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Berlinck RGS, Crnkovic CM, Gubiani JR, Bernardi DI, Ióca LP, Quintana-Bulla JI. The isolation of water-soluble natural products - challenges, strategies and perspectives. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:596-669. [PMID: 34647117 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Covering period: up to 2019Water-soluble natural products constitute a relevant group of secondary metabolites notably known for presenting potent biological activities. Examples are aminoglycosides, β-lactam antibiotics, saponins of both terrestrial and marine origin, and marine toxins. Although extensively investigated in the past, particularly during the golden age of antibiotics, hydrophilic fractions have been less scrutinized during the last few decades. This review addresses the possible reasons on why water-soluble metabolites are now under investigated and describes approaches and strategies for the isolation of these natural compounds. It presents examples of several classes of hydrosoluble natural products and how they have been isolated. Novel stationary phases and chromatography techniques are also reviewed, providing a perspective towards a renaissance in the investigation of water-soluble natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G S Berlinck
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Camila M Crnkovic
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Gubiani
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Darlon I Bernardi
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Laura P Ióca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jairo I Quintana-Bulla
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, CEP 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Pathak G, Das D, Rokhum SL. A microwave-assisted highly practical chemoselective esterification and amidation of carboxylic acids. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22558f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitousness of esters and amide functionalities makes their coupling reaction one of the most sought-after organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunindra Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, Assam, India
| | - Diparjun Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, Assam, India
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Pathak G, Rokhum SL. Selective Monoesterification of Symmetrical Diols Using Resin-Bound Triphenylphosphine. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2015; 17:483-7. [PMID: 26226065 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.5b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Coupling reactions to make esters and amides are among the most widely used organic transformations. We report efficient procedures for amide bond formation and for the monoesterification of symmetrical diols in excellent yields without any requirement for high dilution or slow addition using resin-bound triarylphosphonium iodide. Easy purification, low moisture sensitivity, and good to excellent yields of the products are the major advantages of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunindra Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Silchar , Silchar, Assam 788010, India
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Trader DJ, Carlson EE. Taming of a superbase for selective phenol desilylation and natural product isolation. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7349-55. [PMID: 23815363 DOI: 10.1021/jo4010298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl moieties are highly prevalent in natural products. We previously reported a chemoselective strategy for enrichment of hydroxyl-functionalized molecules by formation of a silyl ether bond to a resin. To generate smaller pools of molecules for analysis, we developed cleavage conditions to promote stepwise release of phenolic silyl ethers followed by aliphatic silyl ethers with a "tamed" version of the superbase 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanadine. We demonstrate this as a general strategy for selective deprotection of phenolic silyl ethers under neutral conditions at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci J Trader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Brusotti G, Cesari I, Dentamaro A, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from plant resources: the role of analysis in the ethnopharmacological approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:218-28. [PMID: 23591140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is considered an effective approach in the discovery of novel chemicals entities with potential as drug leads. Plants/plant extracts/decoctions, used by folklore traditions for treating several diseases, represent a source of chemical entities but no information are available on their nature. Starting from this viewpoint, the aim of this review is to address natural-products chemists to the choice of the best methodologies, which include the combination of extraction/sample preparation tools and analytical techniques, for isolating and characterizing bioactive secondary metabolites from plants, as potential lead compounds in the drug discovery process. The work is distributed according to the different steps involved in the ethnopharmacological approach (extraction, sample preparation, biological screening, etc.), discussing the analytical techniques employed for the isolation and identification of compound/s responsible for the biological activity claimed in the traditional use (separation, spectroscopic, hyphenated techniques, etc.). Particular emphasis will be on herbal medicines applications and developments achieved from 2010 up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brusotti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Center for Studies and Researches in Ethnopharmacy (C.I.St.R.E.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Rokhum L, Bez G. Ethyl acrylate conjugated polystyryl-diphenylphosphine — An extremely efficient catalyst for Henry reaction under solvent-free conditions (SolFC). CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, the fast-growing development of polymer supported reagents has led to the synthesis of a variety of reagents on solid support. Some of the major advantages of using such reagents are that they are less hygroscopic, easy to recover, and can be recycled. Here, we have demonstrated that in situ generated ethyl acrylate conjugated polystyryl-diphenylphosphine (PDPP–EA) derived from the reaction of a mixture of polystyryl-diphenylphosphine and ethyl acrylate in a stoichiometric ratio can efficiently catalyze the synthesis of β-nitroalcohols from the reaction of aldehydes and nitroalkanes under solvent-free conditions (SolFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalthazuala Rokhum
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
| | - Ghanashyam Bez
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
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Bucar F, Wube A, Schmid M. Natural product isolation – how to get from biological material to pure compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:525-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Dragull K, Beck JJ. Isolation of natural products by ion-exchange methods. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 864:189-219. [PMID: 22367898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-624-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of many natural products chemists is to extract, isolate, and characterize specific analytes from complex plant, animal, microbial, and food matrices. To achieve this goal, they rely considerably on highly sophisticated and highly hyphenated modern instrumentation. Yet, the vast majority of modern instrumentation typically found in the laboratories of natural products chemists is founded on the simple principles of intermolecular forces to achieve separation. Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) is, at heart, the most fundamental, and strongest, of these interactions and is considered a relatively inexpensive and effective medium in which to "clean-up" a sample. Additionally, IEC offers high recoveries of key analytes and offers the ability to modify the stationary and mobile phases in order to selectively "catch and release" compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Dragull
- Plant Mycotoxin Research, USDA-ARS, WRRC, Albany, CA, USA
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Trader DJ, Carlson EE. Siloxyl ether functionalized resins for chemoselective enrichment of carboxylic acids. Org Lett 2011; 13:5652-5. [PMID: 21957886 DOI: 10.1021/ol202376m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the carboxylic acid moiety is prevalent in many biologically produced molecules, including natural products and proteins, methods to chemoselectively target this functional group have remained elusive. Generally, strategies that utilize carboxylate nucleophilicity also promote reactions with other nucleophiles such as amines and hydroxyls. A reagent was sought to facilitate the selective isolation of carboxylic acid containing compounds from complex mixtures. Here, the development of siloxyl ether functionalized solid supports is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darci J Trader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 South Hawthorne Drive, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Araya JJ, Zhang H, Prisinzano TE, Mitscher LA, Timmermann BN. Identification of unprecedented purine-containing compounds, the zingerines, from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) using a phase-trafficking approach. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:935-41. [PMID: 21497863 PMCID: PMC3142310 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Three unprecedented purine-containing compounds, named [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-zingerines as they are 5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl) analogs of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols, respectively, were isolated from a methanolic extract of ginger rhizomes using a phase trafficking-based method that utilizes solid phase reagents allowing for fast and selective simultaneous separation of basic, acidic, and neutral components of natural products extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Araya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Huaping Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | - Lester A. Mitscher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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Odendaal AY, Trader DJ, Carlson EE. Chemoselective enrichment for natural products discovery. Chem Sci 2011; 2:760-764. [PMID: 24926410 DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products account for a significant proportion of modern day therapeutic agents. However, the discovery of novel compounds is hindered by the isolation process, which often relies upon extraction and chromatographic separation techniques. These methods, which are dependent upon the physicochemical properties of the compounds, have a limited ability to both purify and concentrate the minor components of a biological extract. We have devised an isolation strategy based upon an orthogonal chemical feature, namely, functional group composition. Development of a functional group-targeted method is expected to achieve exceptional resolution given the large number of distinct moieties present in natural product extracts. Here, we describe the generation of controllably reversible covalent enrichment tags for the chemoselective isolation of alcohol-containing natural products from complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Y Odendaal
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Darci J Trader
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, 212 S. Hawthorne Dr, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
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