achieve substrate channeling artificially in vitro due to fast diffusion of small molecules. By mimicking some naturally occurring metabolons, nanoreactors are developed using P22 virus-like particles (VLPs), which enhance the efficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent multistep biocatalysis by substrate channeling. In this design, NAD-dependent enzyme partners are coencapsulated inside the VLPs, while the cofactor is covalently tethered to the capsid interior through swing arms. The crowded environment inside the VLPs induces colocalization of the enzymes and the immobilized NAD, which shuttles between the enzymes for in situ regeneration without diffusing into the bulk solution. The modularity of the nanoreactors allows to tune their composition and consequently their overall activity, and also remodel them for different reactions by altering enzyme partners. Given the plasticity and versatility, P22 VLPs possess great potential for developing functional materials capable of multistep biotransformations with advantageous properties, including enhanced efficiency and economical usage of enzyme cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN47405USA
| | | | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E Kirkwood AveBloomingtonIN47405USA
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18
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McNeale D, Esquirol L, Okada S, Strampel S, Dashti N, Rehm B, Douglas T, Vickers C, Sainsbury F. Tunable In Vivo Colocalization of Enzymes within P22 Capsid-Based Nanoreactors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:17705-17715. [PMID: 36995754 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from bacteriophage P22 have been explored as biomimetic catalytic compartments. In vivo colocalization of enzymes within P22 VLPs uses sequential fusion to the scaffold protein, resulting in equimolar concentrations of enzyme monomers. However, control over enzyme stoichiometry, which has been shown to influence pathway flux, is key to realizing the full potential of P22 VLPs as artificial metabolons. We present a tunable strategy for stoichiometric control over in vivo co-encapsulation of P22 cargo proteins, verified for fluorescent protein cargo by Förster resonance energy transfer. This was then applied to a two-enzyme reaction cascade. l-homoalanine, an unnatural amino acid and chiral precursor to several drugs, can be synthesized from the readily available l-threonine by the sequential activity of threonine dehydratase and glutamate dehydrogenase. We found that the loading density of both enzymes influences their activity, with higher activity found at lower loading density implying an impact of molecular crowding on enzyme activity. Conversely, increasing overall loading density by increasing the amount of threonine dehydratase can increase activity from the rate-limiting glutamate dehydrogenase. This work demonstrates the in vivo colocalization of multiple heterologous cargo proteins in a P22-based nanoreactor and shows that controlled stoichiometry of individual enzymes in an enzymatic cascade is required for the optimal design of nanoscale biocatalytic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna McNeale
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Black Mountain, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Shai Strampel
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Noor Dashti
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Claudia Vickers
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Biological and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, QLD 4111, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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19
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Yuan B, Liu Y, Lv M, Sui Y, Hou S, Yang T, Belhadj Z, Zhou Y, Chang N, Ren Y, Sun C. Virus-like particle-based nanocarriers as an emerging platform for drug delivery. J Drug Target 2023; 31:433-455. [PMID: 36940208 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2193358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
New nanocarrier technologies are emerging, and they have great potential for improving drug delivery, targeting efficiency, and bioavailability. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are natural nanoparticles from animal and plant viruses and bacteriophages. Hence, VLPs present several great advantages, such as morphological uniformity, biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and easy functionalisation. VLPs can deliver many active ingredients to the target tissue and have great potential as a nanocarrier to overcome the limitations associated with other nanoparticles. This review will focus primarily on the construction and applications of VLPs, particularly as a novel nanocarrier to deliver active ingredients. Herein, the main methods for the construction, purification, and characterisation of VLPs, as well as various VLP-based materials used in delivery systems are summarised. The biological distribution of VLPs in drug delivery, phagocyte-mediated clearance, and toxicity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No.100, Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Meilin Lv
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yilei Sui
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shenghua Hou
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Tinghui Yang
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zakia Belhadj
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Naidan Chang
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yachao Ren
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, tianjin, 300000, China
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20
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González-Davis O, Villagrana-Escareño MV, Trujillo MA, Gama P, Chauhan K, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Virus-like nanoparticles as enzyme carriers for Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT). Virology 2023; 580:73-87. [PMID: 36791560 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been used to treat a few of the many existing diseases which are originated from the lack of, or low enzymatic activity. Exogenous enzymes are administered to contend with the enzymatic activity deficiency. Enzymatic nanoreactors based on the enzyme encapsulation inside of virus-like particles (VLPs) appear as an interesting alternative for ERT. VLPs are excellent delivery vehicles for therapeutic enzymes as they are biodegradable, uniformly organized, and porous nanostructures that transport and could protect the biocatalyst from the external environment without much affecting the bioactivity. Consequently, significant efforts have been made in the production processes of virus-based enzymatic nanoreactors and their functionalization, which are critically reviewed. The use of virus-based enzymatic nanoreactors for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases such as Gaucher, Fabry, and Pompe diseases, as well as potential therapies for galactosemia, and Hurler and Hunter syndromes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar González-Davis
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Maria V Villagrana-Escareño
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Mario A Trujillo
- School of Medicine, Universidad Xochicalco, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Pedro Gama
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico.
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21
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Ölçücü G, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. Carrier‐Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Biorganic Chemistry Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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22
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Essus VA, Souza Júnior GSE, Nunes GHP, Oliveira JDS, de Faria BM, Romão LF, Cortines JR. Bacteriophage P22 Capsid as a Pluripotent Nanotechnology Tool. Viruses 2023; 15:516. [PMID: 36851730 PMCID: PMC9962691 DOI: 10.3390/v15020516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella enterica bacteriophage P22 is one of the most promising models for the development of virus-like particle (VLP) nanocages. It possesses an icosahedral T = 7 capsid, assembled by the combination of two structural proteins: the coat protein (gp5) and the scaffold protein (gp8). The P22 capsid has the remarkable capability of undergoing structural transition into three morphologies with differing diameters and wall-pore sizes. These varied morphologies can be explored for the design of nanoplatforms, such as for the development of cargo internalization strategies. The capsid proteic nature allows for the extensive modification of its structure, enabling the addition of non-native structures to alter the VLP properties or confer them to diverse ends. Various molecules were added to the P22 VLP through genetic, chemical, and other means to both the capsid and the scaffold protein, permitting the encapsulation or the presentation of cargo. This allows the particle to be exploited for numerous purposes-for example, as a nanocarrier, nanoreactor, and vaccine model, among other applications. Therefore, the present review intends to give an overview of the literature on this amazing particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Alejandro Essus
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Getúlio Silva e Souza Júnior
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Henrique Pereira Nunes
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Juliana dos Santos Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mafra de Faria
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. F026, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ferreira Romão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl. F026, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Cortines
- Laboratório de Virologia e Espectrometria de Massas (LAVEM), Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21590-902, Brazil
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23
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Uchida M, Selivanovitch E, McCoy K, Douglas T. Fabrication of Protein Macromolecular Frameworks (PMFs) and Their Application in Catalytic Materials. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2671:111-120. [PMID: 37308641 PMCID: PMC11034859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3222-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The construction of three-dimensional (3D) array materials from nanoscale building blocks has drawn significant interest because of their potential to exhibit collective properties and functions arising from the interactions between individual building blocks. Protein cages such as virus-like particles (VLPs) have distinct advantages as building blocks for higher-order assemblies because they are extremely homogeneous in size and can be engineered with new functionalities by chemical and/or genetic modification. In this chapter, we describe a protocol for constructing a new class of protein-based superlattices, called protein macromolecular frameworks (PMFs). We also describe an exemplary method to evaluate the catalytic activity of enzyme-enclosed PMFs, which exhibit enhanced catalytic activity due to the preferential partitioning of charged substrates into the PMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA.
| | | | - Kimberly McCoy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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24
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Saini B, Mukherjee TK. Synthetic Protocell as Efficient Bioreactor: Enzymatic Superactivity and Ultrasensitive Glucose Sensing in Urine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:53462-53474. [PMID: 36404589 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that membraneless cellular condensates play a critical role in accelerating various slow and thermodynamically unfavorable biochemical processes. However, the exact mechanisms behind the enhanced activity within biocondensates remain poorly understood. Here, we report the fabrication of a high-performance integrated cascade bioplatform based on synthetic droplets for ultrasensitive glucose sensing. Using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and glucose oxidase (GOx) cascade pair, we report an unprecedented enhancement in the catalytic activity of HRP inside the synthetic membraneless droplet. Liquidlike membraneless droplets have been prepared via multivalent electrostatic interactions between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) in an aqueous medium. Compartmentalized enzymes (GOx/HRP@Droplet) exhibit high encapsulation efficiency, low leakage, prolong retention of activity, and exceptional stability toward protease digestion. Using an HRP@Droplet composite, we have shown that the enzymatic reaction within the droplet follows the classical Michaelis-Menten model. Our findings reveal remarkable enhancement in the catalytic activity of up to 100- and 51-fold for HRP@Droplet and GOx/HRP@Droplet, respectively. These enhanced activities have been explained on the basis of increased local concentrations of enzymes and substrates, along with altered conformations of sequestered enzymes. Furthermore, we have utilized highly efficient and recyclable GOx/HRP@Droplet composite to demonstrate ultrasensitive glucose sensing with a limit of detection of 228 nM. Finally, the composite platform has been exploited to detect glucose in spiked urine samples in solution and filter paper. Our present study illustrates the unprecedented activity of the compartmentalized enzymes and paves the way for next-generation composite bioreactors for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Indore453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Simrol, Indore453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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25
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Timmermans SBPE, Mesman R, Blezer KJR, van Niftrik L, van Hest JCM. Cargo-loading of hybrid cowpea chlorotic mottle virus capsids via a co-expression approach. Virology 2022; 577:99-104. [PMID: 36335770 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capsids of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) are great candidates for the development into in vivo catalytic or therapeutic nanocarriers. However, due to their limited intrinsic stability at physiological pH, thus far no methods exist for incorporating cargo into these nanoparticles in cellulo. Here, we employ a stabilized VW1-VW8 ELP-CCMV variant for the development of a co-expression-based cargo-loading approach. Co-expression of the non-functionalized VW1-VW8 ELP-CCMV coat protein with fusion proteins with enhanced green fluorescent protein (mEGFP) and pyrrolysine synthase D (PylD) in E. coli enabled the purification of cargo-loaded capsids from the bacteria directly either via affinity chromatography or PEG-precipitation and subsequent size exclusion chromatography. Microscopy results indicated that the co-expression does not harm the E. coli cells and that proper folding of the mEGFP domain is not hampered by the co-assembly. Our co-expression strategy is thus a suitable approach to produce cargo-loaded CCMV nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne B P E Timmermans
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Mesman
- Microbial Cell Biology & Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kim J R Blezer
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Microbial Cell Biology & Biochemistry Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Research Group Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513 (STO3.41), 5600, MB, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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26
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Assembly of Protein Cages for Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122609. [PMID: 36559102 PMCID: PMC9785872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely used as target delivery vehicles for therapeutic goods; however, compared with inorganic and organic nanomaterials, protein nanomaterials have better biocompatibility and can self-assemble into highly ordered cage-like structures, which are more favorable for applications in targeted drug delivery. In this review, we concentrate on the typical protein cage nanoparticles drugs encapsulation processes, such as drug fusion expression, diffusion, electrostatic contact, covalent binding, and protein cage disassembly/recombination. The usage of protein cage nanoparticles in biomedicine is also briefly discussed. These materials can be utilized to transport small molecules, peptides, siRNA, and other medications for anti-tumor, contrast, etc.
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27
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Chauhan K, Olivares-Medina CN, Villagrana-Escareño MV, Juárez-Moreno K, Cadena-Nava RD, Rodríguez-Hernández AG, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Targeted Enzymatic VLP-Nanoreactors with β-Glucocerebrosidase Activity as Potential Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Gaucher's Disease. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200384. [PMID: 35918294 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a genetic disorder and the most common lysosomal disease caused by the deficiency of enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Although enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is successfully applied using mannose-exposed conjugated glucocerebrosidase, the lower stability of the enzyme in blood demands periodic intravenous administration that adds to the high cost of treatment. In this work, the enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase was encapsulated inside virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) from brome mosaic virus (BMV), and their surface was functionalized with mannose groups for targeting to macrophages. The VLP nanoreactors showed significant GCase catalytic activity. Moreover, the Michaelis-Menten constants for the free GCase enzyme (KM =0.29 mM) and the functionalized nanoreactors (KM =0.32 mM) were similar even after chemical modification. Importantly, the stability of enzymes under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C) was enhanced by ≈11-fold after encapsulation; this is beneficial for obtaining a higher blood circulation half-life, which may decrease the cost of therapy by reducing the requirement of multiple intravenous injections. Finally, the mannose receptor targeted enzymatic nanoreactors showed enhanced internalization into macrophage cells. Thus, the catalytic activity and cell targeting suggest the potential of these nanoreactors in ERT of Gaucher's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Cindy N Olivares-Medina
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Maria V Villagrana-Escareño
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Karla Juárez-Moreno
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rubén D Cadena-Nava
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Ana G Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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28
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P Patterson D, Hjorth C, Hernandez Irias A, Hewagama N, Bird J. Delayed In Vivo Encapsulation of Enzymes Alters the Catalytic Activity of Virus-Like Particle Nanoreactors. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2956-2968. [PMID: 36073831 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of enzymes inside protein cage structures, mimicking protein-based organelle structures found in nature, has great potential for the development of new catalytic materials with enhanced properties. In vitro and in vivo methodologies have been developed for the encapsulation of enzymes within protein cage structures of several types, particularly virus-like particles (VLPs), with the ability to retain the activity of the encapsulated enzymes. Here, we examine the in vivo encapsulation of enzymes within the bacteriophage P22 derived VLP and show that some enzymes may require a delay in encapsulation to allow proper folding and maturation before they can be encapsulated inside P22 as fully active enzymes. Using a sequential expression strategy, where enzyme cargoes are first expressed, allowed to fold, and later encapsulated by the expression of the P22 coat protein, altered enzymatic activities are obtained in comparison to enzymes encapsulated in P22 VLPs using a simultaneous coexpression strategy. The strategy and results discussed here highlight important considerations for researchers investigating the encapsulation of enzymes inside confined reaction environments via in vivo routes and provide a potential solution for those that have been unable to produce active enzymes upon encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Christy Hjorth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Andrea Hernandez Irias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
| | - Nathasha Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jessica Bird
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Tyler, 3900 University Blvd., Tyler, Texas 75799, United States
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29
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Lee Y, Kim M, Kang JY, Jung Y. Protein Cages Engineered for Interaction-Driven Selective Encapsulation of Biomolecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35357-35365. [PMID: 35916207 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hollow protein cages have become attractive drug delivery vehicles with high biocompatibility and precise functional/structural manipulability. However, difficulties in effective cargo loading inside the cages have been limiting further development of protein cage-based drug carriers. Here, we developed a specific interaction-driven encapsulation and cellular delivery strategy for various biomolecules by engineering a porous protein cage. The computationally designed hyperstable mi3 protein cage was circularly permuted to fuse the cancer targeting RGD tripeptide to the cage surface and SpyTag (ST), which forms a covalent bond with SpyCatcher (SC), to the cage inner cavity. SC-fused proteins with different sizes and charges could be stably and actively encapsulated in the engineered nanocage via the ST/SC reaction. Cargo protein encapsulation inside the cage was directly confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structure determination. In addition, SC-fused monomeric avidin was added to the nanocage to encapsulate various biotinylated (nonprotein) cargos such as oligonucleotides and the anticancer drug doxorubicin. All cargo molecules loaded onto the engineered mi3 were effectively delivered to cells. This work introduces a highly versatile cargo loading/delivery strategy, where loading/delivery interactions, cargo molecules, and cell targeting moieties can be further varied for optimal cellular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeolin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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30
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Liang Y, Furukawa H, Sakamoto K, Inaba H, Matsuura K. Anticancer Activity of Reconstituted Ribonuclease S-Decorated Artificial Viral Capsid. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200220. [PMID: 35676201 PMCID: PMC9400862 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease S (RNase S) is an enzyme that exhibits anticancer activity by degrading RNAs within cancer cells; however, the cellular uptake efficiency is low due to its small molecular size. Here we generated RNase S-decorated artificial viral capsids with a size of 70-170 nm by self-assembly of the β-annulus-S-peptide followed by reconstitution with S-protein at neutral pH. The RNase S-decorated artificial viral capsids are efficiently taken up by HepG2 cells and exhibit higher RNA degradation activity in cells compared with RNase S alone. Cell viability assays revealed that RNase S-decorated capsids have high anticancer activity comparable to that of standard anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbing Liang
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
| | - Hiroto Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
| | - Kentarou Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inaba
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable ChemistryTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
| | - Kazunori Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyGraduate School of EngineeringTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
- Centre for Research on Green Sustainable ChemistryTottori UniversityKoyama-Minami 4–101Tottori680-8552Japan
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31
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Esquirol L, McNeale D, Douglas T, Vickers CE, Sainsbury F. Rapid Assembly and Prototyping of Biocatalytic Virus-like Particle Nanoreactors. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2709-2718. [PMID: 35880829 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages are attractive as molecular scaffolds for the fundamental study of enzymes and metabolons and for the creation of biocatalytic nanoreactors for in vitro and in vivo use. Virus-like particles (VLPs) such as those derived from the P22 bacteriophage capsid protein make versatile self-assembling protein cages and can be used to encapsulate a broad range of protein cargos. In vivo encapsulation of enzymes within VLPs requires fusion to the coat protein or a scaffold protein. However, the expression level, stability, and activity of cargo proteins can vary upon fusion. Moreover, it has been shown that molecular crowding of enzymes inside VLPs can affect their catalytic properties. Consequently, testing of numerous parameters is required for production of the most efficient nanoreactor for a given cargo enzyme. Here, we present a set of acceptor vectors that provide a quick and efficient way to build, test, and optimize cargo loading inside P22 VLPs. We prototyped the system using a yellow fluorescent protein and then applied it to mevalonate kinases (MKs), a key enzyme class in the industrially important terpene (isoprenoid) synthesis pathway. Different MKs required considerably different approaches to deliver maximal encapsulation as well as optimal kinetic parameters, demonstrating the value of being able to rapidly access a variety of encapsulation strategies. The vector system described here provides an approach to optimize cargo enzyme behavior in bespoke P22 nanoreactors. This will facilitate industrial applications as well as basic research on nanoreactor-cargo behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygie Esquirol
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Donna McNeale
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4000 Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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32
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Strobl K, Selivanovitch E, Ibáñez-Freire P, Moreno-Madrid F, Schaap IAT, Delgado-Buscalioni R, Douglas T, de Pablo PJ. Electromechanical Photophysics of GFP Packed Inside Viral Protein Cages Probed by Force-Fluorescence Hybrid Single-Molecule Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200059. [PMID: 35718881 PMCID: PMC9528512 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Packing biomolecules inside virus capsids has opened new avenues for the study of molecular function in confined environments. These systems not only mimic the highly crowded conditions in nature, but also allow their manipulation at the nanoscale for technological applications. Here, green fluorescent proteins are packed in virus-like particles derived from P22 bacteriophage procapsids. The authors explore individual virus cages to monitor their emission signal with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy while simultaneously changing the microenvironment with the stylus of atomic force microscopy. The mechanical and electronic quenching can be decoupled by ≈10% each using insulator and conductive tips, respectively. While with conductive tips the fluorescence quenches and recovers regardless of the structural integrity of the capsid, with the insulator tips quenching only occurs if the green fluorescent proteins remain organized inside the capsid. The electronic quenching is associated with the coupling of the protein fluorescence emission with the tip surface plasmon resonance. In turn, the mechanical quenching is a consequence of the unfolding of the aggregated proteins during the mechanical disruption of the capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Strobl
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Ibáñez-Freire
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Francisco Moreno-Madrid
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Delgado-Buscalioni
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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33
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Tsidilkovski L, Mohajerani F, Hagan MF. Microcompartment assembly around multicomponent fluid cargoes. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:245104. [PMID: 35778087 PMCID: PMC9249432 DOI: 10.1063/5.0089556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes dynamical simulations of the assembly of an icosahedral protein shell around a bicomponent fluid cargo. Our simulations are motivated by bacterial microcompartments, which are protein shells found in bacteria that assemble around a complex of enzymes and other components involved in certain metabolic processes. The simulations demonstrate that the relative interaction strengths among the different cargo species play a key role in determining the amount of each species that is encapsulated, their spatial organization, and the nature of the shell assembly pathways. However, the shell protein–shell protein and shell protein–cargo component interactions that help drive assembly and encapsulation also influence cargo composition within certain parameter regimes. These behaviors are governed by a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic effects. In addition to elucidating how natural microcompartments encapsulate multiple components involved within reaction cascades, these results have implications for efforts in synthetic biology to colocalize alternative sets of molecules within microcompartments to accelerate specific reactions. More broadly, the results suggest that coupling between self-assembly and multicomponent liquid–liquid phase separation may play a role in the organization of the cellular cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Tsidilkovski
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - Farzaneh Mohajerani
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Martin A. Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
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Patterson D, Draper D, Anazia K, Hjorth C, Bird J, Fancher S, Azghani A. Encapsulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elastase Inside the P22 Virus‐Like Particle for Controlling Enzyme‐Substrate Interactions. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2200015. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
| | - Derek Draper
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
| | - Kara Anazia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
| | - Christy Hjorth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
| | - Jessica Bird
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
| | - Shandis Fancher
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
| | - Ali Azghani
- Department of Biology The University of Texas at Tyler Tyler Texas USA
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Lu J, Nie M, Li Y, Zhu H, Shi G. Design of composite nanosupports and applications thereof in enzyme immobilization: A review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112602. [PMID: 35660743 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme immobilization techniques have developed dramatically over the past several decades. Support materials are key in shaping the function of a specific immobilized enzyme. Although they have large specific surface areas and functional active sites, single-component nanomaterials and their surface chemical modification derivatives struggle to meet increasing demand. Thus, composite materials, compounds of two or more materials, have been developed and applied in efficient immobilization through advances in materials science. More methods have been developed and employed to design composite nanomaterials in recent years. These novel composite nanomaterials often show superior physical, chemical, and biological performance as supports in enzyme immobilization, among other applications. In this review, immobilization techniques and their supports are stated first and methods to design and fabricate composite nanomaterials as nanosupports are also shown in the following section. Applications of composite nanosupports in laccase immobilization are discussed as models in the later sections of the paper. This review is intended to help readers gain insight into the design principles of composite nanomaterials for immobilization supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Guoxin Union Energy Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214203, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfu Nie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China
| | - Youran Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China.
| | - Huilin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Guoxin Union Energy Co., Ltd., Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214203, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, PR China.
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Uchida M, Brunk NE, Hewagama ND, Lee B, Prevelige PE, Jadhao V, Douglas T. Multilayered Ordered Protein Arrays Self-Assembled from a Mixed Population of Virus-like Particles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7662-7673. [PMID: 35549153 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biology shows many examples of spatially controlled assembly of cells and biomacromolecules into hierarchically organized structures, to which many of the complex biological functions are attributed. While such biological structures have inspired the design of synthetic materials, it is still a great challenge to control the spatial arrangement of individual building blocks when assembling multiple types of components into bulk materials. Here, we report self-assembly of multilayered, ordered protein arrays from mixed populations of virus-like particles (VLPs). We systematically tuned the magnitude of the surface charge of the VLPs via mutagenesis to prepare four different types of VLPs for mixing. A mixture of up to four types of VLPs selectively assembled into higher-order structures in the presence of oppositely charged dendrimers during a gradual lowering of the ionic strength of the solution. The assembly resulted in the formation of three-dimensional ordered VLP arrays with up to four distinct layers including a central core, with each layer comprising a single type of VLP. A coarse-grained computational model was developed and simulated using molecular dynamics to probe the formation of the multilayered, core-shell structure. Our findings establish a simple and versatile bottom-up strategy to synthesize multilayered, ordered materials by controlling the spatial arrangement of multiple types of nanoscale building blocks in a one-pot fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, Fresno, California 93740, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nicholas E Brunk
- Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
- Wolfram Research, 100 Trade Center Drive, Champaign, Illinois 61820, United States
- VeriSIM Life Inc., 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Nathasha D Hewagama
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Peter E Prevelige
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Vikram Jadhao
- Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, 700 N. Woodlawn Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Wang Y, Douglas T. Bioinspired Approaches to Self-Assembly of Virus-like Particles: From Molecules to Materials. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1349-1359. [PMID: 35507643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusWhen viewed through the lens of materials science, nature provides a vast library of hierarchically organized structures that serve as inspiration and raw materials for new synthetic materials. The structural organization of complex bioarchitectures with advanced functions arises from the association of building blocks and is strongly supported by ubiquitous mechanisms of self-assembly, where interactions among components result in spontaneous assembly into defined structures. Viruses are exemplary, where a capsid structure, often formed from the self-assembly of many individual protein subunits, serves as a vehicle for the transport and protection of the viral genome. Higher-order assemblies of viral particles are also found in nature with unexpected collective behaviors. When the infectious aspect of viruses is removed, the self-assembly of viral particles and their potential for hierarchical assembly become an inspiration for the design and construction of a new class of functional materials at a range of different length scales.Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophage P22 is a well-studied model for understanding viral self-assembly and the construction of virus-like particle (VLP)-based materials. The formation of cage-like P22 VLP structures results from scaffold protein (SP)-directed self-assembly of coat protein (CP) subunits into icosahedral capsids with encapsulation of SP inside the capsid. Employing the CP-SP interaction during self-assembly, the encapsulation of guest protein cargos inside P22 VLPs can be achieved with control over the composition and the number of guest cargos. The morphology of cargo-loaded VLPs can be altered, along with changes in both the physical properties of the capsid and the cargo-capsid interactions, by mimicking aspects of the infectious P22 viral maturation. The structure of the capsid differentiates the inside cavity from the outside environment and serves as a protecting layer for the encapsulated cargos. Pores in the capsid shell regulate molecular exchange between inside and outside, where small molecules can traverse the capsid freely while the diffusion of larger molecules is limited by the pores. The interior cavity of the P22 capsid can be packed with hundreds of copies of cargo proteins (especially enzymes), enforcing intermolecular proximity, making this an ideal model system in which to study enzymatic catalysis in crowded and confined environments. These aspects highlight the development of functional nanomaterials from individual P22 VLPs, through biomimetic design and self-assembly, resulting in fabrication of nanoreactors with controlled catalytic behaviors.Individual P22 VLPs have been used as building blocks for the self-assembly of higher-order structures. This relies on a balance between the intrinsic interparticle repulsion and a tunable interparticle attraction. The ordering of VLPs within three-dimensional assemblies is dependent on the balance between repulsive and attractive interactions: too strong an attraction results in kinetically trapped disordered structures, while decreasing the attraction can lead to more ordered arrays. These higher-order assemblies display collective behavior of high charge density beyond those of the individual VLPs.The development of synthetic nanomaterials based on P22 VLPs demonstrates how the potential for hierarchical self-assembly can be applied to other self-assembling capsid structures across multiple length scales toward future bioinspired functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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38
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Edwardson TGW, Levasseur MD, Tetter S, Steinauer A, Hori M, Hilvert D. Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9145-9197. [PMID: 35394752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mao Hori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Li Y, Bao Q, Yang S, Yang M, Mao C. Bionanoparticles in cancer imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shuxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Science Research Center University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
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40
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Adamson LSR, Tasneem N, Andreas MP, Close W, Jenner EN, Szyszka TN, Young R, Cheah LC, Norman A, MacDermott-Opeskin HI, O'Mara ML, Sainsbury F, Giessen TW, Lau YH. Pore structure controls stability and molecular flux in engineered protein cages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [PMID: 35119930 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.27.428512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages are a common architectural motif used by living organisms to compartmentalize and control biochemical reactions. While engineered protein cages have featured in the construction of nanoreactors and synthetic organelles, relatively little is known about the underlying molecular parameters that govern stability and flux through their pores. In this work, we systematically designed 24 variants of the Thermotoga maritima encapsulin cage, featuring pores of different sizes and charges. Twelve pore variants were successfully assembled and purified, including eight designs with exceptional thermal stability. While negatively charged mutations were better tolerated, we were able to form stable assemblies covering a full range of pore sizes and charges, as observed in seven new cryo-EM structures at 2.5- to 3.6-Å resolution. Molecular dynamics simulations and stopped-flow experiments revealed the importance of considering both pore size and charge, together with flexibility and rate-determining steps, when designing protein cages for controlling molecular flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan S R Adamson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nuren Tasneem
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael P Andreas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Close
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eric N Jenner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Taylor N Szyszka
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Reginald Young
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Li Chen Cheah
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Norman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Megan L O'Mara
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Campderdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Adamson LSR, Tasneem N, Andreas MP, Close W, Jenner EN, Szyszka TN, Young R, Cheah LC, Norman A, MacDermott-Opeskin HI, O’Mara ML, Sainsbury F, Giessen TW, Lau YH. Pore structure controls stability and molecular flux in engineered protein cages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl7346. [PMID: 35119930 PMCID: PMC8816334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl7346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein cages are a common architectural motif used by living organisms to compartmentalize and control biochemical reactions. While engineered protein cages have featured in the construction of nanoreactors and synthetic organelles, relatively little is known about the underlying molecular parameters that govern stability and flux through their pores. In this work, we systematically designed 24 variants of the Thermotoga maritima encapsulin cage, featuring pores of different sizes and charges. Twelve pore variants were successfully assembled and purified, including eight designs with exceptional thermal stability. While negatively charged mutations were better tolerated, we were able to form stable assemblies covering a full range of pore sizes and charges, as observed in seven new cryo-EM structures at 2.5- to 3.6-Å resolution. Molecular dynamics simulations and stopped-flow experiments revealed the importance of considering both pore size and charge, together with flexibility and rate-determining steps, when designing protein cages for controlling molecular flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan S. R. Adamson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Nuren Tasneem
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael P. Andreas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William Close
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Eric N. Jenner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Taylor N. Szyszka
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Reginald Young
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Li Chen Cheah
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Norman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Megan L. O’Mara
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- CSIRO Future Science Platform in Synthetic Biology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Tobias W. Giessen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.W.G.); (Y.H.L.)
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Campderdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Corresponding author. (T.W.G.); (Y.H.L.)
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42
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Uchida M, Manzo E, Echeveria D, Jiménez S, Lovell L. Harnessing physicochemical properties of virus capsids for designing enzyme confined nanocompartments. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:250-257. [PMID: 34974380 PMCID: PMC8939255 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Viruses have drawn significant scientific interest from a wide variety of disciplines beyond virology because of their elegant architectures and delicately balanced activities. A virus-like particle (VLP), a noninfectious protein cage derived from viruses or other cage-forming proteins, has been exploited as a nano-scale platform for bioinspired engineering and synthetic manipulation with a range of applications. Encapsulation of functional proteins, especially enzymes, is an emerging use of VLPs that is promising not only for developing efficient and robust catalytic materials, but also for providing fundamental insights into the effects of enzyme compartmentalization commonly observed in cells. This review highlights recent advances in employing VLPs as a container for confining enzymes. To accomplish larger and more controlled enzyme loading, various different enzyme encapsulation strategies have been developed; many of these strategies are inspired from assembly and genome loading mechanisms of viral capsids. Characterization of VLPs' physicochemical properties, such as porosity, could lead to rational manipulation and a better understanding of the catalytic behavior of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Ave., Fresno, CA 93740, USA.
| | - Elia Manzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Ave., Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Dustin Echeveria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Ave., Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Sophie Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Ave., Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Logan Lovell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Ave., Fresno, CA 93740, USA
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43
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Bulos JA, Guo R, Wang Z, DeLessio MA, Saven JG, Dmochowski IJ. Design of a Superpositively Charged Enzyme: Human Carbonic Anhydrase II Variant with Ferritin Encapsulation and Immobilization. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3596-3609. [PMID: 34757723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Supercharged proteins exhibit high solubility and other desirable properties, but no engineered superpositively charged enzymes have previously been made. Superpositively charged variants of proteins such as green fluorescent protein have been efficiently encapsulated within Archaeoglobus fulgidus thermophilic ferritin (AfFtn). Encapsulation by supramolecular ferritin can yield systems with a variety of sequestered cargo. To advance applications in enzymology and green chemistry, we sought a general method for supercharging an enzyme that retains activity and is compatible with AfFtn encapsulation. The zinc metalloenzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) is an attractive encapsulation target based on its hydrolytic activity and physiologic conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. A computationally designed variant of hCAII contains positively charged residues substituted at 19 sites on the protein's surface, resulting in a shift of the putative net charge from -1 to +21. This designed hCAII(+21) exhibits encapsulation within AfFtn without the need for fusion partners or additional reagents. The hCAII(+21) variant retains esterase activity comparable to the wild type and spontaneously templates the assembly of AfFtn 24mers around itself. The AfFtn-hCAII(+21) host-guest complex exhibits both greater activity and thermal stability when compared to hCAII(+21). Upon immobilization on a solid support, AfFtn-hCAII(+21) retains enzymatic activity and exhibits an enhancement of activity at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Maegan A DeLessio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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44
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Functionalized Protein Nanotubes Based on the Bacteriophage vB_KleM-RaK2 Tail Sheath Protein. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113031. [PMID: 34835795 PMCID: PMC8618960 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report on the construction of functionalized nanotubes based on tail sheath protein 041 from vB_KleM-RaK2 bacteriophage. The truncated 041 protein (041Δ200) was fused with fluorescent proteins GFP and mCherry or amidohydrolase YqfB. The generated chimeric proteins were successfully synthesized in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells and self-assembled into tubular structures. We detected the fluorescence of the structures, which was confirmed by stimulated emission depletion microscopy. When 041Δ200GFP and 041Δ200mCherry were coexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells, the formed nanotubes generated Förster resonance energy transfer, indicating that both fluorescent proteins assemble into a single nanotube. Chimeric 041Δ200YqfB nanotubes possessed an enzymatic activity, which was confirmed by hydrolysis of N4-acetyl-2′-deoxycytidine. The enzymatic properties of 041Δ200YqfB were similar to those of a free wild-type YqfB. Hence, we conclude that 041-based chimeric nanotubes have the potential for the development of delivery vehicles and targeted imaging and are applicable as scaffolds for biocatalysts.
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45
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Selivanovitch E, Uchida M, Lee B, Douglas T. Substrate Partitioning into Protein Macromolecular Frameworks for Enhanced Catalytic Turnover. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15687-15699. [PMID: 34473481 PMCID: PMC9136710 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spatial partitioning of chemical processes is an important attribute of many biological systems, the effect of which is reflected in the high efficiency of enzymes found within otherwise chaotic cellular environments. Barriers, often provided through the formation of compartments or phase segregation, gate the access of macromolecules and small molecules within the cell and provide an added level of metabolic control. Taking inspiration from nature, we have designed virus-like particles (VLPs) as nanoreactor compartments that sequester enzyme catalysts and have used these as building blocks to construct 3D protein macromolecular framework (PMF) materials, which are structurally characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The highly charged PMFs form a separate phase in suspension, and by tuning the ionic strength, we show positively charged molecules preferentially partition into the PMF, while negatively charged molecules are excluded. This molecular partitioning was exploited to tune the catalytic activity of enzymes enclosed within the individual particles in the PMF, the results of which showed that positively charged substrates had turnover rates that were 8500× faster than their negatively charged counterparts. Moreover, the catalytic PMF led to cooperative behavior resulting in charge dependent trends opposite to those observed with individual P22 nanoreactor particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Selivanovitch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fresno, Fresno, California 93740, Unites States
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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46
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Bialas F, Reichinger D, Becker CF. Biomimetic and biopolymer-based enzyme encapsulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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Tan YQ, Ali S, Xue B, Teo WZ, Ling LH, Go MK, Lv H, Robinson RC, Narita A, Yew WS. Structure of a Minimal α-Carboxysome-Derived Shell and Its Utility in Enzyme Stabilization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4095-4109. [PMID: 34384019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial microcompartments are proteinaceous shells that encase specialized metabolic processes in bacteria. Recent advances in simplification of these intricate shells have encouraged bioengineering efforts. Here, we construct minimal shells derived from the Halothiobacillus neapolitanus α-carboxysome, which we term Cso-shell. Using cryogenic electron microscopy, the atomic-level structures of two shell forms were obtained, reinforcing notions of evolutionarily conserved features in bacterial microcompartment shell architecture. Encapsulation peptide sequences that facilitate loading of heterologous protein cargo within the shells were identified. We further provide a first demonstration in utilizing minimal bacterial microcompartment-derived shells for hosting heterologous enzymes. Cso-shells were found to stabilize enzymatic activities against heat shock, presence of methanol co-solvent, consecutive freeze-thawing, and alkaline environments. This study yields insights into α-carboxysome assembly and advances the utility of synthetic bacterial microcompartments as nanoreactors capable of stabilizing enzymes with varied properties and reaction chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Quan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore 119077
| | - Samson Ali
- Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Bo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Wei Zhe Teo
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Lay Hiang Ling
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore 119077
| | - Maybelle Kho Go
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Hong Lv
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert C Robinson
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Akihiro Narita
- Structural Biology Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, NUS, Singapore 119077.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
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48
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Zhang YQ, Feng TT, Cao YF, Zhang XY, Wang T, Huanca Nina MR, Wang LC, Yu HL, Xu JH, Ge J, Bai YP. Confining Enzyme Clusters in Bacteriophage P22 Enhances Cofactor Recycling and Stereoselectivity for Chiral Alcohol Synthesis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tao-Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yu-Fei Cao
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mario Roque Huanca Nina
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li-Cheng Wang
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yun-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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49
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Catala A, Dzieciatkowska M, Wang G, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Simberg D, Hansen KC, D'Alessandro A, Catalano CE. Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Trastuzumab Using Designer Phage Lambda Nanoparticles Alters Cellular Programs in Human Breast Cancer Cells. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11789-11805. [PMID: 34189924 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
| Several diseases exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity and diverse reprogramming of cellular pathways. To address this complexity, additional strategies and technologies must be developed to define their scope and variability with the goal of improving current treatments. Nanomedicines derived from viruses are modular systems that can be easily adapted for combinatorial approaches, including imaging, biomarker targeting, and intracellular delivery of therapeutics. Here, we describe a "designer nanoparticle" system that can be rapidly engineered in a tunable and defined manner. Phage-like particles (PLPs) derived from bacteriophage lambda possess physiochemical properties compatible with pharmaceutical standards, and in vitro particle tracking and cell targeting are accomplished by simultaneous display of fluorescein-5-maleimide (F5M) and trastuzumab (Trz), respectively (Trz-PLPs). Trz-PLPs bind to the oncogenically active human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and are internalized by breast cancer cells of the HER2 overexpression subtype, but not by those lacking the HER2 amplification. Compared to treatment with Trz, robust internalization of Trz-PLPs results in higher intracellular concentrations of Trz, prolonged inhibition of cell growth, and modulated regulation of cellular programs associated with HER2 signaling, proliferation, metabolism, and protein synthesis. Given the implications to cancer pathogenesis and that dysregulated signaling and metabolism can lead to drug resistance and cancer cell survival, the present study identifies metabolic and proteomic liabilities that could be exploited by the PLP platform to enhance therapeutic efficacy. The lambda PLP system is robust and rapidly modifiable, which offers a platform that can be easily "tuned" for broad utility and tailored functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Catala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Monika Dzieciatkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Guankui Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Arthur Gutierrez-Hartmann
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Medicine - Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Medicine - Division of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Carlos E Catalano
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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50
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Berckman EA, Chen W. Self-assembling protein nanocages for modular enzyme assembly by orthogonal bioconjugation. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3190. [PMID: 34173352 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The wide variety of enzymatic pathways that can benefit from enzyme scaffolding is astronomical. While enzyme co-localization based on protein, DNA, and RNA scaffolds has been reported, we still lack scaffolds that offer well-defined and uniform three-dimensional structures for enzyme organization. Here we reported a new approach for protein co-localization using naturally occurring protein nanocages as a scaffold. Two different nanocages, the 25 nm E2 and the 34 nm heptatitis B virus, were used to demonstrate the successfully co-localization of the endoglucanase CelA and cellulose binding domain using the robust SpyTag/SpyCatcher bioconjugation chemistry. Because of the simplicity of the assembly, this strategy is useful not only for in vivo enzyme cascading but also the potential for in vivo applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Berckman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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