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Ogawa H, Nishikawa Y, Takenaka M, Fujiwara A, Nakanishi Y, Tsujii Y, Takata M, Kanaya T. Visualization of Individual Images in Patterned Organic-Inorganic Multilayers Using GISAXS-CT. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:4675-4681. [PMID: 28437112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAXS) with computed tomography (CT), we have individually reconstructed the spatial distribution of a thin gold (Au) layer buried under a thin poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) layer. Owing to the difference between total reflection angles of Au and PS-b-P2VP, the scattering profiles for Au nanoparticles and self-assembled nanostructures of PS-b-P2VP could be independently obtained by changing the X-ray angle of incidence. Reconstruction of scattering profiles allows one to separately characterize spatial distributions in Au and PS-b-P2VP nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-001, Japan
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center , Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center , Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Akihiko Fujiwara
- Department of Nanotechnology for Sustainable Energy, Kwansei Gakuin University , Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yohei Nakanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Tsujii
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Riken SPring-8 Center , Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toshiji Kanaya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Nowak SR, Hwang W, Sita LR. Dynamic Sub-10-nm Nanostructured Ultrathin Films of Sugar–Polyolefin Conjugates Thermoresponsive at Physiological Temperatures. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:5281-5284. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. Nowak
- Laboratory of Applied Catalyst
Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wonseok Hwang
- Laboratory of Applied Catalyst
Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory of Applied Catalyst
Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Rapid ordering of block copolymer thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:403002. [PMID: 27537062 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/40/403002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Block-copolymers self-assemble into diverse morphologies, where nanoscale order can be finely tuned via block architecture and processing conditions. However, the ultimate usage of these materials in real-world applications may be hampered by the extremely long thermal annealing times-hours or days-required to achieve good order. Here, we provide an overview of the fundamentals of block-copolymer self-assembly kinetics, and review the techniques that have been demonstrated to influence, and enhance, these ordering kinetics. We discuss the inherent tradeoffs between oven annealing, solvent annealing, microwave annealing, zone annealing, and other directed self-assembly methods; including an assessment of spatial and temporal characteristics. We also review both real-space and reciprocal-space analysis techniques for quantifying order in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Majewski PW, Yager KG. Reordering transitions during annealing of block copolymer cylinder phases. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:281-94. [PMID: 26452102 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While equilibrium block-copolymer morphologies are dictated by energy-minimization effects, the semi-ordered states observed experimentally often depend on the details of ordering pathways and kinetics. Here, we explore reordering transitions in thin films of block-copolymer cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate). We observe several transient states as films order towards horizontally-aligned cylinders. In particular, there is an early-stage reorganization from randomly-packed cylinders into hexagonally-packed vertically-aligned cylinders; followed by a reorientation transition from vertical to horizontal cylinder states. These transitions are thermally activated. The growth of horizontal grains within an otherwise vertical morphology proceeds anisotropically, resulting in anisotropic grains in the final horizontal state. The size, shape, and anisotropy of grains are influenced by ordering history; for instance, faster heating rates reduce grain anisotropy. These results help elucidate aspects of pathway-dependent ordering in block-copolymer thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel W Majewski
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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Shi H, Jiang H, Fan G, Yang Z, Zhang X. Interdiffusion behavior under a temperature gradient field in a poly(ethylene-co-hexene)/poly(ethylene-co-butene) system. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-plane thermal gradient accelerates polymer migration through the enhancement in polymer diffusion along the direction of the temperature gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Shi
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Hua Jiang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
- China
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Zhang X, Yager KG, Douglas JF, Karim A. Suppression of target patterns in domain aligned cold-zone annealed block copolymer films with immobilized film-spanning nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3656-3666. [PMID: 24676041 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00238e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of a moving in-plane temperature gradient on the ordering of cylinder-forming block-copolymers (BCP) in films containing immobilized nanoparticles that span the film thickness. In a previous paper, we reported the effect of static step oven-annealing of these films above the glass transition temperature Tg for a long period before ordering the BCP film at a much higher temperature. In the dynamic film annealing method of the present work, termed cold zone annealing (CZA), the material is continuously raised to a temperature somewhat above the glass transition temperature and then well above it, with a control of the heating time and thermal gradient. Oven annealing before ordering has been found to relieve residual stresses in the film associated with large thermal expansion of the film upon heating, eliminating the large scale target patterns induced by stresses effects associated with residual solvent and thermal expansion. By comparison, CZA naturally suppresses undesirable target patterning with enhanced ordering kinetics created through this thermal history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Davis RL, Jayaraman S, Chaikin PM, Register RA. Creating controlled thickness gradients in polymer thin films via flowcoating. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5637-5644. [PMID: 24784877 DOI: 10.1021/la501247x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flowcoating is a popular technique for generating thin (5-200 nm), substrate-supported polymer films. In this process, a reservoir of coating fluid is held between the horizontal substrate and a nearly horizontal blade above the substrate; a film of fluid is drawn out of the reservoir by moving the substrate. Accelerating the substrate produces a film with a thickness gradient, particularly useful for high-throughput measurements where film thickness is an important parameter. The present work compares experimental film thickness profiles with a model based on a Landau-Levich treatment to identify the experimental parameters which govern film thickness. The key parameters are the capillary number and the radius of curvature of the reservoir's static meniscus, which is set by the blade angle, gap height, solution reservoir volume, and contact angles of the fluid with the blade and substrate. The results show excellent quantitative agreement with the first-principles model; the model thus provides a design approach which allows a user to produce polymer thin films of virtually any desired thickness profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raleigh L Davis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Sun Y, Henderson KJ, Jiang Z, Strzalka JW, Wang J, Shull KR. Effects of Reactive Annealing on the Structure of Poly(methacrylic acid)–Poly(methyl methacrylate) Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kevin J. Henderson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joseph W. Strzalka
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Shull
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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