1
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Roa S, Kaihara T, Pedano ML, Parsamyan H, Vavassori P. Laser polarization as a critical factor in the SERS-based molecular sensing performance of nano-gapped Au nanowires. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15280-15297. [PMID: 39078267 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00817k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, Au dimer-based nanostructures are exhaustively studied due to their outstanding potential as plasmonic nanoantennas for future applications in high-sensitivity molecular sensing by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). In this work, we analyze nano-gapped Au nanowires (NWs) or Au-NW dimers for designing efficient nanoantennas, reporting an exhaustive study about dimer length and laser polarization orientation effects on their SERS-based molecular sensing performance. Arrays of nanoantennas with gaps of about 22 ± 4 nm, nominal square cross-sections of 60 nm × 60 nm, and different segment lengths from 300 nm up to 1200 nm were fabricated by Au evaporation and subsequent e-beam lithography. The SERS performance was studied by confocal Raman microscopy using a linearly-polarized 633 nm laser. A critical impact of the polarization alignment on the spectral resolution of the studied Raman marker imprint was observed. The results show that the Raman signal is maximized by aligning the polarization orientation with the nanowire long axis, it is reduced by increasing the relative angle, and it is abruptly minimized when both are perpendicular. These observations were consistent with numerical simulations carried out by the FDTD method, which predicts a similar dependence between the orientation of linearly-polarized light and electric-near field amplification in the nano-gap zone. Our results provide an interesting paradigm and relevant insights in determining the role of laser polarization in the Raman signal enhancement in nano-gapped Au nanowires, showing the key role of this measurement condition on the SERS-based molecular sensing efficiency of this kind of nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Roa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA - CONICET), Nodo Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, C.P. 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Fotónica y Optoelectrónica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400 S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Terunori Kaihara
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea, 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María Laura Pedano
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología (CNEA - CONICET), Nodo Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, C.P. 8400, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Fotónica y Optoelectrónica, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Av. Bustillo 9500, 8400 S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto Balseiro, CNEA-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCUYO), Av. E. Bustillo 9500, C.P. 8400, S. C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Henrik Parsamyan
- Institute of Physics, Yerevan State University, 1 Alex Manoogian, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Paolo Vavassori
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea, 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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Huang G, Liu K, Shi G, Guo Q, Li X, Liu Z, Ma W, Wang T. Elevating Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption with Quantum Mechanical Effects of Plasmonic Nanocavities. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6083-6090. [PMID: 35866846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanocavities, with the ability to localize and concentrate light into nanometer-scale dimensions, have been widely used for ultrasensitive spectroscopy, biosensing, and photodetection. However, as the nanocavity gap approaches the subnanometer length scale, plasmonic enhancement, together with plasmonic enhanced optical processes, turns to quenching because of quantum mechanical effects. Here, instead of quenching, we show that quantum mechanical effects of plasmonic nanocavities can elevate surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) of molecular moieties. The plasmonic nanocavities, nanojunctions of gold and cadmium oxide nanoparticles, support prominent mid-infrared plasmonic resonances and enable SEIRA of an alkanethiol monolayer (CH3(CH2)n-1SH, n = 3-16). With a subnanometer cavity gap (n < 6), plasmonic resonances turn to blue shift and the SEIRA signal starts a pronounced increase, benefiting from the quantum tunneling effect across the plasmonic nanocavities. Our findings demonstrate the new possibility of optimizing the field enhancement and SEIRA sensitivity of mid-infrared plasmonic nanocavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Huang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Kaizhen Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Guangyi Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zeke Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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3
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Jonker D, Jafari Z, Winczewski JP, Eyovge C, Berenschot JW, Tas NR, Gardeniers JGE, De Leon I, Susarrey-Arce A. A wafer-scale fabrication method for three-dimensional plasmonic hollow nanopillars. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4926-4939. [PMID: 34485816 PMCID: PMC8386417 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00316j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Access to nanofabrication strategies for crafting three-dimensional plasmonic structures is limited. In this work, a fabrication strategy to produce 3D plasmonic hollow nanopillars (HNPs) using Talbot lithography and I-line photolithography is introduced. This method is named subtractive hybrid lithography (SHL), and permits intermixed usage of nano-and-macroscale patterns. Sputter-redeposition of gold (Au) on the SHL resist pattern yields large areas of dense periodic Au-HNPs. These Au-HNPs are arranged in a square unit cell with a 250 nm pitch. The carefully controlled fabrication process resulted in Au-HNPs with nanoscale dimensions over the Au-HNP dimensions such as an 80 ± 2 nm thick solid base with a 133 ± 4 nm diameter, and a 170 ± 10 nm high nano-rim with a 14 ± 3 nm sidewall rim-thickness. The plasmonic optical response is assessed with FDTD-modeling and reveals that the highest field enhancement is at the top of the hollow nanopillar rim. The modeled field enhancement factor (EF) is compared to the experimental analytical field enhancement factor, which shows to pair up with ca. 103 < EF < 104 and ca. 103 < EF < 105 for excitation wavelengths of 633 and 785 nm. From a broader perspective, our results can stimulate the use of Au-HNPs in the fields of plasmonic sensors and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - Z Jafari
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - J P Winczewski
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - C Eyovge
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - N R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
| | - I De Leon
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey Monterrey Nuevo Leon 64849 Mexico
| | - A Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente PO. Box 217 Enschede 7500AE The Netherlands
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4
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Chen K. Indium⁻Tin⁻Oxide Nanostructures for Plasmon-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy: A Numerical Study. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10040241. [PMID: 30979000 PMCID: PMC6523928 DOI: 10.3390/mi10040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoantennas can significantly enhance the light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, and as a result have been used in a variety of applications such as sensing molecular vibrations in the infrared range. Indium–tin–oxide (ITO) shows metallic behavior in the infrared range, and can be used for alternative plasmonic materials. In this work, we numerically studied the optical properties of hexagonal ITO nanodisk and nanohole arrays in the mid-infrared. Field enhancement up to 10 times is observed in the simulated ITO nanostructures. Furthermore, we demonstrated the sensing of the surface phonon polariton from a 2-nm thick SiO2 layer under the ITO disk arrays. Such periodic arrays can be readily fabricated by colloidal lithography and dry etching techniques; thus, the results shown here can help design efficient ITO nanostructures for plasmonic infrared applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbo Li
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Zhiliang Zhang
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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5
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Cohn B, Engelman B, Goldner A, Chuntonov L. Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy with Local Plasmonic Fields of a Trimer Gap-Antenna Array. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:4596-4601. [PMID: 30044640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Half-wavelength plasmonic antennas tuned to resonance with molecular vibrational excitations have been demonstrated to enhance 2DIR signals by multiple orders of magnitude. We design doubly degenerate in-plane plasmonic normal modes of the symmetric trimer gap-antenna, which have orthogonal dipole moments excited by light of the appropriate polarization, to localize the enhanced field into the antenna's gap. Vibrational excitations serve as sensitive probes of the plasmonic fields. 2DIR spectroscopy of thin molecular films indicates that molecules emitting enhanced signals experience an electric field with a direction independent of the excitation laser pulse polarization. Our results illustrate the trade-off between the large signal amplification in molecules close to the antenna surface by resonant plasmons, where the direction of the enhanced fields follows metal surface boundary conditions, and the associated limitations for the polarization-selective spectroscopy. The ultrafast quantum dynamics reported by the enhanced signals is not affected by its interaction with plasmonic excitation.
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6
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Haran G, Chuntonov L. Artificial Plasmonic Molecules and Their Interaction with Real Molecules. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5539-5580. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Haran
- Chemical and Biological Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
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7
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Neubrech F, Huck C, Weber K, Pucci A, Giessen H. Surface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy Using Resonant Nanoantennas. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5110-5145. [PMID: 28358482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool widely used in research and industry for a label-free and unambiguous identification of molecular species. Inconveniently, its application to spectroscopic analysis of minute amounts of materials, for example, in sensing applications, is hampered by the low infrared absorption cross-sections. Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy using resonant metal nanoantennas, or short "resonant SEIRA", overcomes this limitation. Resonantly excited, such metal nanostructures feature collective oscillations of electrons (plasmons), providing huge electromagnetic fields on the nanometer scale. Infrared vibrations of molecules located in these fields are enhanced by orders of magnitude enabling a spectroscopic characterization with unprecedented sensitivity. In this Review, we introduce the concept of resonant SEIRA and discuss the underlying physics, particularly, the resonant coupling between molecular and antenna excitations as well as the spatial extent of the enhancement and its scaling with frequency. On the basis of these fundamentals, different routes to maximize the SEIRA enhancement are reviewed including the choice of nanostructures geometries, arrangements, and materials. Furthermore, first applications such as the detection of proteins, the monitoring of dynamic processes, and hyperspectral infrared chemical imaging are discussed, demonstrating the sensitivity and broad applicability of resonant SEIRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neubrech
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.,Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christian Huck
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ksenia Weber
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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8
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9
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Bui TS, Dao TD, Dang LH, Vu LD, Ohi A, Nabatame T, Lee Y, Nagao T, Hoang CV. Metamaterial-enhanced vibrational absorption spectroscopy for the detection of protein molecules. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32123. [PMID: 27555217 PMCID: PMC4995369 DOI: 10.1038/srep32123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
From visible to mid-infrared frequencies, molecular sensing has been a major successful application of plasmonics because of the enormous enhancement of the surface electromagnetic nearfield associated with the induced collective motion of surface free carriers excited by the probe light. However, in the lower-energy terahertz (THz) region, sensing by detecting molecular vibrations is still challenging because of low sensitivity, complicated spectral features, and relatively little accumulated knowledge of molecules. Here, we report the use of a micron-scale thin-slab metamaterial (MM) architecture, which functions as an amplifier for enhancing the absorption signal of the THz vibration of an ultrathin adsorbed layer of large organic molecules. We examined bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a prototype large protein molecule and Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) and 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTCI) as examples of small molecules. Among them, our MM significantly magnified only the signal strength of bulky BSA. On the other hand, DTTCI and Rh6G are inactive, as they lack low-frequency vibrational modes in this frequency region. The results obtained here clearly demonstrate the promise of MM-enhanced absorption spectroscopy in the THz region for detection and structural monitoring of large biomolecules such as proteins or pathogenic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung S Bui
- Institute of Materials Science (IMS), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Quantum Photonic Science Research Center, Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Thang D Dao
- International Center for Materials NanoArchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Luu H Dang
- Institute of Materials Science (IMS), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lam D Vu
- Institute of Materials Science (IMS), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Akihiko Ohi
- International Center for Materials NanoArchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Toshihide Nabatame
- International Center for Materials NanoArchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - YoungPak Lee
- Quantum Photonic Science Research Center, Department of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Tadaaki Nagao
- International Center for Materials NanoArchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-10 Nishi-8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Chung V Hoang
- Institute of Materials Science (IMS), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam
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10
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Barho FB, Gonzalez-Posada F, Milla-Rodrigo MJ, Bomers M, Cerutti L, Taliercio T. All-semiconductor plasmonic gratings for biosensing applications in the mid-infrared spectral range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:16175-16190. [PMID: 27410884 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.016175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose 1D periodic, highly doped InAsSb gratings on GaSb substrates as biosensing platforms applicable for surface plasmon resonance and surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopies. Based on finite-difference time-domain simulations, the electric field enhancement and the sensitivity on refractive index variations are investigated for different grating geometries. The proposed, optimized system achieves sensitivities of 900 nm RIU-1. A clear red shift of the plasmon resonance as well as the enhancement of an absorption line are presented for 2 nm thin adlayers in simulations. We experimentally confirm the high sensitivity of the InAsSb grating by measurements of the wavelength shift induced by a 200 nm thin polymethylmethacrylate layer and demonstrate an enhancement of vibrational signals. A comparison to a gold grating with equivalent optical properties in the mid-infrared is performed. Our simulations and experimental results underline the interest in the alternative plasmonic material InAsSb for highly sensitive biosensors for the mid-infrared spectral range.
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11
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Ultrasensitive detection and characterization of molecules with infrared plasmonic metamaterials. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14327. [PMID: 26388404 PMCID: PMC4585698 DOI: 10.1038/srep14327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy is an effective technique which enables the direct probe of molecular fingerprints, and such detection can be further enhanced by the emerging engineered plasmonic metamaterials. Here we experimentally demonstrate ultrasensitive detection and characterization of polymer molecules based on an asymmetric infrared plasmonic metamaterial, and quantitatively analyze the molecule detection sensitivity and molecule-structure interactions. A sharp, non-radiative Fano resonance supported by the plasmonic metamaterial exhibits strongly enhanced near-field, and the resonance frequency is tailored to match the vibrational fingerprint of the target molecule. By utilizing the near-field nature of the plasmonic excitation, significantly enhanced absorption signal of molecules in the infrared spectroscopy are obtained, enabling ultrasensitive detection of only minute quantities of organic molecules. The enhancement of molecular absorption up to 105 fold is obtained, and sensitive detection of molecules at zeptomole levels (corresponding to a few tens of molecules within a unit cell) is achieved with high signal-to-noise ratio in our experiment. The demonstrated infrared plasmonic metamaterial sensing platform offers great potential for improving the specificity and sensitivity of label-free, biochemical detection.
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12
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Stacked optical antennas for plasmon propagation in a 5 nm-confined cavity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11237. [PMID: 26057661 PMCID: PMC4460891 DOI: 10.1038/srep11237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The sub-wavelength concentration and propagation of electromagnetic energy are two complementary aspects of plasmonics that are not necessarily co-present in a single nanosystem. Here we exploit the strong nanofocusing properties of stacked optical antennas in order to highly concentrate the electromagnetic energy into a 5 nm metal-insulator-metal (MIM) cavity and convert free radiation into guided modes. The proposed nano-architecture combines the concentration properties of optical nanoantennas with the propagation capability of MIM systems, paving the way to highly miniaturized on-chip plasmonic waveguiding.
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13
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Schubert I, Sigle W, van Aken PA, Trautmann C, Toimil-Molares ME. STEM-EELS analysis of multipole surface plasmon modes in symmetry-broken AuAg nanowire dimers. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4935-4941. [PMID: 25690984 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06578f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon coupling in nanowires separated by small gaps generates high field enhancements at the position of the gap and is thus of great interest for sensing applications. It is known that the nanowire dimensions and in particular the symmetry of the structures has strong influence on the plasmonic properties of the dimer structure. Here, we report on multipole surface plasmon coupling in symmetry-broken AuAg nanowire dimers. Our dimers, consisting of two nanowires with different lengths and separated by gaps of only 10 to 30 nm, were synthesized by pulsed electrochemical deposition in ion track-etched polymer templates. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in scanning transmission electron microscopy allows us to resolve up to nine multipole order surface plasmon modes of these dimers spectrally separated from each other. The spectra evidence plasmon coupling between resonances of different multipole order, resulting in the generation of additional plasmonic modes. Since such complex structures require elaborated synthesis techniques, dimer structures with complex composition, morphology and shape are created. We demonstrate that finite element simulations on pure Au dimers can predict the generated resonances in the fabricated structures. The excellent agreement of our experiment on AuAg dimers with finite integration simulations using CST microwave studio manifests great potential to design complex structures for sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Schubert
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1, Darmstadt, Germany.
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14
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Brown LV, Yang X, Zhao K, Zheng BY, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Fan-shaped gold nanoantennas above reflective substrates for surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1272-80. [PMID: 25565006 DOI: 10.1021/nl504455s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report a new nanoantenna for surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) detection, consisting of a fan-shaped Au structure positioned at a well-specified distance above a reflective plane with an intervening silica spacer layer. We examine how to optimize both the antenna dimensions and the spacer layer for optimal SEIRA enhancement of the C-H stretching mode. This tunable 3D geometry yields a theoretical SEIRA enhancement factor of 10(5), corresponding to the experimental detection of 20-200 zeptomoles of octadecanethiol, using a standard commercial FTIR spectrometer. Experimental studies illustrate the sensitivity of the observed SEIRA signal to the gap dimensions. The optimized antenna structure exhibits an order of magnitude greater SEIRA sensitivity than previous record-setting designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V Brown
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and ⊥Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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15
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Vogt J, Huck C, Neubrech F, Toma A, Gerbert D, Pucci A. Impact of the plasmonic near- and far-field resonance-energy shift on the enhancement of infrared vibrational signals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:21169-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04851b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SEIRA signals have a Fano-type line shape and the enhancement maximum is red shifted compared to the plasmonic far-field resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Vogt
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Christian Huck
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Frank Neubrech
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - David Gerbert
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH
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16
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Zhang Y, Chu W, Foroushani AD, Wang H, Li D, Liu J, Barrow CJ, Wang X, Yang W. New Gold Nanostructures for Sensor Applications: A Review. MATERIALS 2014; 7:5169-5201. [PMID: 28788124 PMCID: PMC5455824 DOI: 10.3390/ma7075169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gold based structures such as nanoparticles (NPs) and nanowires (NWs) have widely been used as building blocks for sensing devices in chemistry and biochemistry fields because of their unusual optical, electrical and mechanical properties. This article gives a detailed review of the new properties and fabrication methods for gold nanostructures, especially gold nanowires (GNWs), and recent developments for their use in optical and electrochemical sensing tools, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Deakin, VIC 3217, Australia.
| | - Wendy Chu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Deakin, VIC 3217, Australia.
| | | | - Hongbin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China.
| | - Da Li
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Deakin, VIC 3217, Australia.
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Chemical Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Colin J Barrow
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Deakin, VIC 3217, Australia.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Deakin, VIC 3217, Australia.
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17
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Hoffmann JM, Janssen H, Chigrin DN, Taubner T. Enhanced infrared spectroscopy using small-gap antennas prepared with two-step evaporation nanosphere lithography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:14425-32. [PMID: 24977539 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.014425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We use nanosphere lithography in combination with two evaporation steps to create bow-tie like infrared antennas with small gaps. The angle of the sample with respect to the evaporation source is changed between two evaporation steps resulting in a displacement of the respective antenna arrays and, therefore, in decreased antenna-gaps. Furthermore, we demonstrate the gap-dependency of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy using the absorption band of the natural SiO(2)-layer of the silicon substrate and antennas with different gap size. A multi-oscillator-model is used to describe the Fano-like spectral coupling of the antenna resonances with the SiO(2) absorption band.
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18
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Nazir A, Panaro S, Proietti Zaccaria R, Liberale C, De Angelis F, Toma A. Fano coil-type resonance for magnetic hot-spot generation. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:3166-71. [PMID: 24849081 DOI: 10.1021/nl500452p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to develop nanosystems with appreciable magnetic response at optical frequencies has been a matter of intense study in the past few years. This aim was strongly hindered by the saturation of the magnetic response of "natural" materials beyond the THz regime. Recently, in order to overcome such limitation, it has been considered to enhance the magnetic fields through the induction of displacement currents triggered by plasmonic resonances. Here we investigate a nanoassembly supporting the hybridization of an electric and magnetic plasmonic mode in Fano resonance conditions. Taking advantage of the enhancement properties owned by such interferential resonance, we have been able to generate an intense and localized magnetic hot-spot in the near-infrared spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nazir
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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19
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Huck C, Neubrech F, Vogt J, Toma A, Gerbert D, Katzmann J, Härtling T, Pucci A. Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy using nanometer-sized gaps. ACS NANO 2014; 8:4908-14. [PMID: 24724743 DOI: 10.1021/nn500903v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report on the near-field coupling of individual gold nanoantennas arranged in tip-to-tip dimer configuration, leading to strong electromagnetic field enhancements in the infrared, which is of great interest for sensing applications such as surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy. We quantitatively evaluated the enhancement of vibrational excitations of a 5 nm thick test layer of 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl as a function of different gap sizes. The dimers with the smallest gaps under investigation (∼3 nm) lead to more than 1 order of magnitude higher signal enhancement with respect to gaps of 50 nm width. The comparison of experimental data and finite-difference time-domain simulations reveals a nonperfect filling of the gaps with sizes below 10 nm, which means that morphological information on the nanoscale is obtained additionally to chemical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Huck
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Chirumamilla M, Toma A, Gopalakrishnan A, Das G, Zaccaria RP, Krahne R, Rondanina E, Leoncini M, Liberale C, De Angelis F, Di Fabrizio E. 3D nanostar dimers with a sub-10-nm gap for single-/few-molecule surface-enhanced raman scattering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:2353-2358. [PMID: 24452910 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostar-dimers, decoupled from the substrate, have been fabricated by combining electron-beam lithography and reactive-ion etching techniques. The 3D architecture, the sharp tips of the nanostars and the sub-10 nm gap size promote the formation of giant electric-field in highly localized hot-spots. The single/few molecule detection capability of the 3D nanostar-dimers has been demonstrated by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Chirumamilla
- Nanostructures, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
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21
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Tuccio S, Razzari L, Alabastri A, Toma A, Liberale C, De Angelis F, Candeloro P, Das G, Giugni A, Di Fabrizio E, Zaccaria RP. Direct determination of the resonance properties of metallic conical nanoantennas. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:571-573. [PMID: 24487868 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple method that is able to predict the resonant frequencies of a metallic conical nanoantenna. The calculation is based on an integral relation that takes into account the dependence of the effective refractive index of the plasmonic mode on the cone radius. Numerical simulations retrieving the near field properties of nanocones with different lengths are also performed for comparison. The fine agreement between the two approaches demonstrates the validity of our method.
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22
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Kulkarni V, Prodan E, Nordlander P. Quantum plasmonics: optical properties of a nanomatryushka. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5873-5879. [PMID: 24205800 DOI: 10.1021/nl402662e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical effects can significantly reduce the plasmon-induced field enhancements around nanoparticles. Here we present a quantum mechanical investigation of the plasmon resonances in a nanomatryushka, which is a concentric core-shell nanoparticle consisting of a solid metallic core encapsulated in a thin metallic shell. We compute the optical response using the time-dependent density functional theory and compare the results with predictions based on the classical electromagnetic theory. We find strong quantum mechanical effects for core-shell spacings below 5 Å, a regime where both the absorption cross section and the local field enhancements differ significantly from the classical predictions. We also show that the workfunction of the metal is a crucial parameter determining the onset and magnitude of quantum effects. For metals with lower workfunctions such as aluminum, the quantum effects are found to be significantly more pronounced than for a noble metal such as gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kulkarni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, MS 61, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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23
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Abstract
A similarity between chemical reactions and self-assembly of nanoparticles offers a strategy that can enrich both the synthetic chemistry and the nanoscience fields. Synthetic methods should enable quantitative control of the structural characteristics of nanoparticle ensembles such as their aggregation number or directionality, whereas the capability to visualize and analyze emerging nanostructures using characterization tools can provide insight into intelligent molecular design and mechanisms of chemical reactions. We explored this twofold concept for an exemplary system including the polymerization of bifunctional nanoparticles in the presence of monofunctional colloidal chain stoppers. Using reaction-specific design rules, we synthesized chain stoppers with controlled reactivity and achieved quantitative fine-tuning of the self-assembled structures. Analysis of the nanostructures provided information about polymerization kinetics, side reactions, and the distribution of all of the species in the reaction system. A quantitative model was developed to account for the reactivity, kinetics, and side reactions of nanoparticles, all governed by the design of colloidal chain stoppers. This work provided the ability to test theoretical models developed for molecular polymerization.
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24
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Alabastri A, Tuccio S, Giugni A, Toma A, Liberale C, Das G, Angelis FD, Fabrizio ED, Zaccaria RP. Molding of Plasmonic Resonances in Metallic Nanostructures: Dependence of the Non-Linear Electric Permittivity on System Size and Temperature. MATERIALS 2013; 6:4879-4910. [PMID: 28788366 PMCID: PMC5452772 DOI: 10.3390/ma6114879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the principal theoretical models through which the dielectric function of metals can be described. Starting from the Drude assumptions for intraband transitions, we show how this model can be improved by including interband absorption and temperature effect in the damping coefficients. Electronic scattering processes are described and included in the dielectric function, showing their role in determining plasmon lifetime at resonance. Relationships among permittivity, electric conductivity and refractive index are examined. Finally, a temperature dependent permittivity model is presented and is employed to predict temperature and non-linear field intensity dependence on commonly used plasmonic geometries, such as nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvatore Tuccio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giugni
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | - Carlo Liberale
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | - Gobind Das
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy.
| | | | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Bio-Nanotechnology and Engineering for Medicine (BIONEM), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Magna Graecia Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
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25
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Wang Y, Abb M, Boden SA, Aizpurua J, de Groot CH, Muskens OL. Ultrafast nonlinear control of progressively loaded, single plasmonic nanoantennas fabricated using helium ion milling. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:5647-5653. [PMID: 24127754 DOI: 10.1021/nl403316z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate milling of partial antenna gaps and narrow conducting bridges with nanometer precision using a helium ion beam microscope. Single particle spectroscopy shows large shifts in the plasmonic mode spectrum of the milled antennas, associated with the transition from capacitive to conductive gap loading. A conducting bridge of nanometer height is found sufficient to shift the antenna from the capacitive to the conductive coupling regime, in agreement with circuit theory. Picosecond pump-probe spectroscopy reveals an enhanced nonlinear response for partially milled antennas, reaching an optimum value for an intermediate bridge height. Our results show that manipulation of the antenna load can be used to increase the nonlinear response of plasmonic antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wang
- Physics & Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, University of Southampton , Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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26
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D'Andrea C, Bochterle J, Toma A, Huck C, Neubrech F, Messina E, Fazio B, Maragò OM, Di Fabrizio E, Lamy de La Chapelle M, Gucciardi PG, Pucci A. Optical nanoantennas for multiband surface-enhanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2013; 7:3522-3531. [PMID: 23530556 DOI: 10.1021/nn4004764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this article we show that linear nanoantennas can be used as shared substrates for surface-enhanced Raman and infrared spectroscopy (SERS and SEIRS, respectively). This is done by engineering the plasmonic properties of the nanoantennas, so to make them resonant in both the visible (transversal resonance) and the infrared (longitudinal resonance), and by rotating the excitation field polarization to selectively take advantage of each resonance and achieve SERS and SEIRS on the same nanoantennas. As a proof of concept, we have fabricated gold nanoantennas by electron beam lithography on calcium difluoride (1-2 μm long, 60 nm wide, 60 nm high) that exhibit a transverse plasmonic resonance in the visible (640 nm) and a particularly strong longitudinal dipolar resonance in the infrared (tunable in the 1280-3100 cm(-1) energy range as a function of the length). SERS and SEIRS detection of methylene blue molecules adsorbed on the nanoantenna's surface is accomplished, with signal enhancement factors of 5×10(2) for SERS (electromagnetic enhancement) and up to 10(5) for SEIRS. Notably, we find that the field enhancement provided by the transverse resonance is sufficient to achieve SERS from single nanoantennas. Furthermore, we show that by properly tuning the nanoantenna length the signals of a multitude of vibrational modes can be enhanced with SEIRS. This simple concept of plasmonic nanosensor is highly suitable for integration on lab-on-a-chip schemes for label-free chemical and biomolecular identification with optimized performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano D'Andrea
- CNR IPCF Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98156, Messina, Italy
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27
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Li Y, Zhao K, Sobhani H, Bao K, Nordlander P. Geometric Dependence of the Line Width of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1352-1357. [PMID: 26282152 DOI: 10.1021/jz4004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the same number of electrons and plasmon frequencies, longitudinal plasmon resonances in metallic nanorods exhibit narrower line widths than plasmon modes in spherical particles. We show that this property is a general feature of high aspect ratio nanostructures and can be explained very simply by incorporating retardation effects into a harmonic oscillator model. The origin of the effect is dynamic depolarization, which renormalizes the mass of the electrons and the oscillating electron liquid. The scattering spectrum derived from our model agrees very well with FDTD simulations. Because plasmon damping determines many important features and applications of LSPR, such as the Q factor of plasmonics devices and the magnitude of the induced field enhancements, our study will play an important role for the design of nanostructures with narrow plasmon resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Laboratory for Nanophotonics, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Ke Zhao
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Laboratory for Nanophotonics, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Heidar Sobhani
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Laboratory for Nanophotonics, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Kui Bao
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Laboratory for Nanophotonics, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Laboratory for Nanophotonics, §Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States
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28
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Wang T, Nguyen VH, Buchenauer A, Schnakenberg U, Taubner T. Surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy with gold strip gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:9005-9010. [PMID: 23571990 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.009005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy with gold strip gratings made by standard optical lithography. By exciting surface plasmon polaritons on both air-gold and gold-substrate interfaces, the resonance of the 1D gratings is linearly tunable with the grating period. With the field enhancement at the edge of the gold strips, a SEIRA enhancement factor more than 6000 for PMMA molecules is achieved. The strong SEIRA enhancement together with the easy fabrication makes the gold strip grating a promising candidate for SEIRA experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- 1st Institute of Physics (1A), RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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29
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Lukach A, Liu K, Therien-Aubin H, Kumacheva E. Controlling the Degree of Polymerization, Bond Lengths, and Bond Angles of Plasmonic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18853-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja309475e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariella Lukach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Heloise Therien-Aubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5,
Canada
- The Institute
of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 4 Taddle Creek Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9,
Canada
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