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Thedford RP, Yu F, Tait WRT, Shastri K, Monticone F, Wiesner U. The Promise of Soft-Matter-Enabled Quantum Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203908. [PMID: 35863756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of quantum materials has experienced rapid growth over the past decade, driven by exciting new discoveries with immense transformative potential. Traditional synthetic methods to quantum materials have, however, limited the exploration of architectural control beyond the atomic scale. By contrast, soft matter self-assembly can be used to tailor material structure over a large range of length scales, with a vast array of possible form factors, promising emerging quantum material properties at the mesoscale. This review explores opportunities for soft matter science to impact the synthesis of quantum materials with advanced properties. Existing work at the interface of these two fields is highlighted, and perspectives are provided on possible future directions by discussing the potential benefits and challenges which can arise from their bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - William R T Tait
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Kunal Shastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Francesco Monticone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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Bulmer JS, Kaniyoor A, Elliott JA. A Meta-Analysis of Conductive and Strong Carbon Nanotube Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008432. [PMID: 34278614 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A study of 1304 data points collated over 266 papers statistically evaluates the relationships between carbon nanotube (CNT) material characteristics, including: electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties; ampacity; density; purity; microstructure alignment; molecular dimensions and graphitic perfection; and doping. Compared to conductive polymers and graphitic intercalation compounds, which have exceeded the electrical conductivity of copper, CNT materials are currently one-sixth of copper's conductivity, mechanically on-par with synthetic or carbon fibers, and exceed all the other materials in terms of a multifunctional metric. Doped, aligned few-wall CNTs (FWCNTs) are the most superior CNT category; from this, the acid-spun fiber subset are the most conductive, and the subset of fibers directly spun from floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition are strongest on a weight basis. The thermal conductivity of multiwall CNT material rivals that of FWCNT materials. Ampacity follows a diameter-dependent power-law from nanometer to millimeter scales. Undoped, aligned FWCNT material reaches the intrinsic conductivity of CNT bundles and single-crystal graphite, illustrating an intrinsic limit requiring doping for copper-level conductivities. Comparing an assembly of CNTs (forming mesoscopic bundles, then macroscopic material) to an assembly of graphene (forming single-crystal graphite crystallites, then carbon fiber), the ≈1 µm room-temperature, phonon-limited mean-free-path shared between graphene, metallic CNTs, and activated semiconducting CNTs is highlighted, deemphasizing all metallic helicities for CNT power transmission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Bulmer
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Adarsh Kaniyoor
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - James A Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
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The morphologic correlation between vortex transformation and upper critical field line in opal-based nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4807. [PMID: 33637955 PMCID: PMC7910285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84343-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigate metallic nanocomposites to elucidate the properties of nanostructured conventional superconductors. Liquid tin, indium, and mercury are loaded into opal matrices by high pressure up to 10 kbar. The opal templates preserve the 3D dendritic morphology of confined superconducting metals to model a dendritic second phase with particular grain shape in bulk superconductors observed by a DualBeam microscope. We carry out measurements of the dc and ac magnetizations to study the superconducting phase diagrams, vortex dynamics, and impact of grain morphology in the opal composites. Besides, we apply the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to deny a regular vortex structure. The phase diagrams reveal an enhanced upper critical field Hc2(0) and curvature crossover in the upper critical field line. We also calculate the vortex activation barriers Ua and observe a transformation in the vortex system. According to the field dependence of Ua, the vortex structure transformation highly correlates with the curvature crossover in the upper critical field line. Our observations suggest that the similarity in the normalized phase diagrams and field dependences of Ua in the three nanocomposites is owing to their particular morphology of confinement.
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Nam H, Chen H, Adams PW, Guan SY, Chuang TM, Chang CS, MacDonald AH, Shih CK. Geometric quenching of orbital pair breaking in a single crystalline superconducting nanomesh network. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5431. [PMID: 30575727 PMCID: PMC6303408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In a superconductor Cooper pairs condense into a single state and in so doing support dissipation free charge flow and perfect diamagnetism. In a magnetic field the minimum kinetic energy of the Cooper pairs increases, producing an orbital pair breaking effect. We show that it is possible to significantly quench the orbital pair breaking effect for both parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields in a thin film superconductor with lateral nanostructure on a length scale smaller than the magnetic length. By growing an ultra-thin (2 nm thick) single crystalline Pb nanowire network, we establish nm scale lateral structure without introducing weak links. Our network suppresses orbital pair breaking for both perpendicular and in-plane fields with a negligible reduction in zero-field resistive critical temperatures. Our study opens a frontier in nanoscale superconductivity by providing a strategy for maintaining pairing in strong field environments in all directions with important technological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungdo Nam
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Philip W Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Syu-You Guan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ming Chuang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Seng Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Allan H MacDonald
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chih-Kang Shih
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Wong CH, Lortz R, Buntov EA, Kasimova RE, Zatsepin AF. A theoretical quest for high temperature superconductivity on the example of low-dimensional carbon structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15815. [PMID: 29150653 PMCID: PMC5693954 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperature superconductivity does not necessarily require correlated electron systems with complex competing or coexisting orders. Instead, it may be achieved in a phonon-mediated classical superconductor having a high Debye temperature and large electronic density of states at the Fermi level in a material with light atoms and strong covalent bonds. Quasi-1D conductors seem promising due to the Van Hove singularities in their electronic density of states. In this sense, quasi-1D carbon structures are good candidates. In thin carbon nanotubes, superconductivity at ~15 K has been reported, and it is likely the strong curvature of the graphene sheet which enhances the electron-phonon coupling. We use an ab-initio approach to optimize superconducting quasi-1D carbon structures. We start by calculating a Tc of 13.9 K for (4.2) carbon nanotubes (CNT) that agrees well with experiments. Then we reduce the CNT to a ring, open the ring to form chains, optimize bond length and kink structure, and finally form a new type of carbon ring that reaches a Tc value of 115 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wong
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - R Lortz
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - E A Buntov
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - R E Kasimova
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - A F Zatsepin
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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Zhang Y, Wong CH, Shen J, Sze ST, Zhang B, Zhang H, Dong Y, Xu H, Yan Z, Li Y, Hu X, Lortz R. Dramatic enhancement of superconductivity in single-crystalline nanowire arrays of Sn. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32963. [PMID: 27595646 PMCID: PMC5011740 DOI: 10.1038/srep32963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sn is a classical superconductor on the border between type I and type II with critical temperature of 3.7 K. We show that its critical parameters can be dramatically increased if it is brought in the form of loosely bound bundles of thin nanowires. The specific heat displays a pronounced double phase transition at 3.7 K and 5.5 K, which we attribute to the inner ‘bulk’ contribution of the nanowires and to the surface contribution, respectively. The latter is visible only because of the large volume fraction of the surface layer in relation to the bulk volume. The upper transition coincides with the onset of the resistive transition, while zero resistance is gradually approached below the lower transition. In contrast to the low critical field Hc = 0.03 T of Sn in its bulk form, a magnetic field of more than 3 T is required to fully restore the normal state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chi Ho Wong
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Russia
| | - Junying Shen
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sin Ting Sze
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Haijing Zhang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zifeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Heavy Oil Processing, PetroChina Key Laboratory of Catalysis, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xijun Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Rolf Lortz
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Sirohi A, Saha P, Gayen S, Singh A, Sheet G. Transport spectroscopy on trapped superconducting nano-islands of Pb: signature of unconventional pairing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:285701. [PMID: 27251201 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/28/285701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elemental bulk lead (Pb) is a conventional type I, spin-singlet (s-wave) superconductor with a critical temperature T c = 7.2 K and a critical magnetic field H c = 800 Oe. However, it is known that at mesoscopic length scales, like in point-contact geometries, Pb shows significantly higher critical field, sometimes up to several Tesla. We have used this property to trap a small superconducting nano-droplet of Pb by forming a metallic point contact on Pb and then applying a magnetic field larger than 800 Oe that drives the bulk of the material non-superconducting. From systematic magnetic field dependent behaviour of the point-contact spectra measured across such a trapped island of Pb we show that the superconducting order parameter of mesoscopic Pb mixes non-trivially with magnetic field possibly due to the emergence of a local spin-triplet component at such length scales. From comparative studies with Nb-based point contacts we surmise that the strong spin-orbit coupling in Pb leads to the emergence of the unconventional component in the order parameter of mesoscopic Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Sirohi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli, PO 140306, India
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Ansermet D, Petrović AP, He S, Chernyshov D, Hoesch M, Salloum D, Gougeon P, Potel M, Boeri L, Andersen OK, Panagopoulos C. Reentrant Phase Coherence in Superconducting Nanowire Composites. ACS NANO 2016; 10:515-523. [PMID: 26727335 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The short coherence lengths characteristic of low-dimensional superconductors are associated with usefully high critical fields or temperatures. Unfortunately, such materials are often sensitive to disorder and suffer from phase fluctuations in the superconducting order parameter which diverge with temperature T, magnetic field H, or current I. We propose an approach to overcome synthesis and fluctuation problems: building superconductors from inhomogeneous composites of nanofilaments. Macroscopic crystals of quasi-one-dimensional Na2-δMo6Se6 featuring Na vacancy disorder (δ ≈ 0.2) are shown to behave as percolative networks of superconducting nanowires. Long-range order is established via transverse coupling between individual one-dimensional filaments, yet phase coherence remains unstable to fluctuations and localization in the zero (T,H,I) limit. However, a region of reentrant phase coherence develops upon raising (T,H,I). We attribute this phenomenon to an enhancement of the transverse coupling due to electron delocalization. Our observations of reentrant phase coherence coincide with a peak in the Josephson energy EJ at nonzero (T,H,I), which we estimate using a simple analytical model for a disordered anisotropic superconductor. Na2-δMo6Se6 is therefore a blueprint for a future generation of nanofilamentary superconductors with inbuilt resilience to phase fluctuations at elevated (T,H,I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ansermet
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Alexander P Petrović
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Shikun He
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
| | - Dmitri Chernyshov
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility , 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble F-38043 Cedex, France
| | - Moritz Hoesch
- Diamond Light Source , Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Diala Salloum
- Sciences Chimiques, CSM UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes 35042 Cedex, France
- Faculty of Science III, Lebanese University , P.O. Box 826, Kobbeh-Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Patrick Gougeon
- Sciences Chimiques, CSM UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes 35042 Cedex, France
| | - Michel Potel
- Sciences Chimiques, CSM UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes 35042 Cedex, France
| | - Lilia Boeri
- Institute for Theoretical and Computational Physics, TU Graz , Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ole Krogh Andersen
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christos Panagopoulos
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 637371 Singapore
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Bartlett PN, Burt J, Hasan MM, Hector AL, Levason W, Reid G, Richardson PW. Haloplumbate salts as reagents for the non-aqueous electrodeposition of lead. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry experiments on the Pb(ii) salts, [PPh4][PbX3] (X = Cl, Br, I) in CH2Cl2 solution ([PPh4]X supporting electrolyte) at Pt electrodes show reproducible nucleation and stripping features consistent with reduction to elemental Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Burt
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Gillian Reid
- Chemistry
- University of Southampton
- Southampton SO17 1BJ
- UK
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Yang Y, Fedorov G, Shafranjuk SE, Klapwijk TM, Cooper BK, Lewis RM, Lobb CJ, Barbara P. Electronic Transport and Possible Superconductivity at Van Hove Singularities in Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7859-7866. [PMID: 26506109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Van Hove singularities (VHSs) are a hallmark of reduced dimensionality, leading to a divergent density of states in one and two dimensions and predictions of new electronic properties when the Fermi energy is close to these divergences. In carbon nanotubes, VHSs mark the onset of new subbands. They are elusive in standard electronic transport characterization measurements because they do not typically appear as notable features and therefore their effect on the nanotube conductance is largely unexplored. Here we report conductance measurements of carbon nanotubes where VHSs are clearly revealed by interference patterns of the electronic wave functions, showing both a sharp increase of quantum capacitance, and a sharp reduction of energy level spacing, consistent with an upsurge of density of states. At VHSs, we also measure an anomalous increase of conductance below a temperature of about 30 K. We argue that this transport feature is consistent with the formation of Cooper pairs in the nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - G Fedorov
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - S E Shafranjuk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - T M Klapwijk
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Quantum Limited Devices, Physics Department, Moscow State Pedagogical University , 29 Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - B K Cooper
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R M Lewis
- Department of Physics, CNAM, and JQI , University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - C J Lobb
- Department of Physics, CNAM, and JQI , University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - P Barbara
- Department of Physics, Georgetown University , Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
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He M, Wong CH, Shi D, Tse PL, Scheidt EW, Eickerling G, Scherer W, Sheng P, Lortz R. 1D to 3D dimensional crossover in the superconducting transition of the quasi-one-dimensional carbide superconductor Sc3CoC4. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:075702. [PMID: 25643644 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/7/075702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The transition metal carbide superconductor Sc(3)CoC(4) may represent a new benchmark system of quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) superconducting behavior. We investigate the superconducting transition of a high-quality single crystalline sample by electrical transport experiments. Our data show that the superconductor goes through a complex dimensional crossover below the onset T(c) of 4.5 K. First, a quasi-1D fluctuating superconducting state with finite resistance forms in the [CoC(4)](∞) ribbons which are embedded in a Sc matrix in this material. At lower temperature, the transversal Josephson or proximity coupling of neighboring ribbons establishes a 3D bulk superconducting state. This dimensional crossover is very similar to Tl(2)Mo(6)Se(6), which for a long time has been regarded as the most appropriate model system of a quasi-1D superconductor. Sc(3)CoC(4) appears to be even more in the 1D limit than Tl(2)Mo(6)Se(6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan He
- Department of Physics and the William Mong Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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