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Gonçalves Dantas CA, Abreu LS, Viana VF, Gouveia Veloso CA, Agra MDF, da Silva MS, Tavares JF. Dereplication of tropane alkaloids from four Erythroxylum species using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MS n and HRESIMS. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9629. [PMID: 37799035 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tropane alkaloids represent an important class of secondary metabolites, but many of these compounds are already described in the scientific literature, so the use of guided identification and isolation strategies, such as dereplication, represent a fast and safe alternative. METHODS For the annotation of the tropane alkaloids the chloroform phases of the four Erythroxylum species were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with positive-mode electrospray ionization, then the ions of their protonated molecules, molecular formulas and fragmentation patterns were observed and a comparison of the obtained data with those present in the scientific literature was performed. The compounds not fully annotated were isolated and characterized by 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS The annotation of 29 tropane alkaloids was performed, some being described for the first time in the family Erythroxylaceae. The chemical profiles of these secondary metabolites in the four Erythroxylum species analyzed were traced and compared. Isolation of three compounds whose mass spectral data were not sufficient for their full annotation was performed. They were 6-(benzoyloxy)-3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyloxy)tropane, 6-(benzoyloxy)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyloxy)tropane and 6-(benzoyloxy)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinamoyloxy)tropane, first reported in the species Erythroxylum revolutum Mart. CONCLUSIONS This work contributes to the phytochemical knowledge of the genus Erythroxylum, and demonstrates the efficiency and importance of using guided isolation methodologies of secondary metabolites in natural products research. Since safe results were presented in the annotation of the compounds evidenced, employing small quantities of organic solvents, when compared to classical methodologies, besides promoting an optimization in the research time.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Augusto Gonçalves Dantas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Abreu
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Ferreira Viana
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Carlos Arthur Gouveia Veloso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Agra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Marques-Santos F, Amendoeira MRR, Galvão RMS, Rocha LM, Faria RX. Comparative evaluation of plant extract effects on peritoneal, medullary and J774 cells. G8 macrophages. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e268859. [PMID: 37132741 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.268859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants as raw material for extracts production and pure substances isolation and subsequence development of new drugs represents a constantly growing area. However, some stages are indispensable before pharmacologically evaluating natural products such as medicines. Toxicity tests in mammalian cells are essential to initiate new drugs development or verify the substance's biocompatibility. Thus, we verified the toxicity of crude extracts and fractions with different polarities obtained from the leaves and stems of eight plant species. The toxic effect was evaluated on macrophages obtained from the bone marrow and peritoneal cavity of a Swiss webster mouse and J774 macrophages. G8 cell lineage. These macrophages were cultured in a 96-well plate, and the compounds were added at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for 24 hours. After this time, the supernatant was removed. The toxicity was evaluated for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay and the resazurin assay, which uses an indicator dye to measure oxidation-reduction reactions. The results showed a difference in the percentage of toxicity when comparing the same extract in different types of macrophages. This outcome indicates that these cells from different origins may exhibit different responses when exposed to the same natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marques-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - M R R Amendoeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozooses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - R M S Galvão
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Laboratório de Estudos de Farmacologia Experimental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - L M Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Laboratório de Tecnologia em Produtos Naturais, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - R X Faria
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Restrepo DA, Saenz E, Jara-Muñoz OA, Calixto-Botía IF, Rodríguez-Suárez S, Zuleta P, Chavez BG, Sanchez JA, D'Auria JC. Erythroxylum in Focus: An Interdisciplinary Review of an Overlooked Genus. Molecules 2019; 24:E3788. [PMID: 31640255 PMCID: PMC6833119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Erythroxylum contains species used by indigenous people of South America long before the domestication of plants. Two species, E. coca and E. novogranatense, have been utilized for thousands of years specifically for their tropane alkaloid content. While abuse of the narcotic cocaine has impacted society on many levels, these species and their wild relatives contain untapped resources for the benefit of mankind in the form of foods, pharmaceuticals, phytotherapeutic products, and other high-value plant-derived metabolites. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of members within the genus and the recent advances in the realm of molecular biology and biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Restrepo
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Ernesto Saenz
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | | | - Iván F Calixto-Botía
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja 150003, Colombia.
| | - Sioly Rodríguez-Suárez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Pablo Zuleta
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - Benjamin G Chavez
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
| | - Juan A Sanchez
- Centro de Estudios sobre Seguridad y Drogas, Facultad de Economía, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
- Departamento Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia.
| | - John C D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Macedo Pereira G, Moreira LGL, Neto TDSN, Moreira de Almeida WA, Almeida-Lima J, Rocha HAO, Barbosa EG, Zuanazzi JAS, de Almeida MV, Grazul RM, Navarro-Vázquez A, Hallwass F, Ferreira LDS, Fernandes-Pedrosa MDF, Giordani RB. Isolation, spectral characterization, molecular docking, and cytotoxic activity of alkaloids from Erythroxylum pungens O. E. Shulz. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:12-18. [PMID: 30056276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem bark, root bark, and leaf extracts of Erythroxylum pungens were subjected to phytochemical analysis. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was isolated and characterized from E. pungens roots. This unprecedented result is remarkable since no indole alkaloid has been previously reported from Erythroxylaceae so far. Eleven known tropane alkaloids were identified by their mass spectra and 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6,7-diol as well as 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)nortropan-6,7-diol were isolated and characterized based on mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C, COSY, and NOESY NMR analysis. The complete NMR data are reported for the first time. Inverse Structure-based and Ligand-Based virtual screening were carried out to identify possible targets for 3-(2-methylbutyryloxy)tropan-6,7-diol. The level of cytotoxicity of this tropane alkaloid aliphatic ester was discrete with potencies on the order of 0.3-1.0 mg/mL and better results against HeLa (50% cell viability reduction). Otherwise, atropine (0.3 mg/mL), a Solanaceae tropane alkaloid, and DMT (0.5 mg/mL) from E. pungens roots impaired at 50% the cell viability against HeLa, SiHa, PC3, and 786-0. This study stimulates scientific investigation of the impact of edaphoclimatic features in a semi-arid environment on tropane alkaloid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jailma Almeida-Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | - José Angelo S Zuanazzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Armando Navarro-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernando Hallwass
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raquel Brandt Giordani
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Afewerki S, Wang JX, Liao WW, Córdova A. The Chemical Synthesis and Applications of Tropane Alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2018; 81:151-233. [PMID: 30685050 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tropanes are an important class of alkaloid natural products that are found in plants all over the world. These compounds can exhibit significant biological activity and are among the oldest known medicines. In the early 19th century, tropanes were isolated, characterized, and synthesized by notable chemical researchers. Their significant biological activities have inspired tremendous research efforts toward their synthesis and the elucidation of their pharmacological activity both in academia and in industry. In this chapter, which addresses the developments in this field since 1994, the focus is on the synthesis of these compounds, and several examples of sophisticated synthetic protocols involving both asymmetric and catalytic approaches are described. In addition, the structures of more than 100 new alkaloids are included as well as the applications and pharmacological properties of some tropane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Afewerki
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; Berzelii Center EXSELENT, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia-Xin Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Armando Córdova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden; Berzelii Center EXSELENT, The Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Longhini R, Lonni AA, Sereia AL, Krzyzaniak LM, Lopes GC, Mello JCPD. Trichilia catigua : therapeutic and cosmetic values. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cruz RAS, Almeida H, Fernandes CP, Joseph-Nathan P, Rocha L, Leitão GG. A new tropane alkaloid from the leaves of Erythroxylum subsessile isolated by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1273-7. [PMID: 26888377 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids are bioactive metabolites with great importance in the pharmaceutical industry and the most important class of natural products found in the Erythroxylum genus. However, these compounds are usually separated by traditional chromatographic techniques, in which the sample is progressively purified in multiple chromatographic steps, resulting in a time- and solvent-consuming procedure. In this work we present the isolation of a novel alkaloid, 6β,7β-dibenzoyloxytropan-3α-ol, together with the two known 3α-benzoyloxynortropan-6β-ol and 3α,6β-dibenzoyloxytropane alkaloids, directly from the crude alkaloid fraction from the leaves of Erythroxylum subsessile, by using a single run pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography method. The ethyl acetate/water (1:1, v/v) biphasic solvent system with triethylamine and HCl as retention and eluter agents, respectively, was used to isolate tropane alkaloids for the first time. The structures of the isolated alkaloids were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Alves Soares Cruz
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Curso de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Almeida
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
| | - Leandro Rocha
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilda Guimarães Leitão
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Coriolano de Oliveira E, Alves Soares Cruz R, de Mello Amorim N, Guerra Santos M, Carlos Simas Pereira Junior L, Flores Sanchez EO, Pinho Fernandes C, Garrett R, Machado Rocha L, Lopes Fuly A. Protective Effect of the Plant Extracts of Erythroxylum sp. against Toxic Effects Induced by the Venom of Lachesis muta Snake. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101350. [PMID: 27727185 PMCID: PMC6274453 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake venoms are composed of a complex mixture of active proteins that induce toxic effects, such as edema, hemorrhage, and death. Lachesis muta has the highest lethality indices in Brazil. In most cases, antivenom fails to neutralize local effects, leading to disabilities in victims. Thus, alternative treatments are under investigation, and plant extracts are promising candidates. The objective of this work was to investigate the ability of crude extracts, fractions, or isolated products of Erythroxylum ovalifolium and Erythroxylum subsessile to neutralize some toxic effects of L. muta venom. All samples were mixed with L. muta venom, then in vivo (hemorrhage and edema) and in vitro (proteolysis, coagulation, and hemolysis) assays were performed. Overall, crude extracts or fractions of Erythroxylum spp. inhibited (20%-100%) toxic effects of the venom, but products achieved an inhibition of 4%-30%. However, when venom was injected into mice before the plant extracts, hemorrhage and edema were not inhibited by the samples. On the other hand, an inhibition of 5%-40% was obtained when extracts or products were given before venom injection. These results indicate that the extracts or products of Erythroxylum spp. could be a promising source of molecules able to treat local toxic effects of envenomation by L. muta venom, aiding in the development of new strategies for antivenom treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Alves Soares Cruz
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil.
| | - Nayanna de Mello Amorim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Guerra Santos
- Faculdade de Formação de Professores, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 24435-005, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Carlos Simas Pereira Junior
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Eladio Oswaldo Flores Sanchez
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Proteins from Animal Venoms, Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, MG, Brazil.
| | - Caio Pinho Fernandes
- Laboratory of Phytopharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Garrett
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Machado Rocha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói 24210-346, RJ, Brazil.
| | - André Lopes Fuly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil.
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Muñoz MA, González N, Joseph-Nathan P. Enantiomeric high-performance liquid chromatography resolution and absolute configuration of 6β-benzoyloxy-3α-tropanol. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2720-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Natalia González
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile; Valdivia Chile
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional; Mexico City Mexico
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Muñoz MA, Arriagada S, Joseph-Nathan P. Chiral Resolution and Absolute Configuration of 3α,6β-Dicinnamoyloxytropane and 3α,6β-Di(1-ethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyloxy)tropane, Constituents of Erythroxylum Species. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral resolution of (±)-3α,6β-dicinnamoyloxytropane (1) and (±)-3α,6β-di(1-methyl-1 H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyloxy)tropane (2), prepared by esterification of (±)-3α,6β-tropanediol (3), was achieved using an amylose-derived HPLC stationary phase and normal phase conditions. The corresponding vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra provided the absolute configuration of the enantiomers as (-)-(3 R,6 R)-1, (+)-(3S,6S)- 1, (-)-(3 R,6 R)-2 and (+)-(3S,6S)- 2. In each case, characteristic VCD bands for the absolute configuration determination of the 3α,6β-tropandiol esters were observed. While the absolute configuration of natural 1, previously isolated from Erythroxylum hypericifolium, could not be established due to the lack of literature optical rotation values, that of catuabine E, previously isolated from E. vacciniifolium, is now assigned as (-)-(3 R,6 R)-2 by comparison with the optical rotation values of the prepared samples and the reported rotation of the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo A. Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Solange Arriagada
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado 14–740, México, D. F., 07000 México
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Informal Trade of Psychoactive Herbal Products in the City of Diadema, SP, Brazil: Quality and Potential Risks. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:894834. [PMID: 23818934 PMCID: PMC3684123 DOI: 10.1155/2013/894834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the quality and risks involved in the consumption of psychoactive herbal products (PHs) that are available through informal commerce in the city of Diadema, SP, Brazil. Methods of ethnography were used to conduct the fieldwork during which four dealers were selected to record the collection, handling, packaging, types of PHs marketed, and their therapeutic purposes. In addition, lots of the PHs selected were purchased from the dealers and analyzed using microbiology and pharmacognosy techniques. 217 PHs were recorded and categorized into two main groups: stimulants (67%) and depressants (27%) of the central nervous system; sixteen of them were selected, and their 52 lots were acquired. The deficiencies observed in handling and packaging these lots by dealers were confirmed by microbiological analysis; 80.8% of them presented risk according to the indicators defined by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The pharmacognostic analysis confirmed the authenticity of only 9 to 16 PHs analyzed. In addition, descriptions of contraindications, adverse reactions, and drug interactions were found in the literature for the PHs. The results of this study allow the observation of the priorities for the sanitary adequacy of the popular trade of herbs.
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Abstract
Currently, there is a growing interest in the study of natural products, especially as part of drug discovery programs. Secondary metabolites can be extracted from a variety of natural sources, including plants, microbes, marine animals, insects, and amphibians. This chapter focuses principally on laboratory-scale processes of initial and bulk extraction from plant and microbial sources. With regard to plant natural products, the steps required for the preparation of the material prior to extraction, including aspects concerning plant selection, collection, identification, drying, and grinding, are detailed. The various extraction methods available (maceration, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, extraction under reflux, steam distillation, and acid/based extraction) are reviewed. Regarding microbial natural products, this chapter covers issues relating to the isolation and culture of microorganisms and presents the extraction methods available for the recovery of microbial metabolites. Methods of minimizing compound degradation, artifacts formation, extract contamination with external impurities, and enrichment of extracts with desired metabolites are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Seidel
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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de Oliveira SL, Tavares JF, Branco MVSC, Lucena HFS, Barbosa-Filho JM, de F. Agra M, do Nascimento SC, dos S. Aguiar J, da Silva TG, de Simone CA, de Araújo-Júnior JX, da Silva MS. Tropane Alkaloids from Erythroxylum caatingaePlowman. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:155-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Zheng ZP, Ma J, Cheng KW, Chao J, Zhu Q, Chang RCC, Zhao M, Lin ZX, Wang M. Sulfur-containing constituents and one 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid derivative from pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] fruit. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:2046-2051. [PMID: 20843530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Two sulfur-containing compounds, (S)-2-amino-5-((R)-1-carboxy-2-((E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)allylthio)ethyl-amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (1) and (S)-2-amino-5-((R)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-3-((E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)allylthio)-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (2), and one 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid derivative, 6-(3-(1H-pyrrole-2-carbonyloxy)-2-hydroxypropoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid (3), together with eighteen known phenolic compounds, were isolated from the fruits of pineapple. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses. Some of these compounds showed inhibitory activities against tyrosinase. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values of compounds 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 are lower than 1 mM. These compounds may contribute to the well-known anti-browning effect of pineapple juice and be potential skin whitening agents in cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Ping Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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15
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Oliveira SL, da Silva MS, Tavares JF, Sena-Filho JG, Lucena HFS, Romero MAV, Barbosa-Filho JM. Tropane alkaloids from Erythroxylum genus: distribution and compilation of 13C-NMR spectral data. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:302-26. [PMID: 20151378 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Erythroxylum, the most representative genus of the Erythroxylaceae family, presents tropane alkaloids as main constituents. This class of compounds greatly contributes to the chemotaxonomic characterization of plants of this genus, and it has important medical uses and shows toxic effects. This review describes 186 tropane alkaloids in the 35 species of Erythroxylum distributed worldwide. In addition, a compilation of their (13)C-NMR spectral data is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steno L Oliveira
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Caixa Postal 5009, 58051-970, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
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16
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Queiroz EF, Zanolari B, Marston A, Guilet D, Burgener L, Paulo MDQ, Hostettmann K. Two New Tropane Alkaloids from the Bark of Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart. (Erythroxylaceae). Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900401005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new tropane alkaloid N-oxides substituted by a methylpyrrole moiety were isolated from the bark of Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Mart. (Erythroxylaceae), a Brazilian indigenous plant, locally known as catuaba and used in traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac. The alkaloid structures were determined by a combination of high resolution mass spectrometry and multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson F. Queiroz
- Department of Research and Development, Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos S.A. Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 222,2. Guarulhos-SP, cep 07034-904, Brazil
| | - Boris Zanolari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Marston
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - David Guilet
- Université d'Angers, Laboratoire SONAS, IFR QUASAV, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Ingénierie de la Santé, 16 Bd Daviers, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Leila Burgener
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marçal de Queiroz Paulo
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, UFPB, cep 58000, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Kurt Hostettmann
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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17
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Daolio C, Beltrame FL, Ferreira AG, Cass QB, Cortez DAG, Ferreira MMC. Classification of commercial Catuaba samples by NMR, HPLC and chemometrics. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:218-28. [PMID: 17890569 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
For over a century, Catuaba has been used in Brazilian folk medicine as an aphrodisiac even though the identity of the plant material employed is often uncertain. The species recommended by the Brazilian Pharmacopeia is Anemopaegma arvense (Bignoniaceae), but many other plants, regionally known as Catuaba, are commercialised. Frequently, the quality control of such a complex system is based on chemical markers that do not supply a general idea of the system. With the advent of the metabolomics approach, a global analysis of samples becomes possible. It appears that (1)H-NMR is the most useful method for such application, since it can be used as a wide-spectrum chemical analysis technique. Unfortunately, the generated spectra is complex so a possible approach is to look at the metabolite profile as a whole using multivariate methods, for example, by application of principal component analysis (PCA). In the present paper, we describe for the first time a proton high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H-HR-MAS NMR) method coupled with PCA for the metabolomic analysis of some commercial Catuaba samples, which provided a reduction in the time required for such analysis. A comparative study of HPLC, HR-MAS and liquid-NMR techniques is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Daolio
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis Km 235, São Carlos/SP, Brazil.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Biastoff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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19
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Chin YW, Jones WP, Waybright TJ, McCloud TG, Rasoanaivo P, Cragg GM, Cassady JM, Kinghorn AD. Tropane aromatic ester alkaloids from a large-scale re-collection of Erythroxylum pervillei stem bark obtained in Madagascar. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:414-7. [PMID: 16562848 PMCID: PMC2614919 DOI: 10.1021/np050366v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation by pH zone-refining countercurrent chromatography of an extract of the stem bark of Erythroxylum pervillei, obtained on a kilogram scale in southern Madagascar, led to the isolation and characterization of four tropane aromatic ester alkaloids as minor constituents, namely, pervilleines G (5) and H (6) and cis-pervilleines B (7) and F (8). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.:+l-614-247-8094. Fax:+l-614-247-8642. E-mail:
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20
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Beltrame FL, Filho ER, Barros FAP, Cortez DA, Cass QB. A validated higher-performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of cinchonain Ib in bark and phytopharmaceuticals of Trichilia catigua used as Catuaba. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1119:257-63. [PMID: 16360665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The hydroalcoholic extract, prepared from authentic chopped barks of Trichilia catigua, was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography using a diode array detector (200-400 mn). The crude extract was purified by rotation locular counter-current chromatography and the chloroform fraction obtained was clean-up by solid-phase extraction. With the aim of getting preliminary structure information on-line, the methanol fraction thus obtained was analyzed by gradient elution using the diode array detector coupled to a mass spectrometer. The presence of flavalignan in this extract was inferred by the chromatographic band, in the total ion current trace, that had an [M-H](-) = 451. With this information, cinchonain Ib was isolated as a pure compound from the crude hydroalcoholic extract using a solid-phase extraction procedure for the sample clean-up followed by a semi-preparative separation using the reverse mode of elution. The isolated compound, after complete characterization, was used as an external standard for the development and validation of a method for the analysis of this compound in herbal medicines using the ultraviolet as the detector. The validated method has been successfully applied for quantification of cinchonain Ib in commercialized herbal medicines sold as Catuaba in Brazil and also in standard chopped barks of T. catigua.
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21
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Wolfender JL, Queiroz EF, Hostettmann K. Phytochemistry in the microgram domain - a LC-NMR perspective. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2005; 43:697-709. [PMID: 16049954 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants represent an extraordinary reservoir of novel molecules and there is currently a resurgence of interest in the vegetable kingdom as a possible source of new lead compounds for introduction into therapeutical screening programs. In order to discover potential new bioactive natural products, the dereplication of crude plant extracts performed prior to isolation work is of crucial importance for avoiding the isolation of a known constituent. In this respect, chemical screening strategies have been developed using hyphenated techniques (LC/UV-DAD, LC-MS and LC-NMR). In our laboratory, these techniques have been fully integrated into the isolation process and are used for the chemical screening of crude plant extracts in complement with on-line or at-line bioassays. LC-UV-MS is used as a first dereplication step in combination with UV and MS databases, while LC-NMR is performed in a second step for de novo on-line structure determination. This approach enables the partial or the complete on-line identification of natural products in complex matrices such as crude plant extracts. These methods also give a unique possibility to study unstable compounds, which rapidly degrade or which are not separable at a preparative level. In the multi-hyphenated approach used (hypernation), LC-NMR plays a key role since it provides the most detailed structural information. The relatively low sensitivity of this technique, however, requires that strategies for high loading of plant extracts are developed and compromises for solvent selection have to be made. For more demanding experiments, at-line strategies based on the microfractionation of the LC-peak of interest and recording of spectra in fully deuterated solvents in microflow probes represent a promising alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Ecole de Pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Section des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Genève, Switzerland.
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22
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Zanolari B, Guilet D, Marston A, Queiroz EF, Paulo MDQ, Hostettmann K. Methylpyrrole tropane alkaloids from the bark of Erythroxylum vacciniifolium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:1153-8. [PMID: 16124752 DOI: 10.1021/np040144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nine new tropane alkaloids substituted by a methylpyrrole moiety were isolated from the bark of Erythroxylum vacciniifolium, a Brazilian endemic plant used in traditional medicine and locally known as catuaba. All compounds were elucidated as tropanediol or -triol alkaloids esterified by at least one 1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. One of the isolated compounds was identified as a tropane alkaloid N-oxide. Their structures were determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry and multidimensional NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Zanolari
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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23
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Zanolari B, Wolfender JL, Guilet D, Marston A, Queiroz EF, Paulo MQ, Hostettmann K. On-line identification of tropane alkaloids from Erythroxylum vacciniifolium by liquid chromatography–UV detection–multiple mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020:75-89. [PMID: 14661759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bark of catuaba (Erythroxylum vacciniifolium Martius, Erythroxylaceae), a tree native to the northern part of Brazil, was investigated for its alkaloid content. With the aim of obtaining preliminary structure information on-line, the alkaloid extract was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV detection, to mass spectrometry and to nuclear magnetic resonance. Interpretation of on-line spectroscopic data obtained from this extract led to structural elucidation of six new alkaloids and partial identification of 18 potentially original alkaloids bearing the same tropane skeleton esterified in positions 3 and 6 by 1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-carboxylic acid and/or 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zanolari
- Institut de Pharmacognosie et Phytochimie, Université de Lausanne, BEP, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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