1
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Prakash K, Osterloh WR, Rathi P, Kadish KM, Sankar M. Facile synthesis of antipodal β-arylaminodibromoporphyrins through Buchwald-Hartwig C-N coupling reaction and exploring their spectral and electrochemical redox properties. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Sen A, Dhital RN, Sato T, Ohno A, Yamada YMA. Switching from Biaryl Formation to Amidation with Convoluted Polymeric Nickel Catalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Sen
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Raghu N. Dhital
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuma Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Aya Ohno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi M. A. Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbańska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Miłosz Pawlicki
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Khandagale SB, Pilania M, Arun V, Kumar D. Metal-catalyzed direct heteroarylation of C-H (meso) bonds in porphyrins: facile synthesis and photophysical properties of novel meso-heteroaromatic appended porphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2097-2104. [PMID: 29511768 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00174j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A simple and rapid microwave-assisted synthesis of heteroaromatic appended porphyrins using the Pd/Cu-catalyzed C-C coupling of meso-bromoporphyrins with various five- and six-membered heteroaromatic azoles has been successfully developed. The prepared heteroaromatic porphyrins 7a-lNi were found to exhibit slightly red-shifted (∼5-10 nm) Soret and Q bands. The developed reaction conditions are useful for the preparation of diversely substituted heteroaromatic porphyrins (A3B- and A2B2-types).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh B Khandagale
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Meenakshi Pilania
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - V Arun
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, Rajasthan, India.
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5
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Hiroto S, Miyake Y, Shinokubo H. Synthesis and Functionalization of Porphyrins through Organometallic Methodologies. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2910-3043. [PMID: 27709907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the postfunctionalization of porphyrins and related compounds through catalytic and stoichiometric organometallic methodologies. The employment of organometallic reactions has become common in porphyrin synthesis. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are now standard techniques for constructing carbon-carbon bonds in porphyrin synthesis. In addition, iridium- or palladium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of porphyrins is emerging as an efficient way to install various substituents onto porphyrins. Furthermore, the copper-mediated Huisgen cycloaddition reaction has become a frequent strategy to incorporate porphyrin units into functional molecules. The use of these organometallic techniques, along with the traditional porphyrin synthesis, now allows chemists to construct a wide range of highly elaborated and complex porphyrin architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hiroto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Abstract
![]()
Pd-catalyzed
cross-coupling reactions that form C–N bonds
have become useful methods to synthesize anilines and aniline derivatives,
an important class of compounds throughout chemical research. A key
factor in the widespread adoption of these methods has been the continued
development of reliable and versatile catalysts that function under
operationally simple, user-friendly conditions. This review provides
an overview of Pd-catalyzed N-arylation reactions found in both basic
and applied chemical research from 2008 to the present. Selected examples
of C–N cross-coupling reactions between nine classes of nitrogen-based
coupling partners and (pseudo)aryl halides are described for the synthesis
of heterocycles, medicinally relevant compounds, natural products,
organic materials, and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ruiz-Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Urner LM, Sekita M, Trapp N, Schweizer WB, Wörle M, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Guldi DM, Diederich F. Systematic Variation of Cyanobuta-1,3-dienes and Expanded Tetracyanoquinodimethane Analogues as Electron Acceptors in Photoactive, Rigid Porphyrin Conjugates. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Chen Q, Zhu YZ, Fan QJ, Zhang SC, Zheng JY. Simple and Catalyst-Free Synthesis of meso-O-, -S-, and -C-Substituted Porphyrins. Org Lett 2014; 16:1590-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol500191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiao-Jun Fan
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shao-Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jian-Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Abstract
Porphyrin macrocycles have been the subject of intense study in the last century because they are widely distributed in nature, usually as metal complexes of either iron or magnesium. As such, they serve as the prosthetic groups in a wide variety of primary metabolites, such as hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes, catalases, peroxidases, chlorophylls, and bacteriochlorophylls; these compounds have multiple applications in materials science, biology and medicine. This article describes current methodology for preparation of simple, symmetrical model porphyrins, as well as more complex protocols for preparation of unsymmetrically substituted porphyrin macrocycles similar to those found in nature. The basic chemical reactivity of porphyrins and metalloporphyrin is also described, including electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions, oxidations, reductions, and metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Using the synthetic approaches and reactivity profiles presented, eventually almost any substituted porphyrin system can be prepared for applications in a variety of areas, including in catalysis, electron transport, model biological systems and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da G.H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kevin M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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10
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Esdaile LJ, Simpkins GL, Locos OB, Rintoul L, Duriska MP, Turner P, McMurtrie JC, Arnold DP. Facile dearomatisation of porphyrins using palladium-catalysed hydrazination: the 5,15-diiminoporphodimethenes and their redox products. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Mikhalitsyna EA, Tyurin VS, Khrustalev VN, Lonin IS, Beletskaya IP. Palladium-catalyzed amination of meso-(bromophenyl)porphyrins with diamines and azamacrocycles. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3563-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52685b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Convenient peripheral aroyloxylation reactions of porphyrins and chlorophyll-a-based chlorins with benzoyl peroxide. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Synthesis of porphyrinylamide and observation of N-methylation-induced trans–cis amide conformational alteration. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Abada Z, Cojean S, Pomel S, Ferrié L, Akagah B, Lormier AT, Loiseau PM, Figadère B. Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of original porphyrin precursors and derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:158-65. [PMID: 23851117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Importance of heme in African trypanosomes, Leishmania sp. and Plasmodium sp. metabolisms justifies considering the potential of porphyrins and their precursors and derivatives as potential antiparasitic agents by interfering with heme metabolism. Consequently, twenty-four porphyrin precursors and derivatives were evaluated against Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium sp. The best active compound against Trypanosoma brucei brucei was a new porphyrin derivative; compound 4i, with a MEC value of 6.25 μM justifying further in vivo evaluation. Whereas these compounds were not active against intramacrophage amastigotes of L. donovani, another new porphyrin derivative, compound 4f was active in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum at 20 nM and a slight delay of mice survival was observed on the Plasmodium berghei/Swiss mice model at 50 μmol/kg/day × 4. Pharmacomodulations should be further developed relying on a better knowledge on the porphyrin behaviour into the parasites comparatively to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abada
- UMR CNRS 8076, LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UFR de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry F-92296, France
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15
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Garai A, Nandy P, Sinha W, Purohit CS, Kar S. A new synthetic protocol for the preparation of 5-cyano-10,15,20-tris(alkoxyphenyl)porphyrins. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2013.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Takanami T. Functionalization of Porphyrins through C-C Bond Formation Reactions with Functional Group-Bearing Organometallic Reagents. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-13-775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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18
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Ladomenou K, Lazarides T, Panda MK, Charalambidis G, Daphnomili D, Coutsolelos AG. Meso-substituted Porphyrin Derivatives via Palladium-Catalyzed Amination Showing Wide Range Visible Absorption: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10548-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300714n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Ladomenou
- University of Crete, Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, PO Box 2208, Voutes
Campus, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodore Lazarides
- University of Crete, Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, PO Box 2208, Voutes
Campus, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manas K. Panda
- University of Crete, Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, PO Box 2208, Voutes
Campus, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, PO Box 2208, Voutes
Campus, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitra Daphnomili
- University of Crete, Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, PO Box 2208, Voutes
Campus, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department
of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, PO Box 2208, Voutes
Campus, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
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19
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Kitano M, Hayashi SY, Tanaka T, Aratani N, Osuka A. Facile Synthesis of meso-Arylamino- and Alkylaminosubporphyrins. Chemistry 2012; 18:8929-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Recent developments in the synthesis and transformation of porphyrins and their derivatives are presented. In connection with the Fifth International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines (ICPP-5) a survey of current method developments and reactivity studies is made. The review focuses on synthetic advances in porphyrin chemistry. A brief survey of important developments covers selectively the literature from 2004 to late 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Horn
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Katja Dahms
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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21
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Palladium-Catalyzed sp2 C–N Bond Forming Reactions: Recent Developments and Applications. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2012_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Yamashita KI, Kataoka K, Asano MS, Sugiura KI. Catalyst-Free Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution of meso-Bromoporphyrins with Azide Anion: Efficient Synthesis and Structural Analyses of meso-Azidoporphyrins. Org Lett 2011; 14:190-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202973z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kataoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Motoko S. Asano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Sugiura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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23
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Burda WN, Fields KB, Gill JB, Burt R, Shepherd M, Zhang XP, Shaw LN. Neutral metallated and meso-substituted porphyrins as antimicrobial agents against gram-positive pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 31:327-35. [PMID: 21667268 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that causes severe infections among humans. The increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of new strategies to combat the spread of disease. One approach is photodynamic inactivation using porphyrin photosensitizers, which generate superoxide and other radicals in the presence of light, causing cell death via the oxidation of proteins and lipids. In this study, we analyzed a novel library of meso-substituted and metallated porphyrins for activity against multidrug-resistant S. aureus. From a library of 251 compounds, 51 showed antimicrobial activity, in three discrete classes of activity: those that functioned only in light, those that had toxicity only in darkness, and those that displayed activity regardless of illumination. We further demonstrated the broad-spectrum activity of these compounds against a variety of pathogens, including Bacillus anthracis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) analyses of lead compounds (XPZ-263 and XPZ-271) revealed strong activity and killing towards methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. An analysis of mutation frequencies revealed low incidences of resistance to lead compounds by E. coli and MRSA. Finally, an exploration of the underlying mechanism of action suggests that these compounds do not depend solely upon light-induced radical generation for toxicity, highlighting their potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W N Burda
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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24
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Determination of the second-order 1H NMR parameters for the aromatic protons in 4-fluoroaniline and application to the analysis of the 1H NMR spectra for the aromatic protons in N4-(4′-fluorophenyl)succinamic acid and in N4-(4′-fluorophenyl)-3,3-difluorosuccinamic acid. J Fluor Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Lindhardt AT, Gøgsig TM, Gauthier D, Lupp D, Mantel MLH, Bjerglund KM, Skrydstrup T. 2-Pyridyl Tosylate Derivatives-Building Blocks for Structural Diversity via Transition Metal Catalysis. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Hilker B, Fields KB, Stern A, Space B, Zhang XP, Harmon JP. Dielectric analysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) zinc(II) mono-pinacolborane diphenylporphyrin composites. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Sergeeva NN, Bakar MB, Senge MO. Synthesis, Transformations, And Comparative Studies of Porphyryl Acrylic Acids and Their Homologues. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1488-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8021764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Sergeeva
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mohd B. Bakar
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- School of Chemistry, SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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28
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Takanami T, Wakita A, Matsumoto J, Sekine S, Suda K. An efficient one-pot procedure for asymmetric bifunctionalization of 5,15-disubstituted porphyrins: a simple preparation of mesoacyl-, alkoxycarbonyl-, and carbamoyl-substituted meso-formylporphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:101-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b817551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Birkholz MN, Freixa Z, van Leeuwen PWNM. Bite angle effects of diphosphines in C–C and C–X bond forming cross coupling reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1099-118. [PMID: 19421583 DOI: 10.1039/b806211k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandy-Nicole Birkholz
- University of Amsterdam, Institute of Molecular Chemistry, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Lin B, Liu M, Ye Z, Ding J, Wu H, Cheng J. Copper-TBAF catalyzed arylation of amines and amides with aryl trimethoxysilane. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:869-73. [DOI: 10.1039/b819510b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Shen DM, Liu C, Chen XG, Chen QY. Facile and Efficient Hypervalent Iodine(III)-Mediated meso-Functionalization of Porphyrins. J Org Chem 2008; 74:206-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801855d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Suijkerbuijk B, Klein Gebbink R. Porphyrine mit metallorganischen Gruppen: Synthese und Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Suijkerbuijk B, Klein Gebbink R. Merging Porphyrins with Organometallics: Synthesis and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7396-421. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart M. J. M. Suijkerbuijk
- Faculty of Science, Chemical Biology & Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 30‐252‐3615
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Faculty of Science, Chemical Biology & Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 30‐252‐3615
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34
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Pereira AMVM, Alonso CMA, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Silva AMS, Paz FAA, Cavaleiro JAS. A New Synthetic Approach to N-Arylquinolino[2,3,4-at]porphyrins from β-Arylaminoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7353-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800975c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. V. M. Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina M. A. Alonso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipe A. A. Paz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal, and Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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35
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Gao GY, Ruppel JV, Fields KB, Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang XP. Synthesis of Diporphyrins via Palladium-Catalyzed C−O Bond Formation: Effective Access to Chiral Diporphyrins. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4855-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800443n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Joshua V. Ruppel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Kimberly B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
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36
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Artamkina GA, Sazonov PK, Shtern MM, Grishina GV, Veselov IS, Semeikin AS, Syrbu SA, Koifman OI, Beletskaya IP. Amination of meso-bromophenyl(polyalkyl)porphyrins: Synthesis of porphyrins containing a hydroxypiperidine fragment. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428008030184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Suda K, Takanami T, Yotsukura M, Inoue W, Inoue N, Hino F. A Facil and Efficient Synthesis of Mono- and Bis-functionalized meso-Substituted Porphyrins via Palladium-Catalyzed Negishi Cross-Coupling. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(n)25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Matano Y, Shinokura T, Matsumoto K, Imahori H, Nakano H. Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior ofmeso-Sulfinylporphyrins: Evaluation of S-Chirality Effects on the Self-Organization to S–Oxo-Tethered Cofacial Porphyrin Dimers. Chem Asian J 2007; 2:1417-29. [PMID: 17893892 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and aggregation behavior of meso-sulfinylporphyrins are described. The copper-catalyzed C-S cross-coupling reaction of a meso-iodoporphyrin with benzenethiol and n-octanethiol has proved to be an efficient method for the synthesis of meso-sulfanylporphyrins, which are oxygenated by m-chloroperbenzoic acid to produce the corresponding meso-sulfinylporphyrins. Optically active zinc meso-sulfinylporphyrins were successfully isolated by means of optical resolution of the racemates on a chiral HPLC column. Zinc sulfinylporphyrins readily undergo self-organization through S-oxo-zinc coordination to form cofacial porphyrin dimers in solution, in which the hetero- and homodimers are present as a diastereomeric mixture. The aggregation modes of the S-oxo-tethered porphyrin dimers were fully characterized by 1H NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations on their model compounds, thus revealing that the self-aggregation behavior depends on the combination of S chirality. The absolute configurations at the sulfur center can be determined by the exciton-coupled CD method. The observed self-association constant for the S-oxo-tethered dimerization of (S)-phenylsulfinylporphyrin in toluene is larger than that in dichloromethane, which reflects the difference in dipole moments between the homodimer and the monomer. In cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, the first oxidation process of the cofacial dimers is split into two reversible steps, which indicates that the initially produced pi radical cations are delocalized efficiently between the two porphyrin rings. The present findings demonstrate the potential utility of meso-sulfinyl groups as promising ligands for investigating the effects of peripheral chirality on the structures and optical and electrochemical properties of metal-assisted porphyrin self-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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39
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Gao GY, Ruppel JV, Allen DB, Chen Y, Zhang XP. Synthesis of β-Functionalized Porphyrins via Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon−Heteroatom Bond Formations: Expedient Entry into β-Chiral Porphyrins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9060-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701476m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Joshua V. Ruppel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - D. Brett Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
| | - X. Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, and Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600
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40
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Fan D, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Regioselective 15-bromination and functionalization of a stable synthetic bacteriochlorin. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5350-7. [PMID: 17567079 PMCID: PMC2602880 DOI: 10.1021/jo070785s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Methoxy-8,8,18,18-tetramethyl-2,12-di-p-tolylbacteriochlorin (MeO-BC) undergoes regioselective electrophilic bromination with NBS to give the 15-bromo analogue (MeO-BC-Br15) in 85% yield. By contrast, the bacteriochlorin lacking the 5-methoxy group (8,8,18,18-tetramethyl-2,12-di-p-tolylbacteriochlorin, H-BC) gives a mixture of two monobromo- and two dibromobacteriochlorins. Deuterium exchange of both bacteriochlorins (H-BC and MeO-BC) in acidic media (TFA-d) occurs preferentially at the beta-pyrrole positions (3, 13) > unhindered meso-positions (5, 15 for H-BC; 15 for MeO-BC) > hindered meso-positions (10, 20). The 15-bromo-5-methoxybacteriochlorin MeO-BC-Br15 was subjected to three types of Pd-mediated coupling reactions (Suzuki, Sonogashira, Hartwig-Buchwald) to give six bacteriochlorins bearing functional groups at the 15-position (49% to 85% yield). The groups include 4-(tert-butoxycarbonylmethoxy)phenyl, 4-pyridyl, 3,5-diformylphenyl, phenylethynyl, TIPS-ethynyl, and N-benzamido. The presence of the 15-ethynyl moiety shifts the position of the long-wavelength Qy band from 732 nm to approximately 753 nm. The ability to introduce a range of groups at a specific site enables synthetic bacteriochlorins to be tailored for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhong Fan
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204
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41
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Chen Y, Zhang XP. Asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrenes catalyzed by metal complexes of D2-symmetrical chiral porphyrin: superiority of cobalt over iron. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5931-4. [PMID: 17590051 DOI: 10.1021/jo070997p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cobalt(II) complex of D2-symmetric chiral porphyrin [Co(1)] is an effective catalyst for highly diastereoselective and enantioselective cyclopropanation of a broad range of styrene derivatives under mild conditions. Dimerization of diazo compounds, a common side reaction in metal-mediated carbene transfer processes, is minimized in a cobalt porphyrin-based system, obviating the need to employ excess substrates and slow addition of diazo compounds. The high catalytic activity and selectivity of [Co(1)] evidently resulted from the appropriate combination of the cobalt ion and the chiral porphyrin 1 as the use of iron(III) complex of the same ligand [Fe(1)Cl] afforded the desired cyclopropane products in low yields and poor enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620-5250, USA
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42
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Soares ARM, Martínez-Díaz MV, Bruckner A, Pereira AMVM, Tomé JPC, Alonso CMA, Faustino MAF, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Silva AMS, Cavaleiro JAS, Torres T, Guldi DM. Synthesis of Novel N-Linked Porphyrin−Phthalocyanine Dyads. Org Lett 2007; 9:1557-60. [PMID: 17378573 DOI: 10.1021/ol0703635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Two types of covalently NH-linked porphyrin-phthalocyanine dyads, connected either through the meso phenyl group or the beta-pyrrolic position of the porphyrin, have been synthesized following statistical condensation methodologies for phthalocyanine preparation and palladium-catalyzed amination methods. Photophysical studies have revealed that energy transfer from the porphyrin to the phthalocyanine prevails regardless of linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R M Soares
- Universidade de Aveiro, Departamento de Química, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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43
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Shen DM, Liu C, Chen QY. Synthesis and Versatile Reactions of β-Azidotetraarylporphyrins. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200601046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Matano Y, Matsumoto K, Terasaka Y, Hotta H, Araki Y, Ito O, Shiro M, Sasamori T, Tokitoh N, Imahori H. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties ofmeso-Phosphorylporphyrins: Self-Organization through P–Oxo–Zinc Coordination. Chemistry 2007; 13:891-901. [PMID: 17042046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structures, and optical and electrochemical properties of meso-phosphorylporphyrins are described. The copper-catalyzed carbon-phosphorus cross-coupling reaction of a meso-iodoporphyrin with di-n-butyl phosphite and diphenylphosphane oxide has proved to be an efficient and general method for the synthesis of meso-phosphorylporphyrins. Zinc phosphorylporphyrins thus obtained readily undergo self-organization through P-oxo-Zn coordination to form noncovalently linked, cofacial porphyrin dimers or linear oligomers, which have been characterized by spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallographic analyses. In toluene, CH(2)Cl(2), and CHCl(3), the zinc phosphorylporphyrins exist mostly as dimers or monomers, depending on their concentrations, the temperature, and the presence of additives. The self-association constants for dimerization in toluene have been determined by UV/Vis absorption titration measurements. The meso-diphenylphosphorylporphyrin dimer displays excitonic coupling of the Soret band with a splitting energy of 940 cm(-1). Fluorescence lifetimes of the zinc phosphorylporphyrins have been found to be affected only slightly by the concentration of the solution, and by the addition of triphenylphosphane oxide, suggesting that the effect of dimerization on their photodynamics in the S(1) state is negligible. On the other hand, the effect of dimerization is clearly reflected in their electrochemical oxidation processes, as the initially produced radical cations are efficiently delocalized over the two porphyrin rings. These findings demonstrate the potential utility of meso-phosphorylporphyrins as new models for the special pair in photosynthesis and as new building blocks for porphyrin-based supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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45
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Esdaile LJ, Senge MO, Arnold DP. New palladium catalysed reactions of bromoporphyrins: synthesis and crystal structures of nickel(ii) complexes of primary 5-aminoporphyrin, 5,5′-bis(porphyrinyl) secondary amine, and 5-hydroxyporphyrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:4192-4. [PMID: 17031428 DOI: 10.1039/b608365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aminoporphyrin, secondary bis(porphyrinyl)amine and hydroxyporphyrin complexes have been isolated and characterised both spectroscopically and crystallographically from the reaction of 5-bromo-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinatonickel(ii) with hydrazine under palladium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J Esdaile
- Synthesis and Molecular Recognition Program, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, G.P.O. Box 2434, Brisbane 4001, Australia
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46
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Modified porphyrinoids from carbazates and hydrazones and the first crystal structure of a di-iminoporphodimethene. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Chen Y, Gao GY, Peter Zhang X. Palladium-mediated synthesis of novel meso-chiral porphyrins: cobalt-catalyzed cyclopropanation. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Chen Y, Fields KB, Zhang XP. Bromoporphyrins as versatile synthons for modular construction of chiral porphyrins: cobalt-catalyzed highly enantioselective and diastereoselective cyclopropanation. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:14718-9. [PMID: 15535686 DOI: 10.1021/ja044889l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5,10-Bis(2',6'-dibromophenyl)porphyrins bearing various substituents at the 10 and 20 positions were demonstrated to be versatile synthons for modular construction of chiral porphyrins via palladium-catalyzed amidation reactions with chiral amides. The quadruple carbon-nitrogen bond formation reactions were accomplished in high yields with different chiral amide building blocks under mild conditions, forming a family of D2-symmetric chiral porphyrins. Cobalt(II) complexes of these chiral porphyrins were prepared in high yields and shown to be active catalysts for highly enantioselective and diastereoselective cyclopropanation under a practical one-pot protocol (alkenes as limiting reagents and no slow addition of diazo reagents).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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49
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Gao GY, Colvin AJ, Chen Y, Zhang XP. Synthesis of meso-Arylsulfanyl- and Alkylsulfanyl-Substituted Porphyrins via Palladium-Mediated C−S Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8886-92. [PMID: 15575770 DOI: 10.1021/jo048552d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of new meso-arylsulfanyl- and alkylsulfanyl-substituted porphyrins were efficiently synthesized from direct reactions of meso-brominated porphyrins with thiols via palladium-mediated C-S bond formation. The catalytic method can be performed under mild conditions with both mono- and bis-substituted meso-bromoporphyrins as well as their zinc complexes and is suitable for different types of thiols. With the use of selenols, meso-seleno-substituted porphyrins can also be prepared similarly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA
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