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Zhang X, Chen T, Li Z, Wang X, Bao H, Zhao C, Zhao X, Lu X, Xu G. Fine-Scale Characterization of Plant Diterpene Glycosides Using Energy-Resolved Untargeted LC-MS/MS Metabolomics Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:603-612. [PMID: 38391322 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant diterpene glycosides are essential for diverse physiological processes. Comprehensive structural characterization proved to be a challenge due to variations in glycosylation patterns, diverse aglycone structures, and the absence of comprehensive reference databases. In this study, a method for fine-scale characterization was proposed based on energy-resolved (ER) untargeted LC-MS/MS metabolomics analysis using steviol glycosides as a demonstration. Energy-dependent fragmentation patterns were unveiled by a series of model compounds. Distinct glycosylation sites were discerned by leveraging varying fragmentation energies for the precursor ions. The sugar moiety linkage at C19OOH (R1) exhibited facile and intact cleavage at low collision energies, while the sugar moiety at C13-OH (R2) demonstrated consecutive cleavage with increasing energy. Aglycone ions exhibited a higher relative intensity at NCE 50, with relative intensities ranging from 95% to 100%. Subsequently, aglycone candidates, R1 sugar composition, and R2 sugar sequence were deduced through ER-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied to Stevia rebaudiana leaves. A total of 91 diterpene glycosides were unambiguously identified, including 16 steviol glycosides with novel acetylglycosylation patterns. This method offers a rapid alternative for glycan analysis and the structural differentiation of isomers. The developed method enhances the understanding of diterpene glycosides in plants, providing a reliable tool for the in-depth characterization of complex metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqiong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zaifang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Han Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Libik-Konieczny M, Capecka E, Tuleja M, Konieczny R. Synthesis and production of steviol glycosides: recent research trends and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3883-3900. [PMID: 33914136 PMCID: PMC8140977 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Steviol glycosides (SvGls) are plant secondary metabolites belonging to a class of chemical compounds known as diterpenes. SvGls have been discovered only in a few plant species, including in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Over the last few decades, SvGls have been extensively researched for their extraordinary sweetness. As a result, the nutritional and pharmacological benefits of these secondary metabolites have grown increasingly apparent. In the near future, SvGls may become a basic, low-calorie, and potent sweetener in the growing natural foods market, and a natural anti-diabetic remedy, a highly competitive alternative to commercially available synthetic drugs. Commercial cultivation of stevia plants and the technologies of SvGls extraction and purification from plant material have already been introduced in many countries. However, new conventional and biotechnological solutions are still being sought to increase the level of SvGls in plants. Since many aspects related to the biochemistry and metabolism of SvGls in vivo, as well as their relationship to the overall physiology of S. rebaudiana are not yet understood, there is also a great need for in-depth scientific research on this topic. Such research may have positive impact on optimization of the profile and SvGls concentration in plants and thus lead to obtaining desired yield. This research summarizes the latest approaches and developments in SvGls production. Key points • Steviol glycosides (SvGls) are found in nature in S. rebaudiana plants. • They exhibit nutraceutical properties. • This review provides an insight on different approaches to produce SvGls. • The areas of research that still need to be explored have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Libik-Konieczny
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Capecka
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Agriculture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Tuleja
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Konieczny
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Approaches toward the Separation, Modification, Identification and Scale up Purification of Tetracyclic Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071915. [PMID: 33805445 PMCID: PMC8036900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni is a plant species native to Brazil and Paraguay well-known by the sweet taste of their leaves. Since the recognition of rebaudioside A and other steviol glycosides as generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2008 and grant of marketing approval by the European Union in 2011, the species has been widely cultivated and studied in several countries. Several efforts have been dedicated to the isolation and structure elucidation of minor components searching for novel non-caloric sugar substitutes with improved organoleptic properties. The present review provides an overview of the main chemical approaches found in the literature for identification and structural differentiation of diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana: High-performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Modification of diterpene glycosides by chemical and enzymatic reactions together with some strategies to scale up of the purification process saving costs are also discussed. A list of natural diterpene glycosides, some examples of chemically modified and of enzymatically modified diterpene glycosides reported from 1931 to February 2021 were compiled using the scientific databases Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and PubMed.
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Gupta A, Pandey S, Yadav JS. A Review on Recent Trends in Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles for Tuberculosis. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 11:10-27. [PMID: 33747849 PMCID: PMC7961233 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that has affected mankind. The anti-TB treatment has been used from ancient times to control symptoms of this disease but these medications produced some serious side effects. Herbal products have been successfully used for the treatment of TB. Gold is the most biocompatible metal among all available for biomedical purposes so Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have sought attention as an attractive biosynthesized drug to be studied in recent years for bioscience research. GNPs are used as better catalysts and due to unique small size, physical resemblance to physiological molecules, biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity extensively used for various applications including drug and gene delivery. Greenly synthesized GNPs have much more potential in different fields because phytoconstituents used in GNP synthesis itself act as reducing and capping agents and produced more stabilized GNPs. This review is devoted to a discussion on GNPs synthesis with herbs for TB. The main focus is on the role of the natural plant bio-molecules involved in the bioreduction of metal salts during the GNPs synthesis with phytoconstituents used as antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Gupta
- Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Pharmacy College, Gopal Vidhya Nagar, Bardoli, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonia Pandey
- Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Pharmacy College, Gopal Vidhya Nagar, Bardoli, Gujarat, India
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Liu Z, Ren K, Feng Y, Uong T, Krepich S, You H. Rapid and Economic Determination of 13 Steviol Glycosides in Market-Available Food, Dietary Supplements, and Ingredients: Single-Laboratory Validation of an HPLC Method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10142-10148. [PMID: 32790304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Steviol glycosides, obtained from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (stevia) or produced via bioconversion and biosynthesis, are diterpenes used by the food/dietary supplement industry as zero-calorie sweeteners derived from natural sources. JECFA 2017 is the most updated international standardized method but it runs for 80 min per sample with suboptimal separations on several critical pairs for its high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) determination. We developed and validated a rapid and economic HPLC-UV method using the superficially porous particle column to determine 13 steviol glycosides (stevioside, dulcoside A, rubusoside, steviobioside, and rebaudioside A-F, I, M, and N). Baseline separation with a minimum resolution of 1.5 for 13 steviol glycosides was achieved within only 14 min of separation time. The hydrocarbon stationary phase with additional steric interactions from the isobutyl side chains on the C18 ligand was shown to be an important contributor to chromatographic selectivity of several critical pairs of steviol glycosides. The method was proven to perform suitably on columns from three different manufacturers and two HPLC instruments. The method was further used to perform a single-lab validation on eight food and supplement products with multiple matrices. The results ranged from 0.05% w/w rebaudioside A for a hard-candy finished product to 100.8% w/w purity for a rebaudioside M raw ingredient. The validation test results showed that the method was linear, suitable, specific, accurate, and precise. The method is therefore suitable to be considered as a new industrial standard for quality control analysis for stevia products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Liu
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Kangzi Ren
- Eurofins Botanical Testing Inc. US, 2951 Saturn Street, Brea, California 92821, United States
| | - Ye Feng
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Tommy Uong
- Phenomenex, Inc., 411 Madrid Avenue, Torrance, California 90501-1430, United States
| | - Scott Krepich
- ChromaDex, Inc., 10005 Muirlands Blvd. Suite #G, Irvine, California 92618-2538, United States
| | - Hong You
- Eurofins Supplement Analysis Center, Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 1365 Redwood Way, Petaluma, California 94954, United States
- Eurofins Botanical Testing Inc. US, 2951 Saturn Street, Brea, California 92821, United States
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Zhao L, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang X, Chen Y, Wu X. Enzymatic Monoglucosylation of Rubusoside and the Structure-Sweetness/Taste Relationship of Monoglucosyl Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8702-8709. [PMID: 32686405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoglucosylation of rubusoside not only could increase its structural diversity but may also improve its taste. To biosynthesize the monoglucosyl rubusosides, a series of glycosyltransferases and glycosynthases were screened to identify the enzymes capable of specifically glycosylating the hydroxyl groups of the 13-O-β-d-glucosyl and 19-COO-β-d-glucosyl moieties. After structural characterization, the effect of structure on sweetness and taste was established based on these rubusoside-derived analogues, including two first characterized compounds. β-Monoglucosylation of two 2-hydroxyl groups, as well as α-monoglucosylations of the 4- and 6-hydroxyl groups of the 13-glucosyl moiety, could significantly increase the relative sweetness of rubusoside to 140 while maintaining or improving the taste quality. In contrast, monoglucosylations of other hydroxyl groups in our study usually decreased the taste quality of the rubusoside. Additionally, the possibility of a negative influence of these monoglucosylated derivatives on the function of islets was preliminarily excluded, which should facilitate the development of rubusoside-derived sweeteners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi St. Hongshan Rd. Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210028, PR China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Xuri Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
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Lin M, Wang F, Zhu Y. Modeled structure-based computational redesign of a glycosyltransferase for the synthesis of rebaudioside D from rebaudioside A. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Efficient Biocatalytic Preparation of Rebaudioside KA: Highly Selective Glycosylation Coupled with UDPG Regeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6230. [PMID: 32277148 PMCID: PMC7148340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rebaudioside KA is a diterpene natural sweetener isolated in a trace amount from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Selective glycosylation of rubusoside, a natural product abundantly presented in various plants, is a feasible approach for the biosynthesis of rebaudioside KA. In this study, bacterial glycosyltransferase OleD was identified to selectively transfer glucose from UDPG to 2′-hydroxyl group with a β-1,2 linkage at 19-COO-β-D-glucosyl moiety of rubusoside for the biosynthesis of rebaudioside KA. To eliminate the use of UDPG and improve the productivity, a UDPG regeneration system was constructed as an engineered Escherichia coli strain to couple with the glycosyltransferase. Finally, rubusoside at 22.5 g/L (35.0 mM) was completely converted to rebaudioside KA by the whole cells without exogenous addition of UDPG. This study provides an efficient and scalable method for highly selective biosynthesis of rebaudioside KA.
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Reale A, Di Renzo T, Russo A, Niro S, Ottombrino A, Pellicano MP. Production of low-calorie apricot nectar sweetened with stevia: Impact on qualitative, sensory, and nutritional profiles. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1837-1847. [PMID: 32328249 PMCID: PMC7174211 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a low-calorie apricot nectar by replacing sucrose with different amount of Stevia rebaudiana bertoni (Rebaudioside A, 98%). Stevia has become very popular as sweetener for the production of low-calorie products but its addition could be a challenge for industry, since it could modify sensory features of the product and consumers' acceptance. To this end, apricot nectars without sugar, with sucrose 10%, and with different amounts of stevia were produced and evaluated for microbiological quality using the pour-plate technique, and physicochemical (pH, TTA, and a w) and nutritional (moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and ash) characteristics. Furthermore, a sensory analysis of the samples was performed by a panel of trained judges using quantitative descriptive analysis. The effect of stevia addiction on the consumers' acceptance was investigated by 102 consumers of fruit juices that evaluated the overall acceptability of the samples using a structured 9-point hedonic scale. Levels of microbial groups in nectars were under the detection limit confirming a good hygienic practice within the production. Nectars produced with stevia resulted in significant reduction in caloric value from 86 kcal (nectar with 10% sucrose) to 49 kcal (nectars with stevia), without altering its typicality. Different sensory profiles among samples were pointed out; all the products are liked, but with a different level of pleasantness. The study highlighted that the apricot nectars with 0.07% stevia are characterized for sweet and liquorice aroma notes and received the same level of consumer acceptability of nectars produced with 10% sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reale
- Institute of Food ScienceNational Research CouncilISA‐CNRAvellinoItaly
| | - Tiziana Di Renzo
- Institute of Food ScienceNational Research CouncilISA‐CNRAvellinoItaly
| | - Antonio Russo
- Institute of Food ScienceNational Research CouncilISA‐CNRAvellinoItaly
| | - Serena Niro
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food SciencesDiAAAUniversity of MoliseCampobassoItaly
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Evaluation of the Behavior of Phenolic Compounds and Steviol Glycosides of Sonicated Strawberry Juice Sweetened with Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071202. [PMID: 30934766 PMCID: PMC6479960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the influence of stevia addition and sonication processing parameters on the phenolic content and profile as well as the steviol glycosides of strawberry juice-based samples was investigated. For this purpose, three matrices—control samples of strawberry juices without green stevia powder (CS), strawberry juices with green stevia powder (JGSP), and sonicated juices with green stevia powder (SJGSP)—were prepared. For sonication purposes, different conditions regarding probe diameters (7 mm and 22 mm), amplitudes (50%, 75%, and 100%), and time (15 min, 20 min, and 25 min) were tested. The results that were obtained upon the measurement of the total phenolic content, total flavonoids, steviol glycosides, and antioxidant capacity showed significant differences according to the matrices evaluated, obtaining overall higher values in the samples with stevia added. Moreover, when sonication was evaluated, it was found that a higher amplitude (100%), a larger probe diameter (22 mm), and a longer sonication period (25 min) led to higher values. Flavones such as luteolin and apigenin were identified and quantified in JGSP and SJGSP, while they were not found in CS. Besides these phenolic compounds, kaempferol, quercetin, pyrogallic acid, 4-methylcatechol, and 4-methoxybenzoic acid were also identified and quantified. Similarly to the total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and total antioxidant capacity, an increased amount of these compounds was found in SJGSP, especially after using the most intense sonication conditions. Therefore, the use of sonication together with stevia added could be a useful tool to preserve strawberry juices, increasing at the same time the sweetness and the antioxidant value of the beverages.
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Nguyen TTH, Seo C, Kwak SH, Kim J, Kang HK, Kim SB, Kim D. Enzymatic Production of Steviol Glucosides Using β-Glucosidase and Their Applications. ENZYMES IN FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7149536 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813280-7.00023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Sweet leaf, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, is a perennial plant species widely known for its sweet-tastingent-kaurene type diterpenoid glycosides (steviol glucosides). Steviol glucosides include rubusoside (Ru), stevioside (Ste), and rebaudioside (Reb), which have immunomodulatory capability and protective effects against hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, tumors, and diarrhea. In addition, they can enhance the solubility of epotoside, liquiritin, paclitaxel, curcuminoids, quercetin, and wheat bran flavonoids, thus increasing their permeability. The hydrolysis of three glucosyl groups at positions C13 and C19 of Ste will produce steviolbioside, steviol, isosteviol, steviol mono-glucoside, or Ru. S. rebaudiana contains these hydrolyzed products in trace amounts. This chapter describes recent advances in the preparation of various steviol glycosides from Ste by using different β-glycosidases, with particular focus on their potential industrial applications as natural solubilizers of insoluble compounds. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism of β-glycosidases and their kinetic properties are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- The Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
| | - Changseop Seo
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
| | - So-Hyung Kwak
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
| | - Jeesoo Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seong-Bo Kim
- CJ CheilJedang, Life Ingredient and Material Research Institute, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- The Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea,Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
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Perera WH, Ghiviriga I, Rodenburg DL, Alves K, Wiggers FT, Hufford CD, Fronczek FR, Ibrahim MA, Muhammad I, Avula B, Khan IA, McChesney JD. Tetra-glucopyranosyl Diterpene ent-Kaur-16-en-19-oic Acid and ent-13(S)-Hydroxyatisenoic Acid Derivatives from a Commercial Extract of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123328. [PMID: 30558268 PMCID: PMC6321316 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana and its diterpene glycosides are one of the main focuses of food companies interested in developing novel zero calorie sugar substitutes since the recognition of steviol glycosides as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Rebaudioside A, one of the major steviol glycosides of the leaves is more than 200 times sweeter than sucrose. However, its lingering aftertaste makes it less attractive as a table-top sweetener, despite its human health benefits. Herein, we report the purification of two novel tetra-glucopyranosyl diterpene glycosides 1 and 3 (rebaudioside A isomers) from a commercial Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract compounds, their saponification products compounds 2 and 4, together with three known compounds isolated in gram quantities. Compound 1 was determined to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-β-d-glucopyranosy ester (rebaudioside Z), whereas compound 3 was found to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-hydroxyatis-16-en-19-oic acid -β-d-glucopyranosy ester. Two new tetracyclic derivatives with no sugar at position C-19 were prepared from rebaudiosides 1 and 3 under mild alkaline hydrolysis to afford compounds 2 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (rebaudioside Z₁) and 4 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) oxy]ent-hydroxyatis-16-en-19-oic acid. Three known compounds were purified in gram quantities and identified as rebaudiosides A (5), H (6) and J (7). Chemical structures were unambiguously elucidated using different approaches, namely HRESIMS, HRESI-MS/MS, and 1D-and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data. Additionally, a high-quality crystal of iso-stevioside was grown in methanol and its structure confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmer H. Perera
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
- ORISE Fellow-Agricultural Research Service, Natural Product Utilization Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Douglas L. Rodenburg
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
| | - Kamilla Alves
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
| | - Frank T. Wiggers
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Charles D. Hufford
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Mohamed A. Ibrahim
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (F.T.W.); (M.A.I.); (I.M.); (B.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - James D. McChesney
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA; (W.H.P.); (D.L.R.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +(303)808-4104
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Chaturvedula VSP, Meneni SR. Isolation, and Structural Characterization of a New Hexa β-D-Glucopyranosyl Diterpene from Stevia rebaudiana. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new diterpene glycoside with six β-D-glucopyranosyl units was isolated from the extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, which was identified as 13-[(2- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[2- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3- O-(2- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyrano-syl -β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester (1) based on the extensive NMR (1H and 13C, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectral data as well as hydrolysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srinivasa Rao Meneni
- Wisdom Natural Brands, Natural Products Research Group, 1203 West San Pedro Street, Gilbert, AZ 85233, USA
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14
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Perera WH, Ghiviriga I, Rodenburg DL, Carvalho R, Alves K, McChesney JD. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography procedure to identify known and detect novel C-13 oligosaccharide moieties in diterpene glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni (Asteraceae): Structure elucidation of rebaudiosides V and W. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3771-3781. [PMID: 28762654 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As an aid for structure elucidation of new steviol glycosides, reversed-phase C18 high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed with several previously characterized diterpene glycosides, to identify known and detect novel aglycone-C13 oligosaccharide moieties and indirectly identify C-19 interlinkages. Elution order of several diterpene glycosides and their aglycone-C13 oligosaccharide substituted with different sugar arrangements were also summarized. Comparison of the retention time of a product obtained after alkaline hydrolysis with the aglycone-C-13 portions of known compounds reported herein allowed us to deduce the exact positions of the sugars in the C-13 oligosaccharide portion. The elution position of several steviol glycosides with an ent-kaurene skeleton was helpful to describe an identification key. Two previously uncharacterized diterpene glycosides together with two known compounds were isolated from a commercial Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract. One was found to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside V), whereas the other was determined to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside W). Previously reported compounds were isolated in gram quantities and identified as rebaudioside J and rebaudioside H. In addition, a C-19 sugar-free derivative was also prepared from rebaudioside H to afford rebaudioside H1 . Chemical structures were partially determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography method and unambiguously characterized by using one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Raquel Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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15
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Perera WH, Ghiviriga I, Rodenburg DL, Alves K, Bowling JJ, Avula B, Khan IA, McChesney JD. Rebaudiosides T and U, minor C-19 xylopyranosyl and arabinopyranosyl steviol glycoside derivatives from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 135:106-114. [PMID: 27979591 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two diterpene glycosides were isolated from a commercial Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract. One was found to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl- β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside T), whereas the other was determined to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(6-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester (rebaudioside U). In addition, five C-19 sugar free derivatives were prepared and identified as follows: 13-[(2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)]oxy]kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (dulcoside A1); 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosy-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-19-oic acid; 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl-)oxy]kaur-16-en-19-oic acid; 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl-)oxy]kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (rebaudioside R1) and 13-[(2-O-6-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]kaur-16-en-19-oic acid, respectively. Chemical structures were determined by NMR experiments. HPLC analyses were also useful to differentiate different steviol-C13 sugar substituent patterns by elution position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Kamilla Alves
- Ironstone Separations, Inc., Etta, Oxford, MS 38627, USA
| | - John J Bowling
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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16
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Perera WH, Avula B, Khan IA, McChesney JD. Assignment of sugar arrangement in branched steviol glycosides using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:315-324. [PMID: 27862504 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Steviol glycosides with an ent-kaurene core are being used in the Food Industry as non-caloric sweeteners. These compounds are chemically similar in terms of sugar types and sugar arrangements. In order to assign sugar positions, we describe herein the dissociation pattern for steviol glycosides under varying collision energies. METHODS Steviol glycosides (1 mg/mL, 2 μL) were automatically injected into the mass spectrometer by direct infusion using a 100-well tray autosampler. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed using a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) tandem mass spectrometer (model #G6530A; Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source with Jet Stream technology. RESULTS Dissociation of several natural and prepared steviol glycosides was carefully studied by ESI-QTOF-MS/MS using a range of collision energies: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 eV. This procedure allowed us to establish the dissociation pattern for steviol glycosides, and thus the sugar arrangement in the branched oligosaccharide portion linked at position C-13 of steviol, and also infer the sugar arrangement at C-19. CONCLUSIONS Those steviol glycosides with a monosaccharide or less hindered disaccharides at position C-19 are cleaved at low collision energy (10 eV) while highly hindered disaccharides and trisaccharides are cleaved at 40 eV. However, sugars attached at C-13 cleave at highest collision energies in the following order: the C-3 sugar, followed by the C-2 sugar and finally the sugar directly linked at C-13. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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17
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Gerwig GJ, Te Poele EM, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. Stevia Glycosides: Chemical and Enzymatic Modifications of Their Carbohydrate Moieties to Improve the Sweet-Tasting Quality. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2016; 73:1-72. [PMID: 27816105 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stevia glycosides, extracted from the leaves of the plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, display an amazing high degree of sweetness. As processed plant products, they are considered as excellent bio-alternatives for sucrose and artificial sweeteners. Being noncaloric and having beneficial properties for human health, they are the subject of an increasing number of studies for applications in food and pharmacy. However, one of the main obstacles for the successful commercialization of Stevia sweeteners, especially in food, is their slight bitter aftertaste and astringency. These undesirable properties may be reduced or eliminated by modifying the carbohydrate moieties of the steviol glycosides. A promising procedure is to subject steviol glycosides to enzymatic glycosylation, thereby introducing additional monosaccharide residues into the molecules. Depending on the number and positions of the monosaccharide units, the taste quality and sweetness potency of the compounds will vary. Many studies have been performed already, and this review summarizes the structures of native steviol glycosides and the recent data of modifications of the carbohydrate moieties that have been published to provide an overview of the current progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Gerwig
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien M Te Poele
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Ibrahim MA, Rodenburg DL, Alves K, Perera WH, Fronczek FR, Bowling J, McChesney JD. Rebaudiosides R and S, Minor Diterpene Glycosides from the Leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1468-1472. [PMID: 27119206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new diterpene glycosides have been isolated from a commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Compound 1 was shown to be 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-xylopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (rebaudioside R), while compound 2 was determined to be 13-[(2-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid 2-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (rebaudioside S). Six additional known compounds were identified, dulcoside B, 13-[(2-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, eugenol diglucoside, rebaudioside G, 13-[(2-O-6-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy]ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, and rebaudioside D (3), respectively. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined based on comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) studies. A high-quality crystal of compound 3 allowed confirmation of its structure by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ibrahim
- Ironstone Separations, Inc. , Etta, Mississippi 38627, United States
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Center , Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Kamilla Alves
- Ironstone Separations, Inc. , Etta, Mississippi 38627, United States
| | - Wilmer H Perera
- Ironstone Separations, Inc. , Etta, Mississippi 38627, United States
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John Bowling
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - James D McChesney
- Ironstone Separations, Inc. , Etta, Mississippi 38627, United States
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19
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Chen JM, Ding L, Sui XC, Xia YM, Wan HD, Lu T. Production of a bioactive sweetener steviolbioside via specific hydrolyzing ester linkage of stevioside with a β -galactosidase. Food Chem 2016; 196:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Wang Y, Chen L, Li Y, Li Y, Yan M, Chen K, Hao N, Xu L. Efficient enzymatic production of rebaudioside A from stevioside. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 80:67-73. [PMID: 26264414 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1072457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stevioside and rebaudioside A are the chief diterpene glycosides present in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Rebaudioside A imparts a desirable sweet taste, while stevioside produces a residual bitter aftertaste. Enzymatic synthesis of rebaudioside A from stevioside can increase the ratio of rebaudioside A to stevioside in steviol glycoside products, providing a conceivable strategy to improve the organoleptic properties of steviol glycoside products. Here, we demonstrate the efficient conversion of stevioside to rebaudioside A by coupling the activities of recombinant UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT76G1 from S. rebaudiana and sucrose synthase AtSUS1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. The conversion occurred via regeneration of UDP-glucose by AtSUS1. UDP was applicable as the initial material instead of UDP-glucose for UDP-glucose recycling. The amount of UDP could be greatly reduced in the reaction mixture. Rebaudioside A yield in 30 h with 2.4 mM stevioside, 7.2 mM sucrose, and 0.006 mM UDP was 78%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Liangliang Chen
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yan Li
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yangyang Li
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ming Yan
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Kequan Chen
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Ning Hao
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
| | - Lin Xu
- a College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , China
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22
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Prakash I, Bunders C, Devkota KP, Charan RD, Hartz RM, Sears TL, Snyder TM, Ramirez C. Degradation Products of Rubusoside under Acidic Conditions. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural sweetener, Rubusoside (1), subjected to extreme pH and temperature conditions, resulted in the isolation and structural elucidation of one novel rubusoside degradant (7), together with seven known degradants (2-6 and 8-9). 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, and NOESY) and mass spectral data were used to fully characterize the degradant 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Prakash
- The Coca-Cola Company, One Coca-Cola Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
| | - Cynthia Bunders
- The Coca-Cola Company, One Coca-Cola Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tracy L. Sears
- AMRI-Albany, Analytical Development, Albany, NY 12212, USA
| | - Tara M. Snyder
- AMRI-Albany, Analytical Development, Albany, NY 12212, USA
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23
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and chemistry of diterpenoids from terrestrial as opposed to marine sources and includes, labdanes, clerodanes, pimaranes, abietanes, kauranes, gibberellins, cembranes and their cyclization products. The literature from January to December, 2014 is reviewed.
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24
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Prakash I, Chaturvedula VSP. Structures of some novel α-glucosyl diterpene glycosides from the glycosylation of steviol glycosides. Molecules 2014; 19:20280-94. [PMID: 25486243 PMCID: PMC6271715 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191220280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new minor diterpene glycosides with a rare α-glucosyl linkage were isolated from a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase glucosylated stevia extract containing more than 98% steviol glycosides. The new compounds were identified as 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester] (1), 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(4-O-(4-O-(4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester] (2), 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(4-O-(4-O-(4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid β-d-glucopyranosyl ester (3), and 13-[(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-(4-O-(4-O-(4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-α-d-glucopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl) ester] (4) on the basis of extensive NMR and mass spectral (MS) data as well as hydrolysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Prakash
- Organic Chemistry Department, The Coca-Cola Company, Global Research and Development, One Coca-Cola Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.
| | - Venkata Sai Prakash Chaturvedula
- Organic Chemistry Department, The Coca-Cola Company, Global Research and Development, One Coca-Cola Plaza, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA
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25
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Chaturvedula VSP, Zamora J. Isolation and Structural Characterization of a New Minor Diterpene Glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
From the commercial extract of the leaves of the sweet plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni obtained from Sinochem Qingdao Co. Ltd., a new diterpene glycoside having three β-D-glucopyranosyl units of which two of them were connected in a relatively rare linkage of 3-β-D-glucobiosyl substitution at C-19 position of the aglycone steviol. The structure of the new compound has been characterized as 13-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[(3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl) ester (1) on the basis of extensive 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D NMR (TOCSY, HMQC, and HMBC), and High Resolution mass spectroscopic data as well as hydrolysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Zamora
- Wisdom Natural Brands, Natural Products Research Group, 1203 West San Pedro Street, Gilbert, AZ 85233, USA
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26
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Bioconversion of rebaudioside I from rebaudioside A. Molecules 2014; 19:17345-55. [PMID: 25353385 PMCID: PMC6271207 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To supply the increasing demand of natural high potency sweeteners to reduce the calories in food and beverages, we have looked to steviol glycosides. In this work we report the bioconversion of rebaudioside A to rebaudioside I using a glucosyltransferase enzyme. This bioconversion reaction adds one sugar unit with a 1→3 linkage. We utilized 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, COSY, HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, 1D TOCSY and NOESY) and mass spectral data to fully characterize rebaudioside I.
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