1
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Franco VG, Rodríguez SJ, Calaza FC, Passeggi MCG, Ruano GD. Novel mixed self-assembled monolayers of L-cysteine and methanol on gold surfaces under ambient conditions. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15366-15380. [PMID: 39091174 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we carried out an experimental and theoretical study on the formation of self-assembled monolayers of L-cysteine molecules on gold surfaces in the presence of methanol as a solvent. We report for the first time L-cysteine and methanol ordered structures forming a mixed self-assembled mono-layer on Au(100) surfaces under ambient conditions. Finger-like ordered structures with a relative height of 0.10-0.20 nm, average width of 2.0 nm and variable lengths were observed using scanning tunneling microscopy under room temperature and ambient pressure conditions. Using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, it was determined that L-cysteine molecules bind to the gold surface through the sulfur atom of their thiol group in two molecular configurations: neutral and zwitterionic. We found that the finger-like structures are the result of complex interactions of L-cysteine molecules with gold surfaces and L-cysteine molecules with methanol molecules and among all three components of the system (L-cysteine + methanol + gold surfaces). These interactions were detected through attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, adsorbate/substrate interactions were studied by employing ab initio calculations using density functional theory, resulting in molecular arrangements formed by chains of L-cysteine pairs surrounded by physisorbed methanol molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Gisela Franco
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Güemes 3450, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sindy Julieth Rodríguez
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Güemes 3450, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Florencia Carolina Calaza
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Güemes 3450, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mario César Guillermo Passeggi
- Instituto de Física del Litoral (IFIS Litoral), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and Universidad Nacional del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Güemes 3450, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, (3000) Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Daniel Ruano
- Centro Atómico Bariloche (CAB), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Av. Exequiel Bustillo 9500, (8400) San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
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2
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Bhattacharjee N, Gao X, Nathani A, Dobscha JR, Pink M, Ito T, Flood AH. Solvent Acts as the Referee in a Match-Up Between Charged and Preorganized Receptors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302339. [PMID: 37615829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of anion-cation contacts in biomolecular recognition under aqueous conditions suggests that ionic interactions should dominate the binding of anions in solvents across both high and low polarities. Investigations of this idea using titrations in low polarity solvents are impaired by interferences from ion pairing that prevent a clear picture of binding. To address this limitation and test the impact of ion-ion interactions across multiple solvents, we quantified chloride binding to a cationic receptor after accounting for ion pairing. In these studies, we created a chelate receptor using aryl-triazole CH donors and a quinolinium unit that directs its cationic methyl inside the binding pocket. In low-polarity dichloromethane, the 1 : 1 complex (log K1 : 1 ~ 7.3) is more stable than neutral chelates, but fortuitously comparable to a preorganized macrocycle (log K1 : 1 ~ 6.9). Polar acetonitrile and DMSO diminish stabilities of the charged receptor (log K1 : 1 ~ 3.7 and 1.9) but surprisingly 100-fold more than the macrocycle. While both receptors lose stability by dielectric screening of electrostatic stability, the cationic receptor also pays additional costs of organization. Thus even though the charged receptor has stronger binding in apolar solvents, the uncharged receptor has more anion affinity in polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarupa Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xinfeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Akash Nathani
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-campus Dr North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 213 CBC Building, 1212 Mid-campus Dr North, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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3
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Dhara A, Fadler RE, Chen Y, Köttner LA, Van Craen D, Carta V, Flood AH. Orthogonal, modular anion-cation and cation-anion self-assembly using pre-programmed anion binding sites. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2585-2595. [PMID: 36908961 PMCID: PMC9993851 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05121d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcomponent self-assembly relies on cation coordination whereas the roles of anions often only emerge during the assembly process. When sites for anions are instead pre-programmed, they have the potential to be used as orthogonal elements to build up structure in a predictable and modular way. We explore this idea by combining cation (M+) and anion (X-) binding sites together and show the orthogonal and modular build up of structure in a multi-ion assembly. Cation binding is based on a ligand (L) made by subcomponent metal-imine chemistry (M+ = Cu+, Au+) while the site for anion binding (X- = BF4 -, ClO4 -) derives from the inner cavity of cyanostar (CS) macrocycles. The two sites are connected by imine condensation between a pyridyl-aldehyde and an aniline-modified cyanostar. The target assembly [LM-CS-X-CS-ML],+ generates two terminal metal complexation sites (LM and ML) with one central anion-bridging site (X) defined by cyanostar dimerization. We showcase modular assembly by isolating intermediates when the primary structure-directing ions are paired with weakly coordinating counter ions. Cation-directed (Cu+) or anion-bridged (BF4 -) intermediates can be isolated along either cation-anion or anion-cation pathways. Different products can also be prepared in a modular way using Au+ and ClO4 -. This is also the first use of gold(i) in subcomponent self-assembly. Pre-programmed cation and anion binding sites combine with judicious selection of spectator ions to provide modular noncovalent syntheses of multi-component architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Rachel E Fadler
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Wayne State University Law School, Wayne State University 471 W Palmer Ave Detroit MI 48202 USA
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Laura A Köttner
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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Sheetz EG, Zhang Z, Marogil A, Che M, Pink M, Carta V, Raghavachari K, Flood AH. High‐fidelity Recognition of Organotrifluoroborate Anions (R−BF
3
−
) as Designer Guest Molecules. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201584. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Alyssa Marogil
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Minwei Che
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington 800 E. Kirkwood Ave Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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5
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Qiu S, Li Y, Xu S, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Li W. Temperature-Induced Structural Phase Transitions in Self-Assembled Hydrogen Bonded Networks at the Liquid/Solid Interface. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421090247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Snegir S, Dappe YJ, Sysoiev D, Pluchery O, Huhn T, Scheer E. Where do the counterions go? Tip-induced dissociation of self-assembled triazatriangulenium-based molecules on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9930-9937. [PMID: 33861285 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical coupling of functional molecules on top of the so-called platform molecules allows the formation of functional self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). An often-used example of such a platform is triazatriangulenium (TATA), which features an extended aromatic core providing good electronic contact to the underlying metal surface. Here, we present a study of the SAM formation of a TATA platform on Au(111) employing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ambient atmospheric conditions. In solution, the TATA platform is stabilized by BF4 counterions, while after deposition on a gold substrate, the localization of the BF4 counterions remains unknown. We used 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent of TATA-BF4 to induce SAM formation on a heated (∼50 °C) Au substrate. We show by STM how to detect and distinguish TATA-BF4 from TATA platforms, which lost their BF4 counterions. Finally, we observe a change of the counterion position on the SAM during the STM scanning, which we explain by an electric-field-induced decrease of the electrostatic interaction in TATA-BF4 on the surface. We applied DFT calculations to reveal the influence of the gold lattice and the electric field of the STM tip on the stability of TATA-BF4 physisorbed on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Snegir
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Y J Dappe
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Sysoiev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - O Pluchery
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris (INSP), 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Huhn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - E Scheer
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
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7
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Liu Y, Parks FC, Sheetz EG, Chen CH, Flood AH. Polarity-Tolerant Chloride Binding in Foldamer Capsules by Programmed Solvent-Exclusion. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3191-3204. [PMID: 33596052 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistent anion binding in a wide range of solution environments is a key challenge that continues to motivate and demand new strategies in synthetic receptor design. Though strong binding in low-polarity solvents has become routine, our ability to maintain high affinities in high-polarity solvents has not yet reached the standard set by nature. Anions are bound and transported regularly in aqueous environments by proteins that use secondary and tertiary structure to isolate anion binding sites from water. Inspired by this principle of solvent exclusion, we created a sequence-defined foldameric capsule whose global minimum conformation displays a helical folded state and is preorganized for 1:1 anion complexation. The high stability of the folded geometry and its ability to exclude solvent were supported by solid-state and solution phase studies. This capsule then withstood a 4-fold increase in solvent dielectric constant (εr) from dichloromethane (9) to acetonitrile (36) while maintaining a high and solvent-independent affinity of 105 M-1; ΔG ∼ 28 kJ mol-1. This behavior is unusual. More typical of solvent-dependent behavior, Cl- affinities were seen to plummet in control compounds, such as aryl-triazole macrocycles and pentads, with their solvent-exposed binding cavities susceptible to dielectric screening. Finally, dimethyl sulfoxide denatures the foldamer by putative solvent binding, which then lowers the foldamer's Cl- affinity to normal levels. The design of this capsule demonstrates a new prototype for the development of potent receptors that can operate in polar solvents and has the potential to help manage hydrophilic anions present in the hydrosphere and biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Fred C Parks
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Edward G Sheetz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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8
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Zeng X, Khan SB, Mahmood A, Lee SL. Nanoscale tailoring of supramolecular crystals via an oriented external electric field. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15072-15080. [PMID: 32458926 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01946a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The oriented external electric field of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has recently been adapted for controlling the chemical reaction and supramolecular phase transition at surfaces with molecular precision. However, to date, advance controls using such electric-fields for crystal engineering have not been achieved yet. Here, we present how the directional electric-field of an STM can be utilized to harness supramolecular crystallization on a solid surface. We show that a glass-like random-tiling assembly composed of p-terphenyl-3,5,3',5'-tetracarboxylic acid can transform into close-packed periodic assemblies under positive substrate bias conditions at the liquid/solid interface. Importantly, the nucleation and subsequent crystal growth for such field-induced products can be artificially tailored at the early stage in a real-time fashion. Through this method, we were able to produce a two-dimensional supramolecular single crystal. The as-prepared crystals with apparent brightness are ascribed to a spectroscopic feature linked to the electron density of states, which is thus strongly STM bias dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
| | - Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060. and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China 518060.
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Mahmood A, Zeng X, Saleemi AS, Cheng KY, Lee SL. Electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface: cat-assembly from solvent additives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:8790-8793. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrically triggered phase transformations of trimesic acid can be efficiently promoted to occur in an environment where trace levels of a highly polar solvent additive are present at the liquid/solid interface, as revealed by STM and DFT simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyaz Mahmood
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Xingming Zeng
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Awais Siddique Saleemi
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Kum-Yi Cheng
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Provence
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- China
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10
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Mahmood A, Saeed M, Chan Y, Saleemi AS, Guo J, Lee SL. Synergic Effect: Temperature-Assisted Electric-Field-Induced Supramolecular Phase Transitions at the Liquid/Solid Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8031-8037. [PMID: 31120252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using trimesic acid (TMA) as a model system by means of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) equipped with a temperature controller, here, we report a temperature-assisted method to cooperatively control electric-field-induced supramolecular phase transitions at the liquid/solid interface. Octanoic acid is used as a solvent due to its good solubility for TMA and its less complicated pattern formed under negative STM bias (e.g., only chicken-wire polymorphs existing). At positive substrate bias, STM revealed that TMA assembly based on temperature modulations underwent phase transitions from a porous (22 °C) to a flower (45 °C) and further to a zigzag (68 °C) structure. The transitions are ascribed to the partial deprotonation of the carboxyl groups of TMA. Both the temperature and electrical polarity of the substrate are crucial, i.e., the transitions only take place at positive substrate bias and elevated temperatures. Molecular mechanics simulations were carried out to calculate the temperature and electric field dependence of the adsorption enthalpy and free energy of the chicken-wire assembly of TMA on the two layers of graphene surface. The calculated decrease in adsorption enthalpy with the increase of temperature and electric field values that causes the TMA chicken-wire assembly to be less stable is proposed to promote the occurrence of the phase transition observed by STM. This study paves the way toward program-controlled supramolecular phase switching via the synergic effect of electrical and thermal stimuli.
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Kuno A, Fujiwara M, Haketa Y, Maeda H. Arylpyrrolyldiketone Boron Complexes Exhibiting Various Anion-Binding Modes Based on Dynamic Conformation Changes. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1777-1785. [PMID: 30024109 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arylpyrrolyldiketone boron complexes as anion-responsive π-electronic molecules were synthesized by Claisen condensations of acetylpyrrole and corresponding aryl esters. The synthesized π-electronic molecules exhibited anion-binding behavior with various binding modes including pyrrole-inverted and non-inverted [1+1]-type anion complexes as well as [2+1]-type complexes owing to the presence of only a single pyrrole ring. Furthermore, solid-state ion-pairing assemblies, comprising receptor-anion complexes and countercations, were constructed based on fairly planar [2+1]-type complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masaya Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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12
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Xie L, Ding Y, Wang X, Xu W. Chlorine-assisted fabrication of hybrid supramolecular structures via electrostatic interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9357-9361. [PMID: 30994662 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly is a spontaneous process relying on non-covalent intermolecular interactions. Among them, electrostatic interactions generated by organic molecules interacting with alkali metals and/or halogens play an important role in structural formation. Herein, we choose cytosine and NaCl as a model system and, from the interplay of STM imaging and DFT calculations, a hybrid network composed of both metal-organic and pure organic motifs interlinked by Cl ions via electrostatic interactions is observed on the Au(111) surface. Moreover, the occasionally missing Cl ions in connections are accompanied by the absence of adjacent organic motifs resulting in defects of the network. This study successfully demonstrates the generality of salt providing both cations and anions simultaneously in the modulation of the structure and provides fundamental knowledge on the formation of hybrid structures as well as the function of halogens in affecting the self-assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China.
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14
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Kai W, Qian H, Liu D, Ye Z. Design and synthesis of palladium (II) OCO pincer type complexes and their catalytic role towards the α-arylation of ketones. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Liu J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Photocleavable Supramolecular Polysaccharide Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Release in Cancer Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang‐Hua Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xianjing Wu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ying‐Ming Zhang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-OrganicChemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300072 China
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Sengupta A, Liu Y, Flood AH, Raghavachari K. Anion‐Binding Macrocycles Operate Beyond the Electrostatic Regime: Interaction Distances Matter. Chemistry 2018; 24:14409-14417. [PMID: 30036449 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
- Current Address: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington Indiana 47405 USA
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17
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Ding Y, Wang X, Xie L, Yao X, Xu W. Two-dimensional self-assembled nanostructures of nucleobases and their related derivatives on Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9259-9269. [PMID: 30027963 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The construction of two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled nanostructures has been one of the considerably interesting areas of on-surface chemistry in the past few decades, and has benefited from the rapid development and improvement of scanning probe microscopy techniques. In this research field, many attempts have been made in the controllable fabrication of well-ordered and multifunctional surface nanostructures, which attracted interest because of the prospect for artificial design of functional molecular nanodevices. DNA and RNA are considered to be programmable self-assembly systems and it is possible to use their base sequences to encode instructions for assembly in a predetermined fashion at the nanometer scale. As important constituents of nucleic acids, nucleobases, with intrinsic functional groups for hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding, and electrostatic interactions, can be employed as a potential system for the versatile construction of various biomolecular nanostructures, which may be used to structure the self-assembly of DNA-based artificial molecular constructions and play an important role in novel biosensors based on surface functionalization. In this article, we will review the recent progress of on-surface self-assembly of nucleobases and their derivatives together with different reactants (e.g., metals, halogens, salts and water), and as a result, various 2D surface nanostructures are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China.
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18
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Ubink J, Enache M, Stöhr M. Bias-induced conformational switching of supramolecular networks of trimesic acid at the solid-liquid interface. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:174703. [PMID: 29739202 DOI: 10.1063/1.5017930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope, an electric field-induced reversible phase transition between two planar porous structures ("chickenwire" and "flower") of trimesic acid was accomplished at the nonanoic acid/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite interface. The chickenwire structure was exclusively observed for negative sample bias, while for positive sample bias only the more densely packed flower structure was found. We suggest that the slightly negatively charged carboxyl groups of the trimesic acid molecule are the determining factor for this observation: their adsorption behavior varies with the sample bias and is thus responsible for the switching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ubink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Enache
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Kim S, Castillo HD, Lee M, Mortensen RD, Tait SL, Lee D. From Foldable Open Chains to Shape-Persistent Macrocycles: Synthesis, Impact on 2D Ordering, and Stimulated Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soobin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Henry D. Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Milim Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Riley D. Mortensen
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Steven L. Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
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20
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Teyssandier J, Feyter SD, Mali KS. Host-guest chemistry in two-dimensional supramolecular networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:11465-11487. [PMID: 27709179 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous supramolecular networks physisorbed on solid surfaces have been extensively used to immobilize a variety of guest molecules. Host-guest chemistry in such two-dimensional (2D) porous networks is a rapidly expanding field due to potential applications in separation technology, catalysis and nanoscale patterning. Diverse structural topologies with high crystallinity have been obtained to capture molecular guests of different sizes and shapes. A range of non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, coordinate bonds have been employed to assemble the host networks. Recent years have witnessed a surge in the activity in this field with the implementation of rational design strategies for realizing controlled and selective guest capture. In this feature article, we review the development in the field of surface-supported host-guest chemistry as studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Typical host-guest architectures studied on solid surfaces, both under ambient conditions at the solution-solid interface as well as those formed at the ultrahigh vacuum (UHV)-solid interface, are described. We focus on isoreticular host networks, hosts functionalized pores and dynamic host-guest systems that respond to external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Teyssandier
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Castillo HD, Espinosa-Duran JM, Dobscha JR, Ashley DC, Debnath S, Hirsch BE, Schrecke SR, Baik MH, Ortoleva PJ, Raghavachari K, Flood AH, Tait SL. Amphiphile self-assembly dynamics at the solution-solid interface reveal asymmetry in head/tail desorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10076-10079. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric dynamics in fundamental adsorption and desorption steps drive self-assembly at solution/solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
| | | | | | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
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22
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Cui K, Mali KS, Wu D, Feng X, Müllen K, Walter M, De Feyter S, Mertens SFL. Reversible Anion-Driven Switching of an Organic 2D Crystal at a Solid-Liquid Interface. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1702379. [PMID: 28960791 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionic self-assembly of charged molecular building blocks relies on the interplay between long-range electrostatic forces and short-range, often cooperative, supramolecular interactions, yet has been seldom studied in two dimensions at the solid-liquid interface. Here, we demonstrate anion-driven switching of two-dimensional (2D) crystal structure at the Au(111)/octanoic acid interface. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), three organic salts with identical polyaromatic cation (PQPC6+ ) but different anions (perchlorate, anthraquinonedisulfonate, benzenesulfonate) are shown to form distinct, highly ordered self-assembled structures. Reversible switching of the supramolecular arrangement is demonstrated by in situ exchange of the anion on the pre-formed adlayer, by changing the concentration ratio between the incoming and outgoing anion. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that perchlorate is highly mobile in the adlayer, and corroborate why this anion is only resolved transiently in STM. Surprisingly, the templating effect of the anion persists even where it does not become part of the adlayer 2D fabric, which we ascribe to differences in stabilization of cation conformations by the anion. Our results provide important insight into the structuring of mixed anion-cation adlayers. This is essential in the design of tectons for ionic self-assembled superstructures and biomimetic adaptive materials and valuable also to understand adsorbate-adsorbate interactions in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dongqing Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Physics and FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWM, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn F L Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10/E134, 1040, Wien, Austria
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23
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Zhao W, Qiao B, Chen C, Flood AH. High‐Fidelity Multistate Switching with Anion–Anion and Acid–Anion Dimers of Organophosphates in Cyanostar Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13083-13087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Chun‐Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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24
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Zhao W, Qiao B, Chen C, Flood AH. High‐Fidelity Multistate Switching with Anion–Anion and Acid–Anion Dimers of Organophosphates in Cyanostar Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Bo Qiao
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Chun‐Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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25
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Xie L, Zhang C, Ding Y, E W, Yuan C, Xu W. Structural diversity of metal-organic self-assembly assisted by chlorine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8767-8769. [PMID: 28730208 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04446a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From the combination of STM imaging and DFT calculations, we show that both alkali metal and halogens interact with different sites of the target molecules resulting in structural formation in a synergistic way. The elementary metal-organic motifs are connected by Cl in a variety of fashions demonstrating structural diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenlong E
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunxue Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Song Y, Wang Y, Jin Q, Zhou K, Shi Z, Liu PN, Ma YQ. Self-Assembly and Local Manipulation of Au-Pyridyl Coordination Networks on Metal Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2088-2093. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research; College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy; Soochow University; 215006 Suzhou China
| | - Yuxu Wang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research; College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy; Soochow University; 215006 Suzhou China
| | - Qiao Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; Key Lab for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research; College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy; Soochow University; 215006 Suzhou China
| | - Ziliang Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research; College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy; Soochow University; 215006 Suzhou China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry; Key Lab for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yu-qiang Ma
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics & Interdisciplinary Research; College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy; Soochow University; 215006 Suzhou China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
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27
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Xie L, Zhang C, Ding Y, Xu W. Structural Transformation and Stabilization of Metal-Organic Motifs Induced by Halogen Doping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
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28
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Xie L, Zhang C, Ding Y, Xu W. Structural Transformation and Stabilization of Metal-Organic Motifs Induced by Halogen Doping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5077-5081. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Yuanqi Ding
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, Tongji-Aarhus Joint Research Center for Nanostructures and Functional Nanomaterials; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 P.R. China
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29
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Yamakado R, Ashida Y, Sato R, Shigeta Y, Yasuda N, Maeda H. Cooperatively Interlocked [2+1]-Type π-System-Anion Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:4160-4168. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yamakado
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Yukina Ashida
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
| | - Ryuma Sato
- Department of Physics; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba 305-8577 Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Department of Physics; Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba 305-8577 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuda
- Research and Utilization Division; Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute; Sayo 679-5198 Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry; College of Life Sciences; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu 525-8577 Japan
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30
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Hirsch BE, McDonald KP, Tait SL, Flood AH. Physical and chemical model of ion stability and movement within the dynamic and voltage-gated STM tip–surface tunneling junction. Faraday Discuss 2017; 204:159-172. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00104e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The interaction and mobility of ions in complex systems are fundamental to processes throughout chemistry, biology, and physics. However, nanoscale characterization of ion stability and migration remains poorly understood. Here, we examine ion movements to and from physisorbed molecular receptors at solution–graphite interfaces by developing a theoretical model alongside experimental scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) results. The model includes van der Waals forces and electrostatic interactions originating from the surface, tip, and physisorbed receptors, as well as a tip–surface electric field arising from the STM bias voltage (Vb). Our model reveals how both the electric field and tip–surface distance, dtip, can influence anion stability at the receptor binding sites on the surface or at the STM tip, as well as the size of the barrier for anion transitions between those locations. These predictions agree well with prior and new STM results from the interactions of anions with aryl-triazole receptors that order into functional monolayers on graphite. Scanning produces clear resolution at large magnitude negative surface biases (−0.8 V) while resolution degrades at small negative surface biases (−0.4 V). The loss in resolution arises from frequent tip retractions assigned to anion migration within the tip–surface tunneling region. This experimental evidence in combination with support from the model demonstrates a local voltage gating of anions with the STM tip inside physisorbed receptors. This generalized model and experimental evidence may help to provide a basis to understand the nanoscale details of related chemical transformations and their underlying thermodynamic and kinetic preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry
- Indiana University
- Bloomington
- USA
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31
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Yamakado R, Sato R, Shigeta Y, Maeda H. Ion-Pairing Crystal Polymorphs of Interlocked [2 + 1]-Type Receptor-Anion Complexes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8530-6. [PMID: 27526079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a solid-state totally charge-segregated assembly (polymorph A) of negatively charged layers comprising [2 + 1]-type Cl(-) complexes of an arylethynyl-substituted dipyrrolyldiketone boron complex and positively charged layers of tetrabutylammonium (TBA) cations has already been reported. The formation of two new crystalline polymorphs (polymorphs B and C), in addition to polymorph A, is reported in this study. Both polymorphs B and C formed charge-by-charge assemblies, and the dihedral angles between two receptor units in the interlocked complexes depended on the geometries of TBA cations and the resulting packing structures. Two nonorthogonally arranged planes induced P- and M-form chiral geometries, providing diverse arrangements of chiral species according to crystal polymorphs. Furthermore, the stabilities of the three polymorphs were examined by interfragment interaction energies, which were calculated by ab initio electronic structure calculations using the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yamakado
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuma Sato
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
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32
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Liu Y, Singharoy A, Mayne CG, Sengupta A, Raghavachari K, Schulten K, Flood AH. Flexibility Coexists with Shape-Persistence in Cyanostar Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4843-4851. [PMID: 27014837 PMCID: PMC4957974 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Shape-persistent macrocycles are attractive functional targets for synthesis, molecular recognition, and hierarchical self-assembly. Such macrocycles are noncollapsible and geometrically well-defined, and they are traditionally characterized by having repeat units and low conformational flexibility. Here, we find it necessary to refine these ideas in the face of highly flexible yet shape-persistent macrocycles. A molecule is shape-persistent if it has a small change in shape when perturbed by external stimuli (e.g., heat, light, and redox chemistry). In support of this idea, we provide the first examination of the relationships between a macrocycle's shape persistence, its conformational space, and the resulting functions. We do this with a star-shaped macrocycle called cyanostar that is flexible as well as being shape-persistent. We employed molecular dynamics (MD), density functional theory (DFT), and NMR experiments. Considering a thermal bath as a stimulus, we found a single macrocycle has 332 accessible conformers with olefins undergoing rapid interconversion by up-down and in-out motions on short time scales (0.2 ns). These many interconverting conformations classify single cyanostars as flexible. To determine and confirm that cyanostars are shape-persistent, we show that they have a high 87% shape similarity across these conformations. To further test the idea, we use the binding of diglyme to the single macrocycle as guest-induced stimulation. This guest has almost no effect on the conformational space. However, formation of a 2:1 sandwich complex involving two macrocycles enhances rigidity and dramatically shifts the conformer distribution toward perfect bowls. Overall, the present study expands the scope of shape-persistent macrocycles to include flexible macrocycles if, and only if, their conformers have similar shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Abhishek Singharoy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Christopher G. Mayne
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Klaus Schulten
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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33
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Flood AH. Creating molecular macrocycles for anion recognition. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:611-27. [PMID: 27340452 PMCID: PMC4902025 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The creation and functionality of new classes of macrocycles that are shape persistent and can bind anions is described. The genesis of triazolophane macrocycles emerges out of activity surrounding 1,2,3-triazoles made using click chemistry; and the same triazoles are responsible for anion capture. Mistakes made and lessons learnt in anion recognition provide deeper understanding that, together with theory, now provides for computer-aided receptor design. The lessons are acted upon in the creation of two new macrocycles. First, cyanostars are larger and like to capture large anions. Second is tricarb, which also favors large anions but shows a propensity to self-assemble in an orderly and stable manner, laying a foundation for future designs of hierarchical nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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34
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Yuan M, Tanabe I, Bernard-Schaaf JM, Shi QY, Schlegel V, Schurhammer R, Dowben PA, Doudin B, Routaboul L, Braunstein P. Influence of steric hindrance on the molecular packing and the anchoring of quinonoid zwitterions on gold surfaces. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The N-substituent on quinonoid zwitterions influences the molecules packing and impacts their anchoring on gold surfaces.
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35
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Lee SL, Fang Y, Velpula G, Cometto FP, Lingenfelder M, Müllen K, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Reversible Local and Global Switching in Multicomponent Supramolecular Networks: Controlled Guest Release and Capture at the Solution/Solid Interface. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11608-17. [PMID: 26550765 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically switchable supramolecular systems offer exciting possibilities in building smart surfaces, the structure and thus the function of which can be controlled by using external stimuli. Here we demonstrate an elegant approach where the guest binding ability of a supramolecular surface can be controlled by inducing structural transitions in it. A physisorbed self-assembled network of a simple hydrogen bonding building block is used as a switching platform. We illustrate that the reversible transition between porous and nonporous networks can be accomplished using an electric field or applying a thermal stimulus. These transitions are used to achieve controlled guest release or capture at the solution-solid interface. The electric field and the temperature-mediated methods of guest release are operative at different length scales. While the former triggers the transition and thus guest release at the nanometer scale, the latter is effective over a much larger scale. The flexibility associated with physisorbed self-assembled networks renders this approach an attractive alternative to conventional switchable systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shern-Long Lee
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuan Fang
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gangamallaiah Velpula
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Hirsch BE, McDonald KP, Flood AH, Tait SL. Living on the edge: Tuning supramolecular interactions to design two-dimensional organic crystals near the boundary of two stable structural phases. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:101914. [PMID: 25770503 DOI: 10.1063/1.4906895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the benefits of supramolecular assemblies that form at dynamic interfaces is the opportunity to develop condensed phase systems that respond to environmental stimuli. A prerequisite of this responsive behavior is that the supramolecular system be designed to sit very near the stability of two or more crystal structures. We have created such a bi-phasic system with aryl-triazole oligomers by investigating how phase morphology is controlled by the interplay between interactions that involve the oligomer's dipolar cores (Δμ = 3.5 debye), van der Waals contacts of their pendant alkyl chains (C4-C18), and close-contact hydrogen bonding. Scanning tunneling microscopy experiments conducted at the solution-graphite interface allow sub-molecular resolution of the ordered monolayers to unambiguously determine the packing and structure of two principle phases, α and β. The system is balanced very near the edge of phase stability, evidenced by co-existent phases present over short time frames and by the changes in preference between the two 2D supramolecular assemblies that occur with small modifications to the molecular structure. We demonstrate that the bi-phasic behavior can be understood as a balance between electrostatic interactions and van der Waals contacts, two variables within a larger parameter space, allowing synthetic design to move this solution-surface system across the stability boundary of different condensed-phase structures. These findings are a foundation for the development of environmentally responsive 2D supramolecular arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Kevin P McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Lee ME, Gungor E, Armani AM. Photocleavage of Poly(methyl acrylate) with Centrally Located o-Nitrobenzyl Moiety: Influence of Environment on Kinetics. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele E. Lee
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Eda Gungor
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Lee S, Hirsch BE, Liu Y, Dobscha JR, Burke DW, Tait SL, Flood AH. Multifunctional Tricarbazolo Triazolophane Macrocycles: One-Pot Preparation, Anion Binding, and Hierarchical Self-Organization of Multilayers. Chemistry 2015; 22:560-9. [PMID: 26593327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Programming the synthesis and self-assembly of molecules is a compelling strategy for the bottom-up fabrication of ordered materials. To this end, shape-persistent macrocycles were designed with alternating carbazoles and triazoles to program a one-pot synthesis and to bind large anions. The macrocycles bind anions that were once considered too weak to be coordinated, such as PF6 (-) , with surprisingly high affinities (β2 =10(11) M(-2) in 80:20 chloroform/methanol) and positive cooperativity, α=(4 K2 /K1 )=1200. We also discovered that the macrocycles assemble into ultrathin films of hierarchically ordered tubes on graphite surfaces. The remarkable surface-templated self-assembly properties, as was observed by using scanning tunneling microscopy, are attributed to the complementary pairing of alternating triazoles and carbazoles inscribed into both the co-facial and edge-sharing seams that exist between shape-persistent macrocycles. The multilayer assembly is also consistent with the high degree of molecular self-association observed in solution, with self-association constants of K=300 000 M(-1) (chloroform/methanol 80:20). Scanning tunneling microscopy data also showed that surface assemblies readily sequester iodide anions from solution, modulating their assembly. This multifunctional macrocycle provides a foundation for materials composed of hierarchically organized and nanotubular self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA).,Current Address: Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 (USA)
| | - Brandon E Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - James R Dobscha
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - David W Burke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405 (USA)
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Yokoyama S, Hirose T, Matsuda K. Photoinduced Four-State Three-Step Ordering Transformation of Photochromic Terthiophene at a Liquid/Solid Interface Based on Two Principles: Photochromism and Polymorphism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6404-6414. [PMID: 26005903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated photoinduced ordering transformation of a photochromic terthiophene derivative by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at the trichlorobenzene (TCB)/highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) interface. The open-ring and annulated isomers of the terthiophene formed two-dimensional molecular orderings with different patterns while the closed-ring isomer did not form any ordering. The ordering of the open-ring isomer exhibited polymorphism depending on the concentration of supernatant solution. Upon UV light irradiation to a solution of the open-ring isomer or the closed-ring isomer, ordering composed of the annulated isomer was irreversibly formed. Upon visible light irradiation or thermal stimulus to the closed-ring isomer, the two kinds of polymorph composed of the open-ring isomer were formed due to the polymorphism. By controlling photochromism and polymorphism among four states made of three photochemical isomers, four-state three-step transformation was achieved by in situ photoirradiation from a solution of the closed-ring isomer (no ordering) into the ordering composed of the open-ring isomer (ordering α and β) followed by the orderings composed of the annulated isomer (ordering γ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yokoyama
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirose
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Cometto FP, Kern K, Lingenfelder M. Local conformational switching of supramolecular networks at the solid/liquid interface. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5544-50. [PMID: 25857528 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We use the electric field in a scanning tunneling microscope to manipulate the transition between open and close packed 2D supramolecular networks of neutral molecules in nonpolar media. We found that while the magnitude of the applied field is not decisive, it is the sign of the polarization that needs to be maintained to select one particular polymorph. Moreover, the switching is independent of the solvent used and fully reversible. We propose that the orientation of the surface dipole determined by the electric field might favor different conformation-depended charge transfer mechanisms of the adsorbates to the surface, inducing open (closed) structures for negative (positive) potentials. Our results show the use of local fields to select the polymorphic outcome of supramolecular assemblies at the solid/liquid interface. The effect has potential to locally control the capture and release of analytes in host-guest systems and the 2D morphology in multicomponent layers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaus Kern
- §Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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