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Xu M, Wei C, Zhang Y, Chen J, Li H, Zhang J, Sun L, Liu B, Lin J, Yu M, Xie L, Huang W. Coplanar Conformational Structure of π-Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301671. [PMID: 37364981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure of conjugated polymers is critical to dominating their optoelectronic properties and applications. Compared to nonplanar conformational segments, coplanar conformational segments of conjugated polymers (CPs) demonstrate favorable properties for applications as a semiconductor. Herein, recent developments in the coplanar conformational structure of CPs for optoelectronic devices are summarized. First, this review comprehensively summarizes the unique properties of planar conformational structures. Second, the characteristics of the coplanar conformation in terms of optoelectrical properties and other polymer physics characteristics are emphasized. Five primary characterization methods for investigating the complanate backbone structures are illustrated, providing a systematical toolbox for studying this specific conformation. Third, internal and external conditions for inducing the coplanar conformational structure are presented, offering guidelines for designing this conformation. Fourth, the optoelectronic applications of this segment, such as light-emitting diodes, solar cells, and field-effect transistors, are briefly summarized. Finally, a conclusion and outlook for the coplanar conformational segment regarding molecular design and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiefeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mengna Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & School of Chemistry and Life Sciences & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Abstract
The concepts hybrid and hybridization are common in many scientific fields, as in the taxonomic parts of botany and zoology, in modern genetic, and in the quantum–mechanical theory of atomic–molecular orbitals, which are of foremost relevance in most aspects of modern chemistry. Years later, scientists applied the concept hybrid to colloids, if the particles’ domains are endowed with functionalities differing each from the other in nature and/or composition. For such denomination to be fully valid, the domains belonging to a given hybrid must be recognizable each from another in terms of some intrinsic features. Thus, the concept applies to particles where a given domain has its own physical state, functionality, or composition. Literature examples in this regard are many. Different domains that are present in hybrid colloids self-organize, self-sustain, and self-help, according to the constraints dictated by kinetic and/or thermodynamic stability rules. Covalent, or non-covalent, bonds ensure the formation of such entities, retaining the properties of a given family, in addition to those of the other, and, sometimes, new ones. The real meaning of this behavior is the same as in zoology; mules are pertinent examples, since they retain some features of their own parents (i.e., horses and donkeys) but also exhibit completely new ones, such as the loss of fertility. In colloid sciences, the concept hybrid refers to composites with cores of a given chemical type and surfaces covered by moieties differing in nature, or physical state. This is the result of a mimicry resembling the ones met in a lot of biological systems and foods, too. Many combinations may occur. Silica nanoparticles on which polymers/biopolymers are surface-bound (irrespective of whether binding is covalent or not) are pertinent examples. Here, efforts are made to render clear the concept, which is at the basis of many applications in the biomedical field, and not only. After a historical background and on some features of the species taking part to the formation of hybrids, we report on selected cases met in modern formulations of mixed, and sometimes multifunctional, colloid entities.
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Liang D, Yan L, Huang K, Li Y, Ai F, Zhang H, Jiang Z. Effect of Different Rotational Speeds on Graphene-Wrapped SiC Core-Shell Nanoparticles in Wet Milling Medium. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:944. [PMID: 33671233 PMCID: PMC7923179 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the wet milling rotating speed on the number of graphene layers and graphene quality, and the conversion efficiency of graphite exfoliate to graphene, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the number of few-layer graphene nanometer sheets (GNSs) (≤10 layers) gradually increases with the increase of rotational speed in the range of 160-240 rpm. The proportion of GNSs with 0-10 layers reaches more than 80% as the rotational speed is increased to 280 rpm. GNS defect types in the composite materials are marginal defects with minimal influence and almost no oxidation. In the range of 160-280 rpm, the intensity of graphite peak decreases and the conversion efficiency of graphene increases with the increase of rotational speed. This is the same as the experimental result obtained by HRTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, Liaoning, China; (D.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Ling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114009, Liaoning, China; (Y.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Kunkun Huang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, Liaoning, China; (D.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114009, Liaoning, China; (Y.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Fangfang Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114009, Liaoning, China; (Y.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, Liaoning, China; (D.L.); (K.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Material for Marine Equipment and Application, Anshan 114009, Liaoning, China; (Y.L.); (F.A.)
| | - Zhengyi Jiang
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
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Nguyen DLT, Lee CW, Na J, Kim MC, Tu NDK, Lee SY, Sa YJ, Won DH, Oh HS, Kim H, Min BK, Han SS, Lee U, Hwang YJ. Mass Transport Control by Surface Graphene Oxide for Selective CO Production from Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Le Tri Nguyen
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonggeol Na
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kim
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Dien Kha Tu
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Sa
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Hye Won
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Suk Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesuk Kim
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Koun Min
- National Research Agenda Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Han
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Green School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Hwang
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environmental Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei-KIST Convergence Research Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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An ultrasensitive sensing platform for microRNA-155 based on H2O2 quenched hydroxide-dependent ECL emission of PFO Pdots. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 150:111872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang J, Lv F, Liu L, Ma Y, Wang S. Strategies to design conjugated polymer based materials for biological sensing and imaging. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Huang H, Li W, Shi Y, Deng J. Helix-sense-selective co-precipitation for preparing optically active helical polymer nanoparticles/graphene oxide hybrid nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6877-6885. [PMID: 28498380 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02337e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Constructing optically active helical polymer based nanomaterials without using expensive and limited chirally helical polymers has become an extremely attractive research topic in both chemical and materials science. In this study, we prepared a series of optically active helical polymer nanoparticles/graphene oxide (OAHPNs/GO) hybrid nanocomposites through an unprecedented strategy-the co-precipitation of optically inactive helical polymers and chirally modified GO. This approach is named helix-sense-selective co-precipitation (HSSCP), in which the chirally modified GO acted as a chiral source for inducing and further stabilizing the predominantly one-handed helicity in the optically inactive helical polymers. SEM and TEM images show quite similar morphologies of all the obtained OAHPNs/GO nanocomposites; specifically, the chirally modified GO sheets were uniformly decorated with spherical polymer nanoparticles. Circular dichroism (CD) and UV-vis absorption spectra confirmed the preferentially induced helicity in the helical polymers and the optical activity of the nanocomposites. The established HSSCP strategy is thus proven to be widely applicable and is expected to produce numerous functional OAHPNs/GO nanocomposites and even the analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Aikyo Y, Kushida S, Braam D, Kuwabara J, Kondo T, Kanbara T, Nakamura J, Lorke A, Yamamoto Y. Enwrapping Conjugated Polymer Microspheres with Graphene Oxide Nanosheets. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhao Y, Shi C, Yang X, Shen B, Sun Y, Chen Y, Xu X, Sun H, Yu K, Yang B, Lin Q. pH- and Temperature-Sensitive Hydrogel Nanoparticles with Dual Photoluminescence for Bioprobes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5856-5863. [PMID: 27232534 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates high contrast and sensitivity by designing a dual-emissive hydrogel particle system, whose two emissions respond to pH and temperature strongly and independently. It describes the photoluminescence (PL) response of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based core/shell hydrogel nanoparticles with dual emission, which is obtained by emulsion polymerization with potassium persulfate, consisting of the thermo- and pH-responsive copolymers of PNIPAM and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). A red-emission rare-earth complex and a blue-emission quaternary ammonium tetraphenylethylene derivative (d-TPE) with similar excitation wavelengths are inserted into the core and shell of the hydrogel nanoparticles, respectively. The PL intensities of the nanoparticles exhibit a linear temperature response in the range from 10 to 80 °C with a change as large as a factor of 5. In addition, the blue emission from the shell exhibits a linear pH response between pH 6.5 and 7.6 with a resolution of 0.1 unit, while the red emission from the core is pH-independent. These stimuli-responsive PL nanoparticles have potential applications in biology and chemistry, including bio- and chemosensors, biological imaging, cancer diagnosis, and externally activated release of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Shi
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchen Sun
- School of Stomatology, Jilin University , Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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Huang Y, Miroshnichenko AE, Gao L. Low-threshold optical bistability of graphene-wrapped dielectric composite. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23354. [PMID: 26996451 PMCID: PMC4800396 DOI: 10.1038/srep23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We theoretically study the effective third-order nonlinear response and optical bistability of the 3D graphene based composite consisting of graphene wrapped dielectric nanoparticles embedded in dielectric host at terahertz frequencies. Taking into account the nonlinear conductivity of graphene, we derive the analytical expressions for the effective third-order nonlinear coefficient χe3 in weakly nonlinear limit. Moreover, for strong applied fields, the criterion for achieving optical bistability in such a graphene coated sphere, as well as the switching thresholds of optical bistability are discussed. We find that both χe3 and optical bistability are strongly dependent on the Fermi energy of graphene and it is possible to achieve very low switching thresholds under the normal graphene dissipation. We further propose a scheme to study the transmittance of this nonlinear composite slab. These results reveal novel regime of the optical bistability of the transmittance of light. We show that this kind of graphene-wrapped composite, which has tunable and low threshold optical bistability, can be the best candidate for unique nonlinear optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Huang
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | - Lei Gao
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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Liu M, Wang T, Ma H, Fu Y, Hu K, Guan C. Assembly of luminescent ordered multilayer thin-films based on oppositely-charged MMT and magnetic NiFe-LDHs nanosheets with ultra-long lifetimes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7147. [PMID: 25413710 PMCID: PMC4239577 DOI: 10.1038/srep07147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present report, luminescent ordered multilayer thin films (OMFs) based on oppositely-charged inorganic nanosheets and the different oppositely-charged chromophores were fabricated via layer-by-layer assembly method. Exfoliated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanosheets with opposite charges can be expected to provide a pseudo electronic microenvironment (PEM) which has not been declared in previous literatures, and transition metal-bearing LDHs nanosheets can offer an additional ferromagnetic effect (FME) for the chromophores at the same time. Surprisingly, the luminescent lifetimes of those OMFs with PEM and FME are significantly prolonged compared with that of the pristine chromophores, even much longer than those of OMFs without oppositely-charged and ferromagnetic architecture. Therefore, it is highly expected that the PEM and FME formed by oppositely-charged and transition metal-bearing inorganic nanosheets have remarkable influence on obtaining better optical property, which suggests a new potential way to manipulate, control and develop the novel light-emitting materials and optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meitang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083
| | - Tianlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083
| | - Hongwen Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083
| | - Yu Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083
| | - Kunran Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083
| | - Chao Guan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083
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