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Xiang ML, Hu BY, Qi ZH, Wang XN, Xie TZ, Wang ZJ, Ma DY, Zeng Q, Luo XD. Chemistry and bioactivities of natural steroidal alkaloids. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 35701630 PMCID: PMC9198197 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids possess the basic steroidal skeleton with a nitrogen atom in rings or side chains incorporated as an integral part of the molecule. They have demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, and some of them have even been developed as therapeutic drugs, such as abiraterone acetate (Zytiga®), a blockbuster drug, which has been used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Structurally diverse natural steroidal alkaloids present a wide spectrum of biological activities, which are attractive for natural product chemistry and medicinal chemistry communities. This review comprehensively covers the structural classification, isolation and various biological activities of 697 natural steroidal alkaloids discovered from 1926 to October 2021, with 363 references being cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Yuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Heng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Huang Y, Li G, Hong C, Zheng X, Yu H, Zhang Y. Potential of Steroidal Alkaloids in Cancer: Perspective Insight Into Structure-Activity Relationships. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733369. [PMID: 34616681 PMCID: PMC8489381 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids contain both steroidal and alkaloid properties in terms of chemical properties and pharmacological activities. Due to outstanding biological activities such as alkaloids and similar pharmacological effects to other steroids, steroidal alkaloids have received special attention in anticancer activity recently. Substituted groups in chemical structure play markedly important roles in biological activities. Therefore, the effective way to obtain lead compounds quickly is structural modification, which is guided by structure-activity relationships (SARs). This review presents the SAR of steroidal alkaloids and anticancer, including pregnane alkaloids, cyclopregnane alkaloids, cholestane alkaloids, C-nor-D-homosteroidal alkaloids, and bis-steroidal pyrazine. A summary of SAR can powerfully help to design and synthesize more lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chong Hong
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xia Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Schmidt EY, Tatarinova IV, Ushakov IA, Vashchenko AV, Trofimov BA. Oxaazabicyclooctene Oxides, Another Type of Bridgehead Nitrones: Diastereoselective Assembly from Acetylene Gas, Ketones, and Hydroxyl Amine. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6732-6740. [PMID: 32347720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unique bridgehead nitrones, 8-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene 6-oxides, have been assembled diastereoselectively via acetyldihydropyrans, products of one-pot self-organization of two molecules of ketones and two molecules of acetylene, which after oximation undergo acid-catalyzed ring closure. The proposed mechanism includes the enol double-bond protonation, followed by intramolecular cyclization involving the interaction of the carbocation formed with a nitrogen atom. A broad range of substrates tolerate this facile transformation, in which the bridgehead nitrones were isolated in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Inna V Tatarinova
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Igor' A Ushakov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Vashchenko
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Boris A Trofimov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
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Plakinamine P, A Steroidal Alkaloid with Bactericidal Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120707. [PMID: 31888140 PMCID: PMC6950683 DOI: 10.3390/md17120707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death due to infectious disease worldwide. There is an urgent need for more effective compounds against this pathogen to control the disease. Investigation of the anti-mycobacterial activity of a deep-water sponge of the genus Plakina revealed the presence of a new steroidal alkaloid of the plakinamine class, which we have given the common name plakinamine P. Its structure is most similar to plakinamine L, which also has an acyclic side chain. Careful dissection of the nuclear magnetic resonance data, collected in multiple solvents, suggests that the dimethyl amino group at the 3 position is in an equatorial rather than axial position unlike previously reported plakinamines. Plakinamine P was bactericidal against M. tuberculosis, and exhibited moderate activity against other mycobacterial pathogens, such as M. abscessus and M. avium. Furthermore, it had low toxicity against J774 macrophages, yielding a selectivity index (SI, or IC50/MIC) of 8.4. In conclusion, this work provides a promising scaffold to the tuberculosis drug discovery pipeline. Future work to determine the molecular target of this compound may reveal a pathway essential for M. tuberculosis survival during infection.
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Kalhor M, Samiei S, Mirshokraei SA. Facile one-pot synthesis of novel N-benzimidazolyl-α-arylnitrones catalyzed by salts of transition metals. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41851-41860. [PMID: 35541607 PMCID: PMC9076553 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08570j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of N-benzimidazol-2-yl-α-aryl nitrones 3a–j is synthesized via simple one-pot condensation/oxidation of 2-aminobenzimidazole, an aromatic aldehyde and m-chloro perbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) as an effective oxidant using Mn(NO3)2·6H2O as an efficient catalyst at room temperature. All synthesized N-benzimidazolyl nitrones were identified using FTIR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Also, stability energy theory calculations were performed and 1H NMR computational spectra were generated for the isomeric structures of 3a; the results show that the stability order is oxaziridine (4) followed by the nitrones 3aE and 3aZ. Also, comparing the computational spectroscopy results with the experimental data shows great accordance with nitrone 3aE. Among the remarkable points of this protocol, stable N-heterocyclic nitrones were prepared for the first time from raw materials under mild oxidative conditions. Therefore, they can easily be applied as high-potential intermediates for synthesizing valuable heterocycles in mild conditions. Due to benefits such as the use of inexpensive and available catalysts, short reaction times, high yields, facile workup to obtain pure product, and facile separation of the side product (m-chlorobenzoic acid), this simple protocol complies greatly with the principles of green chemistry. A novel series of N-benzimidazol-2-yl-α-aryl nitrones 3a–j is synthesized via one-pot condensation/oxidation of 2-aminobenzimidazole, an aromatic aldehyde and m-CPBA as an effective oxidant using Mn(NO3)2·6H2O as an efficient catalyst.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kalhor
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Payame Noor
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Sima Samiei
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Payame Noor
- Tehran
- Iran
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Liu C, Xie F, Zhao GD, Wang DF, Lou HX, Liu ZP. Synthetic studies towards 1α-hydroxysolasodine from diosgenin and the unexpected tetrahydrofuran ring opening in the Birch reduction process. Steroids 2015; 104:214-9. [PMID: 26476186 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 1α-hydroxysolasodine from diosgenin was attempted. The Pd/C catalyst mediated dehydrogenation of diosgenin generated the 1,4,6-trien-3-one (3), which was reacted with Ac2O in pyridine in the presence of a catalytic amount of POCl3 followed by hydrolysis to give the 22-hydroxyfurostan (4) in 65% yield. Conversion of the primary 26-OH group into the azide and simultaneously 22-OH dehydration were achieved in one step by Mitsunobu reaction. Treatment of the (25R)-26-azidofurosta-1,4,6,20(22)-tetraen-3-one (5) with chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl)/NaI/MeCN and cyclisation in situ provided the (22R,25R)-spirosola-1,4,6-trien-3-one (6) in good yield. Stereoselective and regioselective epoxidation of trienone (6) with 30% H2O2 and 5% NaOH in methanol gave the 1α,2α-epoxy-(22R,25R)-spirosola-4,6-dien-3-one (7). Birch reduction of the epoxide (7) with Li/NH3 in THF followed by the treatment with NH4Cl, however, failed to generate the expected 1α-hydroxysolasodine, but provided a tetrahydrofuran ring opening product, (22S,25R)-1α,16β-dihydroxy-22,26-epiminocholest-4-en-3-one (8). Compounds 3 and 5-8 as well as solasodine were evaluated for their cell growth inhibitory activities against human prostate cancer PC3, human cervical carcinoma Hela, and human hepatoma HepG2 cells. At the concentration of 10 μM, only epoxide 7 displayed moderate inhibitory rates towards these cells (40-54%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Fei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - De-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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Sunassee S, Ransom T, Henrich C, Beutler JA, Covell DG, McMahon JB, Gustafson KR. Steroidal alkaloids from the marine sponge Corticium niger that inhibit growth of human colon carcinoma cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2475-80. [PMID: 25338277 PMCID: PMC4251534 DOI: 10.1021/np500556t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatic analysis of data from the NCI-60 cell cytotoxicity screen revealed a subset of extracts that showed selective cytotoxic activity toward human colon carcinoma cell lines. Bioassay-guided fractionation of a colon cancer selective extract from a Philippines collection of the marine sponge Corticium niger provided two new steroidal alkaloids, plakinamines N (1) and O (2), along with two known compounds of the plakinamine class (3, 4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated by interpretation of combined MS and NMR spectroscopic data. Plakinamines N (1), O (2), and J (4) were tested for antiproliferative activity in the NCI-60 screen, and they showed enhanced inhibitory effects against all of the colon cell lines with mean GI50 values of 11.5, 2.4, and 1.4 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthananda
N. Sunassee
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Tanya Ransom
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Curtis
J. Henrich
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Basic
Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - David G. Covell
- Screening
Technologies Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - James B. McMahon
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Kirk R. Gustafson
- Molecular
Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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Lu Z, Koch M, Harper MK, Matainaho TK, Barrows LR, Van Wagoner RM, Ireland CM. Plakinamine M, a steroidal alkaloid from the marine sponge Corticium sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:2150-2. [PMID: 24195491 PMCID: PMC3883566 DOI: 10.1021/np400649e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
By means of bioassay-guided fractionation, a new steroidal alkaloid, plakinamine M (1), and the known compound, plakinamine L (2), with a unique acyclic side chain, were isolated from the marine sponge Corticium sp. collected from New Britain, Papua New Guinea. The structures were determined on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The two compounds showed inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with MIC values of 15.8 and 3.6 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Mary Kay Harper
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Teatulohi K. Matainaho
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea
| | - Louis R. Barrows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Ryan M. Van Wagoner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
| | - Chris M. Ireland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (801) 581-8305. Fax: (801) 581-3716.
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Aknin M, Rudi A, Kashman Y, Vacelet J, Gaydou EM. Plakinamine L: A New Steroidal Alkaloid from the Marine Sponge Corticium sp. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new steroidal alkaloid, plakinamine L (1) with an unprecedented acyclic side chain, was isolated from the marine sponge Corticium sp. collected near Salary (south-west of Madagascar). The structure was elucidated by combined spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Aknin
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de la Réunion, 15 avenue René Cassin, Saint-Denis messag, Cedex 9, France
| | - Amira Rudi
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yoel Kashman
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jean Vacelet
- Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 6540 DIMAR, Station Marine d'Endoume, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Emile M. Gaydou
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille (ISM2), Equipe AD2EM (Groupe Phytochimie), UMR 6263, Université Paul Cézanne, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niémen, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Fukumoto Y, Kawahara T, Kanazawa Y, Chatani N. Synthesis of (E)-3-Alkylidene-1-pyrrolines by the Rhodium- Catalyzed Cyclization of Terminal Alkynes with Homopropargylic Amines. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zampella A, D'Orsi R, Sepe V, De Marino S, Borbone N, Valentin A, Debitus C, Zollo F, Valeria D'Auria M. Isolation of Plakinamine I: A New Steroidal Alkaloid from the Marine SpongeCorticiumsp. and Synthesis of an Analogue Model Compound. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mayer AMS, Gustafson KR. Marine pharmacology in 2001-2: antitumour and cytotoxic compounds. Eur J Cancer 2005; 40:2676-704. [PMID: 15571951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During 2001 and 2002, marine antitumour pharmacology research aimed at the discovery of novel antitumour agents was published in 175 peer-reviewed articles. The purpose of this paper is to present a structured Review of the antitumour and cytotoxic properties of 97 marine natural products, many of them novel compounds that belong to diverse structural classes, including polyketides, terpenes, steroids, and peptides. The organisms yielding these bioactive compounds comprise a taxonomically diverse group of marine invertebrate animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. Antitumour pharmacological studies were conducted with 30 structurally characterised natural marine products in a number of experimental and clinical models which further defined their mechanisms of action. Particularly potent in vitro cytotoxicity data generated with murine and human tumour cell lines was reported for 67 novel marine chemicals with as yet undetermined mechanisms of action. Noteworthy, is the fact that marine anticancer research was sustained by a collaborative effort, involving researchers from Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, Turkey, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and the United States. Finally, this 2001-2 overview of the marine pharmacology literature highlights the fact that the discovery of novel marine antitumour agents has continued at the same pace as during 1998, 1999 and 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
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