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Bennett SH, Bestwick JS, Demertzidou VP, Jones DJ, Jones HE, Richard F, Homer JA, Street-Jeakings R, Tiberia AF, Lawrence AL. Stereoretentive enantioconvergent reactions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1177-1183. [PMID: 38632365 PMCID: PMC11230902 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Enantioconvergent reactions are pre-eminent in contemporary asymmetric synthesis as they convert both enantiomers of a racemic starting material into a single enantioenriched product, thus avoiding the maximum 50% yield associated with resolutions. All currently known enantioconvergent processes necessitate the loss or partial loss of the racemic substrate's stereochemical information, thus limiting the potential substrate scope to molecules that contain labile stereogenic units. Here we present an alternative approach to enantioconvergent reactions that can proceed with full retention of the racemic substrate's configuration. This uniquely stereo-economic approach is possible if the two enantiomers of a racemic starting material are joined together to form one enantiomer of a non-meso product. Experimental validation of this concept is presented using two distinct strategies: (1) a direct asymmetric coupling approach, and (2) a multicomponent approach, which exhibits statistical amplification of enantiopurity. Thus, the established dogma that enantioconvergent reactions require substrates that contain labile stereogenic units is shown to be incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Bennett
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacob S Bestwick
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - David J Jones
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen E Jones
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - François Richard
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joshua A Homer
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Andrew F Tiberia
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew L Lawrence
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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2
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St John-Campbell S, Sheppard T. Imine Azaenolates: Synthesis, Reactivity and Outlook. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Sheppard
- University College London UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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3
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Davies SG, Fletcher AM, Roberts PM, Thomson JE. Mutual kinetic resolution: probing enantiorecognition phenomena and screening for kinetic resolution with racemic reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2847-2855. [PMID: 33720232 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02151b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enantiorecognition between a racemic reagent and a racemic substrate can be a valuable process in organic synthesis. This review highlights representative examples of this phenomenon and the use of mutual kinetic resolution as a method for screening of kinetic and/or parallel kinetic resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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4
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Hadjadj-Aoul R, Bouyacoub A, Volatron F. Reactivity of Di-tert-butyl-oxiranyllithium - An Ab Initio Study. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Mo DL, Anderson LL. Copper-Catalyzed Rearrangement ofN-Aryl Nitrones into Epoxyketimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Mo DL, Anderson LL. Copper-Catalyzed Rearrangement ofN-Aryl Nitrones into Epoxyketimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6722-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Michel K, Glotzbach C, Fröhlich R, Würthwein EU. [1,4]Dithiepino[2,3-b]furans from Oxiranecarbaldimines and Lithiated 1,3-Dithiane: A Series of Rearrangement Reactions in One Pot. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Kas’yan LI, Pal’chikov VA, Bondarenko YS. Azacycloalkanes from epoxides and aziridines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Ciogli A, Fioravanti S, Gasparrini F, Pellacani L, Rizzato E, Spinelli D, Tardella PA. An Unexpected Highly Stereoselective Bisaziridination of (E,E)-1,4-Dialkyl-2,3-dinitrobutadienes Followed by a Nitro Group Driven Ring Enlargement. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9314-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Egon Rizzato
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Bouyacoub A, Hadjadj-Aoul R, Volatron F. Reactivity of (Mono-tert-butyloxiranyl)lithium: A Theoretical Ab Initio Study. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Chiral N-phosphonyl imine chemistry: new reagents and their applications for asymmetric reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chen XH, Luo SW, Tang Z, Cun LF, Mi AQ, Jiang YZ, Gong LZ. Organocatalyzed highly enantioselective direct aldol reactions of aldehydes with hydroxyacetone and fluoroacetone in aqueous media: the use of water to control regioselectivity. Chemistry 2007; 13:689-701. [PMID: 17013967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalyst prepared from (2R,3R)-diethyl 2-amino-3-hydroxysuccinate and L-proline exhibited high regio- and enantioselectivities for the direct aldol reactions of hydroxyacetone and fluoroacetone with aldehydes in aqueous media. It was found that water could be used to control the regioselectivity. The presence of 20-30 mol% of the catalyst afforded the direct aldol reactions of a wide range of aldehydes with hydroxyacetone to give the otherwise disfavored products with excellent enantioselectivities, ranging from 91 to 99% ee, and high regioselectivities. Aldolizations of fluoroacetone with aldehydes mediated by 30 mol% of the organocatalyst in aqueous media preferentially occurred at the methyl group, yielding products with high enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee); however, these additions took place dominantly at the fluoromethyl group in THF. Optically active 3,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans and (2S,4R)-dihydroxy-4-biphenylbutyric acid were prepared by starting from the aldol reaction of hydroxyacetone. Theoretical studies on the role of water in controlling the regioselectivity revealed that the hydrogen bonds formed between the amide oxygen of proline amide, the hydroxy of hydroxyacetone, and water are responsible for the regioselectivity by microsolvation with explicit one water molecule as a hydrogen-bond donor and/or an acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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13
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Giubellina N, Mangelinckx S, Törnroos KW, De Kimpe N. Synthesis of 2-chloro-2-imidoylaziridines via aza-Darzens-type reaction of 3,3-dichloro-1-azaallylic anions and N-(arylsulfonyl)imines. J Org Chem 2006; 71:5881-7. [PMID: 16872167 DOI: 10.1021/jo060241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3,3-Dichloro-1-azaallylic anions, generated by deprotonation of alpha,alpha-dichloroketimines 10 with lithium diisopropylamide, reacted with N-sulfonylaldimines 7 to produce the Mannich-type products N-[2,2-dichloro-3-(N-alkylimino)-1,3-diarylpropyl]benzenesulfonamides 11. The latter stable compounds were hydrolyzed at the imino functionality to afford N-[2,2-dichloro-3-oxo-1,3-diarylpropyl]benzenesulfonamides 12 in excellent yields. N-[2,2-Dichloro-3-(N-alkylimino)-1,3-diarylpropyl]benzenesulfonamides 11 were cyclized to cis-3-aryl-2-chloro-2-imidoylaziridines 19 in 81-99% yield with high diastereoselectivity, representing a novel and readily available class of stable 2-chloroaziridines. Finally, a highly stereoselective entry to 2-(aminomethyl)-2-chloroaziridines 27 (70-98% yield; de > 95-99) was worked out from the reaction of cis-3-aryl-2-chloro-2-imidoylaziridines 19 and sodium cyanoborohydride in the presence of acetic acid. The latter 2-(aminomethyl)aziridines 27 represent stereochemically defined small azaheterocyclic rings which were scarcely reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giubellina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Pratt LM, Lê LT, Truong TN. A computational study of mixed aggregates of chloromethyllithium with lithium dialkylamides. J Org Chem 2005; 70:8298-302. [PMID: 16209570 DOI: 10.1021/jo051031l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to examine the possible formation of mixed aggregates between chloromethyllithium carbenoids and lithium dimethylamide (LiDMA). In the gas phase mixed aggregates were readily formed and consisted of mixed dimers, mixed trimers, and mixed tetramers. THF solvation disfavored the formation of mixed tetramers and resulted in less exergonic free energies of mixed dimer and mixed trimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA.
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15
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Noh HY, Kim SW, Paek SI, Ha HJ, Yun H, Lee WK. Addition reactions to chiral aziridine-2-carboxaldimine toward various enantiopure nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] Computational methods were used to determine the structure, bonding, and aggregation states of oxiranyllithium in the gas phase and in THF solution, at 200 and 298 K. THF solvation was modeled by microsolvation with explicit THF ligands, forming a supermolecule that includes the oxiranyllithium aggregate and its first solvation shell. Because oxiranyllithium has a chiral center, two diastereomeric dimers were formed, the RR and the RS, along with their enantiomers. Similarly, three diastereomers of the tetramer were formed, the RRRR, RRRS, and RRSS and their enantiomers. Oxiranyllithium was found to exist predominantly as the tetramer in the gas phase, while the dimer was the dominant species in THF solution. The relative concentrations of the different stereoisomers were calculated from equilibrium constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, Fisk University, 1000 17th Avenue North, Nashville, Tennessee 37208, USA.
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17
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Tietze LF, Güntner C, Gericke KM, Schuberth I, Bunkoczi G. A Diels-Alder Reaction for the Total Synthesis of the Novel Antibiotic Antitumor Agent Mensacarcin. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Hodgson DM, Bray CD, Kindon ND. 2-Ene-1,4-diols by Dimerization of Terminal Epoxides using Hindered Lithium Amides. Org Lett 2005; 7:2305-8. [PMID: 15932184 DOI: 10.1021/ol050402h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Reaction of hindered lithium amides with readily available (enantiopure) terminal epoxides gives 2-ene-1,4-diols via carbenoid dimerization of the corresponding alpha-lithiated epoxides. D-Mannitol and D-iditol were synthesized using this method in three steps from (S)-tritylglycidyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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19
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Mangelinckx S, Giubellina N, De Kimpe N. 1-Azaallylic Anions in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2353-99. [PMID: 15137794 DOI: 10.1021/cr020084p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Bailey S, Davies SG, Smith AD, Withey JM. Asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S,3R)-gamma-methyl-cis-pentacin by a kinetic resolution protocol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2002:2910-1. [PMID: 12478808 DOI: 10.1039/b209728c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of (1R,2S,3R)-3-methyl-2-amino-cyclopentane carboxylic acid has been achieved via kinetic resolution of racemic tert-butyl 3-methyl-cyclopentene-1-carboxylate with homochiral lithium (S)-N-benzyl-N-alpha-methylbenzylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bailey
- Dyson Perrins Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK OX1 3QY
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21
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Alickmann D, Fröhlich R, Maulitz A, Würthwein EU. Electrocyclization Reactions of 1-Aza- and 1-Oxapentadienyl and -heptatrienyl Cations: Synthesis of Pyrrole and Furan Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200205)2002:9%3c1523::aid-ejoc1523%3e3.0.co%3b2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Alickmann D, Fröhlich R, Maulitz A, Würthwein EU. Electrocyclization Reactions of 1-Aza- and 1-Oxapentadienyl and -heptatrienyl Cations: Synthesis of Pyrrole and Furan Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200205)2002:9<1523::aid-ejoc1523>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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