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Shyam M, Kumar S, Singh V. Unlocking Opportunities for Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:251-269. [PMID: 38295025 PMCID: PMC10862552 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In the recent decade, scientific communities have toiled to tackle the emerging burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) and rapidly growing opportunistic nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Among these, two neglected mycobacteria species of the Acinetobacter family, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium ulcerans, are the etiological agents of leprosy and Buruli ulcer infections, respectively, and fall under the broad umbrella of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Unfortunately, lackluster drug discovery efforts have been made against these pathogenic bacteria in the recent decade, resulting in the discovery of only a few countable hits and majorly repurposing anti-TB drug candidates such as telacebec (Q203), P218, and TB47 for current therapeutic interventions. Major ignorance in drug candidate identification might aggravate the dramatic consequences of rapidly spreading mycobacterial NTDs in the coming days. Therefore, this Review focuses on an up-to-date account of drug discovery efforts targeting selected druggable targets from both bacilli, including the accompanying challenges that have been identified and are responsible for the slow drug discovery. Furthermore, a succinct discussion of the all-new possibilities that could be alternative solutions to mitigate the neglected mycobacterial NTD burden and subsequently accelerate the drug discovery effort is also included. We anticipate that the state-of-the-art strategies discussed here may attract major attention from the scientific community to navigate and expand the roadmap for the discovery of next-generation therapeutics against these NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Shyam
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mersa, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Holistic
Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Holistic
Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South
African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research
Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute
of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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2
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Nguyen JDM, da Hora GCA, Swanson JMJ. Mycolactone A vs. B: Multiscale Simulations Reveal the Roles of Localization and Association in Isomer-Specific Toxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:486. [PMID: 37624243 PMCID: PMC10467071 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycolactone is an exotoxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans that causes the neglected tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer. This toxin inhibits the Sec61 translocon in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), preventing the host cell from producing several secretory and transmembrane proteins, resulting in cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects. Interestingly, only one of the two dominant isoforms of mycolactone is cytotoxic. Here, we investigate the origin of this specificity by performing extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with enhanced free energy sampling to query the association trends of the two isoforms with both the Sec61 translocon, using two distinct cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) models as references, and the ER membrane, which serves as a toxin reservoir prior to association. Our results suggest that mycolactone B (the cytotoxic isoform) has a stronger association with the ER membrane than mycolactone A due to more favorable interactions with membrane lipids and water molecules. This could increase the reservoir of toxin proximal to the Sec61 translocon. In one model of Sec61 inhibited by mycolactone, we find that isomer B interacts more closely with residues thought to play a key role in signal peptide recognition and, thus, are essential for subsequent protein translocation. In the other model, we find that isomer B interacts more closely with the lumenal and lateral gates of the translocon, the dynamics of which are essential for protein translocation. These interactions induce a more closed conformation, which has been suggested to block signal peptide insertion and subsequent protein translocation. Collectively, these findings suggest that isomer B's unique cytotoxicity is a consequence of both increased localization to the ER membrane and channel-locking association with the Sec61 translocon, facets that could be targeted in the development of Buruli Ulcer diagnostics and Sec61-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica M. J. Swanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (J.D.M.N.); (G.C.A.d.H.)
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3
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Doerksen RS, Meyer CC, Krische MJ. Feedstock Reagents in Metal-Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Minimizing Preactivation for Efficiency in Target-Oriented Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14055-14064. [PMID: 31162793 PMCID: PMC6764920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Use of abundant feedstock pronucleophiles in catalytic carbonyl reductive coupling enhances efficiency in target-oriented synthesis. For such reactions, equally inexpensive reductants are desired or, ideally, corresponding hydrogen autotransfer processes may be enacted wherein alcohols serve dually as reductant and carbonyl proelectrophile. As described in this Minireview, these concepts allow reactions that traditionally require preformed organometallic reagents to be conducted catalytically in a byproduct-free manner from inexpensive π-unsaturated precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie S. Doerksen
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry Welch Hall (A5300), 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Cole C. Meyer
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry Welch Hall (A5300), 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Chemistry Welch Hall (A5300), 105 E 24 St., Austin, TX 78712, USA
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4
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Doerksen RS, Meyer CC, Krische MJ. Feedstock Reagents in Metal‐Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Minimizing Preactivation for Efficiency in Target‐Oriented Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie S. Doerksen
- University of Texas at Austin Department of Chemistry 105 E 24th St. (A5300) Austin TX 78712-1167 USA
| | - Cole C. Meyer
- University of Texas at Austin Department of Chemistry 105 E 24th St. (A5300) Austin TX 78712-1167 USA
| | - Michael J. Krische
- University of Texas at Austin Department of Chemistry 105 E 24th St. (A5300) Austin TX 78712-1167 USA
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5
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Saint-Auret S, Abdelkafi H, Le Nouen D, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Bisseret P, Blanchard N. Modular total syntheses of mycolactone A/B and its [ 2H]-isotopologue. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7518-7522. [PMID: 28871293 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular total synthesis of mycolactone A/B, the exotoxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, has been achieved through the orchestration of several Pd-catalyzed key steps. While this route leads to a mixture of the natural product and its C12 epimer (4 : 1 ratio), this was inconsequential from the biological activity standpoint. Compared to the previously reported routes, this synthetic blueprint allows the late-stage modification of the toxin, as exemplified by the preparation of [22,22,22-2H3]-mycolactone A/B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saint-Auret
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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6
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Hwang BS, Yoon EY, Jeong EJ, Park J, Kim EH, Rho JR. Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Polyhydroxy Compound Ostreol B Isolated from the Dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata. J Org Chem 2017; 83:194-202. [PMID: 29185743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Following isolation of the polyhydroxy compound, ostreol B, from cultivated cells of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata collected in South Korea, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were employed to determine the planar chemical structure of this compound, which contained a tetrahydropyran ring, two terminal double bonds, and 21 hydroxyl groups. The absolute configurations of all stereogenic carbon centers in ostreol B were then determined through a combination of the J-based configuration analysis, rotating frame Overhauser effect correlations, and the modified Mosher method following cleavage of the 1,2-diol bonds. Ostreol B was also found to exhibit moderate cytotoxicity in HepG2, Neuro-2a and HCT-116 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyng Su Hwang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University , 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan 54150, South Korea
| | - Eun Young Yoon
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Jeong
- Department of Agronomy & Medicinal Plant Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology , JinJu 52725, South Korea
| | - Jaeyeon Park
- Environment and Resource Convergence Center, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Division of Magnetic Resonance, Korea Basic Science Institute , Ochang, Chungbuk 28119, Korea
| | - Jung-Rae Rho
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University , 558 Daehak-ro, Gunsan 54150, South Korea
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Gehringer M, Altmann KH. The chemistry and biology of mycolactones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1596-1660. [PMID: 28904608 PMCID: PMC5564285 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolactones are a group of macrolides excreted by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, which exhibit cytotoxic, immunosuppressive and analgesic properties. As the virulence factor of M. ulcerans, mycolactones are central to the pathogenesis of the neglected disease Buruli ulcer, a chronic and debilitating medical condition characterized by necrotic skin ulcers. Due to their complex structure and fascinating biology, mycolactones have inspired various total synthesis endeavors and structure-activity relationship studies. Although this review intends to cover all synthesis efforts in the field, special emphasis is given to the comparison of conceptually different approaches and to the discussion of more recent contributions. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of molecular targets and structure-activity relationships is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Saint-Auret S, Abdelkafi H, Le Nouen D, Bisseret P, Blanchard N. Synthetic strategies towards mycolactone A/B, an exotoxin secreted by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pitfalls and dead-ends pave the way to mycolactone A/B. This full account reports synthetic efforts towards this natural product that eventually culminated in a de novo total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saint-Auret
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Hajer Abdelkafi
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Didier Le Nouen
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA 4566
- 68093 Mulhouse Cedex
- France
| | - Philippe Bisseret
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire UMR 7509
- 67000 Strasbourg
- France
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Chany AC, Veyron-Churlet R, Tresse C, Mayau V, Casarotto V, Le Chevalier F, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Blanchard N. Synthetic variants of mycolactone bind and activate Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7382-95. [PMID: 25158122 DOI: 10.1021/jm5008819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactone is a complex macrolide toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of skin lesions called Buruli ulcers. Mycolactone-mediated activation of neural (N) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome proteins (WASP) induces defects in cell adhesion underpinning cytotoxicity and disease pathogenesis. We describe the chemical synthesis of 23 novel mycolactone analogues that differ in structure and modular assembly of the lactone core with its northern and southern polyketide side chains. The lactone core linked to southern chain was the minimal structure binding N-WASP and hematopoietic homolog WASP, where the number and configuration of hydroxyl groups on the acyl side chain impacted the degree of binding. A fluorescent derivative of this compound showed time-dependent accumulation in target cells. Furthermore, a simplified version of mycolactone mimicked the natural toxin for activation of WASP in vitro and induced comparable alterations of epithelial cell adhesion. Therefore, it constitutes a structural and functional surrogate of mycolactone for WASP/N-WASP-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, Université de Haute-Alsace, ENSCMu , 3 Rue A. Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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10
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Chany AC, Tresse C, Casarotto V, Blanchard N. History, biology and chemistry of Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease). Nat Prod Rep 2014; 30:1527-67. [PMID: 24178858 DOI: 10.1039/c3np70068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans infections (Buruli ulcer disease) have a long history that can be traced back 150 years. The successive discoveries of the mycobacteria in 1948 and of mycolactone A/B in 1999, the toxin responsible for this dramatic necrotic skin disease, resulted in a paradigm shift concerning the disease itself and in a broader sense, delineated an entirely new role for bioactive polyketides as virulence factors. The fascinating history, biology and chemistry of M. ulcerans infections are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute Alsace, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique, EA4566, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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11
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Porter JL, Tobias NJ, Pidot SJ, Falgner S, Tuck KL, Vettiger A, Hong H, Leadlay PF, Stinear TP. The cell wall-associated mycolactone polyketide synthases are necessary but not sufficient for mycolactone biosynthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70520. [PMID: 23894666 PMCID: PMC3720922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolactones are polyketide-derived lipid virulence factors made by the slow-growing human pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans. Three unusually large and homologous plasmid-borne genes (mlsA1: 51 kb, mlsB: 42 kb and mlsA2: 7 kb) encode the mycolactone type I polyketide synthases (PKS). The extreme size and low sequence diversity of these genes has posed significant barriers for exploration of the genetic and biochemical basis of mycolactone synthesis. Here, we have developed a truncated, more tractable 3-module version of the 18-module mycolactone PKS and we show that this engineered PKS functions as expected in the natural host M. ulcerans to produce an additional polyketide; a triketide lactone (TKL). Cell fractionation experiments indicated that this 3-module PKS and the putative accessory enzymes encoded by mup045 and mup038 associated with the mycobacterial cell wall, a finding supported by confocal microscopy. We then assessed the capacity of the faster growing, Mycobacterium marinum to harbor and express the 3-module Mls PKS and accessory enzymes encoded by mup045 and mup038. RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and cell fractionation experiments confirmed that the truncated Mls PKS multienzymes were expressed and also partitioned with the cell wall material in M. marinum. However, this heterologous host failed to produce TKL. The systematic deconstruction of the mycolactone PKS presented here suggests that the Mls multienzymes are necessary but not sufficient for mycolactone synthesis and that synthesis is likely to occur (at least in part) within the mycobacterial cell wall. This research is also the first proof-of-principle demonstration of the potential of this enzyme complex to produce tailored small molecules through genetically engineered rearrangements of the Mls modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Tobias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steffen Falgner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kellie L. Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Vettiger
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hui Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F. Leadlay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Structure-activity relationship studies on the macrolide exotoxin mycolactone of Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2143. [PMID: 23556027 PMCID: PMC3610637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycolactones are a family of polyketide-derived macrolide exotoxins produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of the chronic necrotizing skin disease Buruli ulcer. The toxin is synthesized by polyketide synthases encoded by the virulence plasmid pMUM. The apoptotic, necrotic and immunosuppressive properties of mycolactones play a central role in the pathogenesis of M. ulcerans. Methodology/Principal Findings We have synthesized and tested a series of mycolactone derivatives to conduct structure-activity relationship studies. Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and Alamar Blue-based metabolic assays were used to assess activities of mycolactones on the murine L929 fibroblast cell line. Modifications of the C-linked upper side chain (comprising C12–C20) caused less pronounced changes in cytotoxicity than modifications in the lower C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain. A derivative with a truncated lower side chain was unique in having strong inhibitory effects on fibroblast metabolism and cell proliferation at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We also tested whether mycolactones have antimicrobial activity and found no activity against representatives of Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae) or Gram-negative bacteria (Neisseria meningitis and Escherichia coli), the fungus Saccharomyces cerevisae or the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Conclusion Highly defined synthetic compounds allowed to unambiguously compare biological activities of mycolactones expressed by different M. ulcerans lineages and may help identifying target structures and triggering pathways. Buruli ulcer is a chronic necrotizing skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. The characteristic histopathological features of Buruli ulcer, severe destruction of subcutaneous tissue with minimal inflammation in the core of the lesion, are primarily attributed to the cytotoxic activity of mycolactone, the macrolide exotoxin of M. ulcerans. Different geographical lineages of M. ulcerans produce different structural variants of mycolactone. By using highly defined synthetic mycolactones, including both naturally occurring molecular species and additional non-natural variants, we have assessed the influence of the structure of the C-linked upper side chain and the lower C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain on biological activity. Changes in the lower side chain affected the cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells more profoundly than changes in the upper side chain. Mycolactone A/B had no antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and was also inactive against Saccharomyces and Dictyostelium.
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Hande SM, Kazumi Y, Lai WG, Jackson KL, Maeda S, Kishi Y. Synthesis and Structure of Two New Mycolactones Isolated from M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense. Org Lett 2012; 14:4618-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302072b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir M. Hande
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States, Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan, and Eisai, Inc., Andover, Massachsetts 01810, United States
| | - Yuko Kazumi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States, Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan, and Eisai, Inc., Andover, Massachsetts 01810, United States
| | - W. George Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States, Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan, and Eisai, Inc., Andover, Massachsetts 01810, United States
| | - Katrina L. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States, Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan, and Eisai, Inc., Andover, Massachsetts 01810, United States
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States, Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan, and Eisai, Inc., Andover, Massachsetts 01810, United States
| | - Yoshito Kishi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States, Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan, and Eisai, Inc., Andover, Massachsetts 01810, United States
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14
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Chany AC, Casarotto V, Schmitt M, Tarnus C, Guenin-Macé L, Demangel C, Mirguet O, Eustache J, Blanchard N. A diverted total synthesis of mycolactone analogues: an insight into Buruli ulcer toxins. Chemistry 2011; 17:14413-9. [PMID: 22127975 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactones are complex macrolides responsible for a severe necrotizing skin disease called Buruli ulcer. Deciphering their functional interactions is of fundamental importance for the understanding, and ultimately, the control of this devastating mycobacterial infection. We report herein a diverted total synthesis approach of mycolactones analogues and provide the first insights into their structure-activity relationship based on cytopathic assays on L929 fibroblasts. The lowest concentration inducing a cytopathic effect was determined for selected analogues, allowing a clear picture to emerge by comparison with the natural toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Caroline Chany
- Université de Haute-Alsace, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Bioorganique EA4566, 3 rue A. Werner, 68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
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15
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Gersbach P, Jantsch A, Feyen F, Scherr N, Dangy JP, Pluschke G, Altmann KH. A ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-based approach to mycolactones A/B. Chemistry 2011; 17:13017-31. [PMID: 21971832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of the mycobacterial toxins mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) has been accomplished based on a strategy built around the construction of the mycolactone core through ring-closing metathesis. By employing the Grubbs second-generation catalyst, the 12-membered core macrocycle of mycolactones, with a functionalized C2 handle attached to C11, was obtained in 60-80 % yield. The C-linked upper side chain (comprising C12-C20) was completed by a highly efficient modified Suzuki coupling between C13 and C14, while the attachment of the C5-O-linked polyunsaturated acyl side chain was achieved by Yamaguchi esterification. Surprisingly, a diene containing a simple isopropyl group attached to C11 could not be induced to undergo ring-closing metathesis. By employing fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, the synthetic mycolactones A/B (1 a/b) were demonstrated to display similar apoptosis-inducing and cytopathic effects as mycolactones A/B extracted from Mycobacterium ulcerans. In contrast, a simplified analogue with truncated upper and lower side chains was found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gersbach
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Buruli ulcer is a severe and devastating skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans infection, yet it is one of the most neglected diseases. The causative toxin, referred to as mycolactone A/B, was isolated and characterized as a polyketide-derived macrolide in 1999. The current status of the mycolactone chemistry is described, highlighting the stereochemistry assignment of mycolactone A/B; total synthesis; the structure determination of mycolactone congeners from the human pathogen M. ulcerans, the frog pathogen Mycobacterium liflandii, and the fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum; the structural diversity in the mycolactone class of natural products; the highly sensitive detection/structure-analysis of mycolactones; and some biological activity.
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Aubry S, Lee RE, Mahrous EA, Small PLC, Beachboard D, Kishi Y. Synthesis and structure of mycolactone E isolated from frog mycobacterium. Org Lett 2010; 10:5385-8. [PMID: 18975952 DOI: 10.1021/ol802233f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of mycolactone E, isolated from the frog pathogen Mycobacterium liflandii, was established via organic synthesis. Within the mycolactone family of metabolites, a structural variation has been seen only at the unsaturated fatty acid moiety thus far, and mycolactone E follows this observation. Interestingly, the absolute configuration of its unsaturated fatty acid matches that of the mycolactones from human mycobacteria, rather than the structurally more closely related mycolactone F from fish mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Aubry
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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18
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Synthesis and structure assignment of the minor metabolite arising from the frog pathogen Mycobacterium liflandii. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:1782-1785. [PMID: 20305830 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis and structure assignment of the minor metabolite present in lipid extracts of the frog pathogen Mycobacterium liflandii are reported.
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19
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Jackson KL, Li W, Chen CL, Kishi Y. Scalable and efficient synthesis of the mycolactone core. Tetrahedron 2010; 66:2263-2272. [PMID: 20228884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient, scalable, and stereoselective synthesis of the mycolactone core is reported. The synthesis consists of 14 longest linear steps, with 19% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Jackson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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20
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Spangenberg T, Kishi Y. Highly sensitive, operationally simple, cost/time effective detection of the mycolactones from the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1410-2. [PMID: 20162131 DOI: 10.1039/b924896j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A boronate-assisted fluorogenic chemosensor in a solid phase is developed, selectively to detect the mycolactones produced by the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Spangenberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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21
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Abgueguen P, Pichard E, Aubry J. L’ulcère de Buruli ou infection à Mycobacterium ulcerans. Med Mal Infect 2010; 40:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Buruli ulcer: reductive evolution enhances pathogenicity of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009; 7:50-60. [PMID: 19079352 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Buruli ulcer is an emerging human disease caused by infection with a slow-growing pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans, that produces mycolactone, a cytotoxin with immunomodulatory properties. The disease is associated with wetlands in certain tropical countries, and evidence for a role of insects in transmission of this pathogen is growing. Comparative genomic analysis has revealed that M. ulcerans arose from Mycobacterium marinum, a ubiquitous fast-growing aquatic species, by horizontal transfer of a virulence plasmid that carries a cluster of genes for mycolactone production, followed by reductive evolution. Here, the ecology, microbiology, evolutionary genomics and immunopathology of Buruli ulcer are reviewed.
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23
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Kim HJ, Jackson KL, Kishi Y, Williamson HR, Mosi L, Small PLC. Heterogeneity in the stereochemistry of mycolactones isolated from M. marinum: toxins produced by fresh vs. saltwater fish pathogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7402-4. [DOI: 10.1039/b917014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Pidot SJ, Hong H, Seemann T, Porter JL, Yip MJ, Men A, Johnson M, Wilson P, Davies JK, Leadlay PF, Stinear TP. Deciphering the genetic basis for polyketide variation among mycobacteria producing mycolactones. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:462. [PMID: 18840298 PMCID: PMC2569948 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycolactones are immunosuppressive and cytotoxic polyketides, comprising five naturally occurring structural variants (named A/B, C, D, E and F), produced by different species of very closely related mycobacteria including the human pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans. In M. ulcerans strain Agy99, mycolactone A/B is produced by three highly homologous type I polyketide megasynthases (PKS), whose genes (mlsA1: 51 kb, mlsA2: 7.2 kb and mlsB: 42 kb) are found on a 174 kb plasmid, known as pMUM001. Results We report here comparative genomic analysis of pMUM001, the complete DNA sequence of a 190 kb megaplasmid (pMUM002) from Mycobacterium liflandii 128FXT and partial sequence of two additional pMUM replicons, combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. These data reveal how PKS module and domain differences affecting MlsB correlate with the production of mycolactones E and F. For mycolactone E these differences from MlsB in M. ulcerans Agy99 include replacement of the AT domain of the loading module (acetate to propionate) and the absence of an entire extension module. For mycolactone F there is also a reduction of one extension module but also a swap of ketoreductase domains that explains the characteristic stereochemistry of the two terminal side-chain hydroxyls, an arrangement unique to mycolactone F Conclusion The mycolactone PKS locus on pMUM002 revealed the same large, three-gene structure and extraordinary pattern of near-identical PKS domain sequence repetition as observed in pMUM001 with greater than 98.5% nucleotide identity among domains of the same function. Intra- and inter-strain comparisons suggest that the extreme sequence homogeneity seen among the mls PKS genes is caused by frequent recombination-mediated domain replacement. This work has shed light on the evolution of mycolactone biosynthesis among an unusual group of mycobacteria and highlights the potential of the mls locus to become a toolbox for combinatorial PKS biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha J Pidot
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
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25
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Hong H, Demangel C, Pidot SJ, Leadlay PF, Stinear T. Mycolactones: immunosuppressive and cytotoxic polyketides produced by aquatic mycobacteria. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:447-54. [PMID: 18497894 PMCID: PMC2730631 DOI: 10.1039/b803101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycolactones are a family of highly related macrocyclic polyketides that exhibit immunosuppressive and cytotoxic properties. First discovered in 1999, they are the primary virulence factors produced by the environmental human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer, and by some closely-related aquatic mycobacteria that cause disease in fish and frogs. Mycolactones are characterized by a common 12-membered lactone core to which is appended an unsaturated fatty acyl side-chain of variable length and oxidation state. This Highlight summarizes recent progress in understanding the structural diversity of the mycolactones, their biological activity and mode of action in mammalian cells, and the genetics, evolution, and enzymology of their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
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26
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Hong H, Stinear T, Porter J, Demangel C, Leadlay PF. A novel mycolactone toxin obtained by biosynthetic engineering. Chembiochem 2008; 8:2043-7. [PMID: 17907121 PMCID: PMC2699038 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hong
- Sanger Building, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, (UK) E-mail:
| | - Tim Stinear
- Department of Microbiology, Monash UniversityWellington Road, Clayton, 3800, (Australia)
| | - Jessica Porter
- Department of Microbiology, Monash UniversityWellington Road, Clayton, 3800, (Australia)
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, (France)
| | - Peter F Leadlay
- Sanger Building, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, (UK) E-mail:
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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28
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Mandel AL, Jones BD, La Clair JJ, Burkart MD. A synthetic entry to pladienolide B and FD-895. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5159-64. [PMID: 17681759 PMCID: PMC2652656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Presented within are syntheses of the pladienolide B and FD-895 side-chains, as well as models of the essential ring-closing metathesis and Stille coupling that will be used to complete their total syntheses. Several analogs of the pladienolide B side-chain were also prepared in order to evaluate the scope of the methodology and to create a library of structures that could be used for stereochemical and SAR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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29
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Bifulco G, Dambruoso P, Gomez-Paloma L, Riccio R. Determination of relative configuration in organic compounds by NMR spectroscopy and computational methods. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3744-79. [PMID: 17649982 DOI: 10.1021/cr030733c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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30
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Abstract
First and second generation total syntheses of mycolactones A and B are reported. The first generation total synthesis unambiguously confirmed our earlier assignment of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of mycolactones A and B. Knowledge of the chemical properties of the mycolactones accumulated through the first generation total synthesis allowed us to implement several major improvements to the original synthesis, including: (1) optimizing the choice of protecting groups, (2) eliminating the unnecessary adjustment of protecting groups, and (3) improving the overall stereoselectivity and synthetic efficiency. The second generation total synthesis consists of 21 longest linear steps, with 8.8% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbin Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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31
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Torrado E, Adusumilli S, Fraga AG, Small PLC, Castro AG, Pedrosa J. Mycolactone-mediated inhibition of tumor necrosis factor production by macrophages infected with Mycobacterium ulcerans has implications for the control of infection. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3979-88. [PMID: 17517872 PMCID: PMC1951989 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00290-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenicity of Mycobacterium ulcerans, the agent of Buruli ulcer, depends on the cytotoxic exotoxin mycolactone. Little is known about the immune response to this pathogen. Following the demonstration of an intracellular growth phase in the life cycle of M. ulcerans, we investigated the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced by intramacrophage bacilli of diverse toxigenesis/virulence, as well as the biological relevance of TNF during M. ulcerans experimental infections. Our data show that murine bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with mycolactone-negative strains of M. ulcerans (nonvirulent) produce high amounts of TNF, while macrophages infected with mycolactone-positive strains of intermediate or high virulence produce intermediate or low amounts of TNF, respectively. These results are in accordance with the finding that TNF receptor P55-deficient (TNF-P55 KO) mice are not more susceptible than wild-type mice to infection by the highly virulent strains but are more susceptible to nonvirulent and intermediately virulent strains, demonstrating that TNF is required to control the proliferation of these strains in animals experimentally infected by M. ulcerans. We also show that mycolactone produced by intramacrophage M. ulcerans bacilli inhibits, in a dose-dependent manner, but does not abrogate, the production of macrophage inflammatory protein 2, which is consistent with the persistent inflammatory responses observed in experimentally infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egídio Torrado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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