1
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Zhuang Y, Pan B, Zhang Y, Tang Z, Ji X, Zhang S, Yao L, Li T, Ma W, Tan C, Luo Y. Structure-activity relationships of natural and synthetic lathyrane-based diterpenoids for suppression of NLRP3-driven inflammation and gouty arthritis. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107558. [PMID: 38878755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Lathyrane-based diterpenoid is one of the critical bioactive elements of Euphorbia lathyris L., a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammation and infection. In this study, we introduced and evaluated seven synthetic or natural lathyrane-based diterpenoids with the same core structure but notable structural variations at specific positions, for their anti-inflammatory and gout-alleviating properties. There was no significant cytotoxicity below 10 μM among the initial test of the cell counting kit 8 of the seven candidate derivatives (compounds 13 to 19) in this work. Furthermore, maintaining the acyloxy group at 15-C position and the strongly hydrophobic aryl structure at 3-C and 5-C positions, compounds 15 (Euphorbia factor L3, EFL3) and 17 strikingly inhibited the production of IL-1β related to the actuation of the inflammasome in our study. The ELISA assay indicated that the anti-inflammatory effects of EFL3 were better associated with MSU stimulation than other second-line pathways triggered by inflammasome. Further examinations on the acute paw gout model in C57BL/6 mice showed that EFL3 had a significantly inflammatory retarding effect by intraperitoneal injection. It decreased swelling volume as well as the cleavage and activation of local IL-1β and casepas-1 in the paw. To conclude, our findings reveal several potential key structure-activity relationships that govern the anti-inflammatory effects of lathyrane-type diterpenoids, the dispensable acyl group at the 15-C position, the importance of maintaining the spatial structure of the B-ring, and the potential importance of hydrophobic substituents at the 3-C position. These insights may provide guidance for the structural design of lathyrane-type agents in the future; furthermore, we found that the lathyrane-based diterpenoid EFL3 is a potential agent for gout that is expected to provide a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Pan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Green and High-value Marine Fine Chemical, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Food Inspection, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhigang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sijun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyu Tan
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Chen PX, Li LW, Xu S, Zhang GD, Feng X, Wang QZ, Guan FQ, Chen Y. Four lathyrane diterpenoids from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105965. [PMID: 38631599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Four new diterpenoids, including three secolathyrane diterpenoids (1-3) and one lathyrane diterpenoid (4), together with seven known diterpenoids, were obtained in the shelled seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. In particular, 1-3 possess a rare split ring structure, and currently only one compound with the same skeleton has been identified in E. lathyris. Compound 4 furnishes an unprecedented oxygen bridge structure. The structures were identified using various spectral techniques, including NMR, HR-ESI-MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The biosynthetic pathway of 1-4 was inferred. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activities of all compounds (1-11) were measured on three human tumor cells. New compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate cytotoxic activities against U937 cells with IC50 values of 22.18 and 25.41 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin-Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qi-Zhi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fu-Qin Guan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Eco-cultivation and High-value Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China; Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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3
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Zhang CY, Xu S, Yu L, Nie YW, Li SB, Zhu JY. Lathyrane diterpenoids from Euphorbia lathyris induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hypertrophic scar cells. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37948162 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2280736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
One new lathyrane-type diterpenoid, euphlathin A (1), and 11 known analogues (2-12), were isolated from the fruits of Euphorbia lathyris. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 1 were established by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. All diterpenoids (1-12) were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against the human hypertrophic scar (HTS) cells. Compound 1 exhibited significantly against HTS cells growth with an IC50 value of 6.33 μM. Morphological features of apoptosis were evaluated in 1-treated HTS cells. Wound healing assays indicated that 1 significantly inhibited the migration of HTS at 24 h and 48 h. Compound 1 effectively induced apoptosis of HTS, which was associated with G2/M or S phase cell cycle arrest. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the treatment by 1 significantly induced HTS cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, euphlathin A (1) has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for the treatment of hyperplastic scar therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhang
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shun Xu
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Wen Nie
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Si-Bo Li
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy Research, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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4
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Wang L, Xia H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Lin P, Lin S. Secoyanhusamine A, an Oxidatively Ring-Opened Isoquinoline Inner Salt From Corydalis yanhusuo. Front Chem 2022; 9:831173. [PMID: 35178381 PMCID: PMC8843934 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.831173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secoyanhusamine A (1), a rare rearranged seco-isoquinoline alkaloid derived from ring oxidative cleavage, was isolated from an aqueous extract of Corydalis yanhusuo tubers, together with its biosynthetic precursor dehydrocorybulbine (2). Secoyanhusamine A (1) was the first example of a highly oxidized isoquinoline inner salt resulting in a 5-(2-azanylethyl)-2-carboxylate-4-oxo-4H-pyran ring system. The biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also postulated. Secoyanhusamine A (1) exhibited potent inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with an IC50 value of 0.81 ± 0.13 μM. Molecular simulation docking demonstrated that 1 created a strong interaction with the Asp-74 residue of AChE via attractive charge of the quaternary nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
- *Correspondence: Pengcheng Lin, ; Sheng Lin,
| | - Sheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengcheng Lin, ; Sheng Lin,
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5
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Zhao Y, Zhu M, Shang H, Cheng X, Ramella D, Zhu K, Luan Y. UiO-67 Metal-organic framework immobilized Fe3+ catalyst for efficient Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A solvothermal technique was used to prepare UiO-67, a metal-organic framework based on Zirconium; immobilized Fe3+ active sites were added using a facile post-synthetic modification method. The as-synthesized catalyst UiO-67@Fe...
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6
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Huang D, Wang RM, Li W, Zhao YY, Yuan FY, Yan XL, Chen Y, Tang GH, Bi HC, Yin S. Lathyrane Diterpenoids as Novel hPXR Agonists: Isolation, Structural Modification, and Structure-Activity Relationships. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1159-1165. [PMID: 34267886 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) that orchestrates the intricate network of xeno- and endobiotic metabolism is considered as a promising therapeutic target for cholestasis. In this study, the human PXR (hPXR) agonistic bioassay-guided isolation of Euphorbia lathyris followed by the structural modification led to the construction of a lathyrane diterpenoid library (1-34). Subsequent assay of this library led to the identification of a series of potent hPXR agonists, showing better efficacy than that of typical hPXR agonist, rifampicin. The most active compound, 8, could dose-dependently activate hPXR at micromolar concentrations and significantly up-regulate the expressions of PXR downstream genes CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and MDR1. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) studied in combination with molecular modeling suggested that acyloxy at C-7 and the presence of 14-carbonyl were essential to the activity. These findings suggested that lathyrane diterpenoids could serve as a new type of hPXR agonist for future anticholestasis drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui-Min Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ying-Yuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang-Yu Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue-Long Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ye Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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7
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Xiao Y, Wang N, Wan LX, Zhou XL, Li X, Gao F. Iron-Catalyzed Skeletal Conversion of Lathyrane to Premyrsinane Euphorbia Diterpenes and Their Cytotoxic Activities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1838-1842. [PMID: 34018743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two new premyrsinane-type diterpenes (2 and 3) as diastereomers were synthesized from lathyrane-type diterpene euphorbia factor L3 (1) for the first time via an efficient Fe(acac)3-catalyzed skeleton conversion process. This conversion features a biogenetically inspired strategy that relies on a concise reductive olefin coupling involving intramolecular Michael addition with free radicals. The structures of 2 and 3 were elucidated by a combination of the interpretation of their spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The premyrsinane diterpenes 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxic activity against the 4T1 breast cancer cell line, while the parent compound euphorbia factor L3 (1) was inactive. The current results not only confirmed the biogenetic relationship between lathyranes and premyrsinanes for the first time but also suggested a novel method for the preparation of naturally rare premyrsinane diterpenes with high bioactivity from the more abundant natural lathyrane diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Neng Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Xi Wan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, People's Republic of China
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8
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Antitumor Effect of the Ethanolic Extract from Seeds of Euphorbia lathyris in Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020566. [PMID: 33572111 PMCID: PMC7915714 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The seeds of Euphorbia lathyris have been used in traditional medicine to treat various medical conditions. However, neither all of their active biocompounds nor the molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects have been described. A new ethanolic extract of defatted flour from mature seeds of Euphorbia lathyris showed a high total polyphenol content and significant antioxidant activity. Chromatographic analysis showed that esculetin, euphorbetin, gaultherin, and kaempferol-3-rutinoside were the most abundant polyphenolic bioactive compounds. Antiproliferative assays showed a high and selective antitumor activity against colon cancer cell lines (T84 and HCT-15). In addition, a significant antiproliferative activity against glioblastoma multiforme cells was also demonstrated. Its mechanism of action to induce cell death was mediated by the overexpression of caspases 9, 3, and 8, and by activation of autophagy. Interestingly, a reduction in the migration capacity of colon cancer cells and a significant antiangiogenic effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells were also demonstrated. Finally, the extract significantly reduced the subpopulations of cancer stem cells. This extract could be the basis to develop new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of colon cancer, although further experiments will be necessary to determine its in vivo effects.
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9
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Zuo Q, Mu HY, Gong Q, Ding X, Wang W, Zhang HY, Zhao WM. Diterpenoids from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris and their effects on microglial nitric oxide production. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104834. [PMID: 33513430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Four new lathyrane-type diterpenoids (1-4) and a novel macrocyclic diterpenoid (5) featuring a 5/7/7/4-fused ring system, together with seventeen known ones (6-22), were isolated from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and single crystal X-ray crystallography. These isolates were evaluated for their inhibition against nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 microglial cells. As a result, the inhibitory rates of compounds 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9-11, 13-15, 20, and 21 on NO production were more than 40% with the cell viability more than 80% at their effective concentrations. In addition, compounds 6 and 11 markedly reduced the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zuo
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yan Mu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Ding
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Min Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Yang T, Wang S, Li H, Zhao Q, Yan S, Dong M, Liu D, Chen X, Li R. Lathyrane diterpenes from Euphorbia lathyris and the potential mechanism to reverse the multi-drug resistance in HepG2/ADR cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 121:109663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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11
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Li W, Tang YQ, Sang J, Fan RZ, Tang GH, Yin S. Jatrofolianes A and B: Two Highly Modified Lathyrane Diterpenoids from Jatropha gossypiifolia. Org Lett 2019; 22:106-109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qi Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Sang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Run-Zhu Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Zhang CY, Wu YL, Zhang P, Chen ZZ, Li H, Chen LX. Anti-inflammatory Lathyrane Diterpenoids from Euphorbia lathyris. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:756-764. [PMID: 30817151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Six new lathyrane diterpenoids (1-6) and 10 known analogues (7-16), were separated from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by X-ray crystallography, and the C-2' configuration of 5 was elucidated by comparing experimental and calculated ECD data. These compounds were studied for their inhibition against nitric oxide (NO) generation induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Compounds 1-3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, and 16 displayed inhibitory effects on NO production, with IC50 values of 2.6-26.0 μM. The new compound 1 (IC50 3.0 ± 1.1 μM), with no obvious cytotoxicity, was selected for further experiments. The production of cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β, as well as the protein expression of iNOS, NF-κB, and phosphorylated IκBα, was reduced by 1 dose-dependently. These results suggested that lathyrane diterpenoids may be used as potential anti-inflammatory agents and are worth being further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Yun Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Li Wu
- Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhu A, Zhang T, Wang Q. The phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and toxicity of Euphorbia semen. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 227:41-55. [PMID: 30144497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Euphorbia semen, the dried and ripe seed of Euphorbia lathyris Linnaeus, is widely cultivated for traditional medicine use. This semen is used to expel water, help with phlegm retention, promote blood circulation, remove blood stasis, cure tinea and scabies, and treat amenorrhea, snakebites, terminal schistosomiasis, anuria and constipation. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review provides updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the local and traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological activities and toxicity of Euphorbia semen. Future research to deepen the recognition and utilization of Euphorbia semen is proposed. MATERIALS AND METHODS This article conducted a literature review on information about Euphorbia semen in multiple Internet databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley, Science Direct, Elsevier, ACS publications, SciFinder, Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Internet, until March of 2018. In this manuscript, a number of books, PhD and MSc dissertations, and Chinese Pharmacopeia were also used as references. RESULTS Approximately 240 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from Euphorbia semen, namely, diterpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, fatty acids, amino acids, and steroids. Pharmacokinetic study focused on investigating absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The chemical constituents have extensive pharmacological effects, such as diuresis and anti-hyperuricaemia, anti-inflammation, antiviral, anticancer, antioxidant, antipigmentation, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-allergic activities, as well as hepatoprotection and neuroprotection. The toxicity of Euphorbia semen, including acute toxicity, target organ irritation and cocareinogenic effects, have been reported, and the detoxification methods are reviewed. CONCLUSION Euphorbia semen has extensive pharmacological activity and excellent clinical value, along with intense intestinal irritation. Although plenty of chemical constituents have been isolated and identified, the exact pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms still need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China.
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14
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Lee JW, Jin Q, Jang H, Kim JG, Lee D, Kim Y, Hong JT, Lee MK, Hwang BY. Lathyrane-Type Diterpenoids from the Seeds of Euphorbia lathyris
L. with Inhibitory Effects on NO Production in RAW 264.7 Cells. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800144. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Qinghao Jin
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Hari Jang
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Gu Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 28160 Republic of Korea
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15
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Yun YS, Takeda Y, Fukaya H, Fuchino H, Kawahara N, Takahashi S, Takahashi Y, Inoue H. A new ent-norabietant diterpenoid from roots of Euphorbia lathyris L. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Wang JX, Wang Q, Zhen YQ, Zhao SM, Gao F, Zhou XL. Cytotoxic Lathyrane-Type Diterpenes from Seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:674-677. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xi Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Yong-Qi Zhen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Shuang-Mei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University
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17
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Teng YN, Wang Y, Hsu PL, Xin G, Zhang Y, Morris-Natschke SL, Goto M, Lee KH. Mechanism of action of cytotoxic compounds from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 41:62-66. [PMID: 29519320 PMCID: PMC6496940 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seeds of Euphorbia lathyris are used in traditional Chinese medicines for the treatment of various medical conditions. E. lathyris contains many natural diterpenes with a lathyrane skeleton. PURPOSE AND STUDY DESIGN Five lathyrane-type diterpenoids named Euphorbia factors L1, L2, L3, L8, and L9 (1-5), were investigated for cytotoxicity against A549, MDA-MB-231, KB, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines and the KB-VIN multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cell line. Also, a tetraol derivative (6) of Euphorbia factor L2 (2) was synthesized to assess the effect of hydroxy moieties. METHODS An ethanolic extract of seeds of Euphorbia lathyris was prepared and separated into petroleum ether, EtOAc, n-butanol, and n-hexane extracts. The natural diterpenes were isolated by using silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography as well as preparative thin-layer chromatography. Saponification of 2 gave tetraol derivative 6. Cytotoxic activity was determined by the sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay. Mechanism of action studies focused on the impact of compounds on the cell cycle progression as well as cell morphology. RESULTS Compound 5 exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against all cell lines, while compound 2 showed selectivity against KB-VIN. In cells treated with 3 and 5, accumulation of G1 to early S phase cells was obvious, while no effect was seen on G2/M phase. CONCLUSION Analysis of the screening data compared with compound structures suggested that the substitutions at C-3, C-5, C-7, and C-15 are critical for cytotoxicity, as well as cell type-selectivity. Furthermore, results of cytotoxic mechanism analysis demonstrated for the first time that compounds 3 and 5 disrupted normal cell cycle progression, whereas compounds 2‒5 induced obvious actin filament aggregation, as well as partial interference of the microtubule network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ning Teng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yingzi Wang
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pei-Ling Hsu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guang Xin
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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18
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Qi WY, Zhao JX, Wei WJ, Gao K, Yue JM. Quorumolides A–C, Three Cembranoids from Euphorbia antiquorum. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1041-1045. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yan Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xin Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Mai ZP, Ni G, Liu YF, Li YH, Li L, Li JY, Yu DQ. Secoheliosphanes A and B and Secoheliospholane A, Three Diterpenoids with Unusual seco-Jatrophane and seco-Jatropholane Skeletons from Euphorbia helioscopia. J Org Chem 2017; 83:167-173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Peng Mai
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Ni
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fei Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Institute
of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yuan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - De-Quan Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines,
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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20
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Van Minh N, Han BS, Choi HY, Byun J, Park JS, Kim WG. Genkwalathins A and B, new lathyrane-type diterpenes from Daphne genkwa. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:1782-1790. [PMID: 29156984 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1402322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Screening for new natural anti-neuroinflammatory compounds was performed with the traditional folk medicine Genkwa Flos, which potently inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production by LPS-activated microglial BV-2 cells. Two new lathyrane-type diterpenes, genkwalathins A (1) and B (2), and 14 known daphnane-type diterpenes (3-16) were isolated. The lathyrane-type diterpenes were isolated for the first time from the Thymelaeaceae family in this study. Compounds 1 and 2 moderately inhibited LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells without affecting cell viability, while six daphnane-type diterpenes (3, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10) potently reduced NO production with IC50 values less than 1 μM, although they did display weak cytotoxicity. A structure-activity relationship study on the daphnane-type diterpenes indicated that the stereochemistry at C-19, the benzoate group at C-20, and the epoxide moiety could be important for their anti-neuroinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Minh
- a Superbacteria Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.,b College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- d Metabolic Regulation Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Choi
- a Superbacteria Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Bio-Molecular Science , KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - JeongSu Byun
- d Metabolic Regulation Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Park
- a Superbacteria Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Bio-Molecular Science , KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gon Kim
- a Superbacteria Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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21
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Phytochemicals of Euphorbia lathyris L. and Their Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081335. [PMID: 28820480 PMCID: PMC6152288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to characterize the antioxidant capacities and phytochemicals such as phenolics and flavonoids in four parts of Euphorbia lathyris L. HPLC was employed to detect the type and content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the root, stem, seed, and testa of the plant. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were different among various parts of E. lathyris. The highest TPC were found in the testa (290.46 ± 15.09 mg of gallic acid equiv/100 g dry weight (DW)). However, the root contained the highest TFC (215.68 ± 3.10 mg of rutin equiv/g DW). Of the different antioxidant activities detected, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was highest in the testa (61.29 ± 0.29 mmol Trolox/100 g DW), but the highest FRAP antioxidant activity was found in the seed (1131.25 ± 58.68 mg FeSO4/100 g DW of free compounds and 1927.43 ± 52.13 mg FeSO4/100 g DW of bound compounds). There was a positive correlation between the total phenolic contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity in different parts of E. lathyris.
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22
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Dal Piaz F, Vera Saltos MB, Franceschelli S, Forte G, Marzocco S, Tuccinardi T, Poli G, Nejad Ebrahimi S, Hamburger M, De Tommasi N, Braca A. Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) Identifies Laurifolioside as a New Clathrin Heavy Chain Modulator. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2681-2692. [PMID: 27704815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Five new diterpenes (1-5) and a megastigmane derivative (6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia laurifolia, along with several known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by NMR, MS, and ECD and by chemical methods. A chemical proteomics drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) approach to investigate the lathyrane diterpene 1, laurifolioside, on its putative cellular target(s) was performed. Clathrin heavy chain 1, a protein mainly involved in selective uptake of proteins, viruses, and other macromolecules at the plasma membrane of cells, was identified as the major interaction partner of compound 1. The modulation of clathrin activity by 1 was studied through microscopy, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics studies, suggesting a new activity of lathyrane diterpenes in the modulation of trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Mariela Beatriz Vera Saltos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas , ESPE, Avenida General Rumiñahui s/n, Sangolqui, Ecuador
| | - Silvia Franceschelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Giovanni Forte
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University , G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Alessandra Braca
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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23
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Fan YY, Gao XH, Yue JM. Attractive natural products with strained cyclopropane and/or cyclobutane ring systems. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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24
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Fei DQ, Dong LL, Qi FM, Fan GX, Li HH, Li ZY, Zhang ZX. Euphorikanin A, a Diterpenoid Lactone with a Fused 5/6/7/3 Ring System from Euphorbia kansui. Org Lett 2016; 18:2844-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qing Fei
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le-Le Dong
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng-Ming Qi
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gai-Xia Fan
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hong Li
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yu Li
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and ‡State Key Laboratory
of Applied Organic Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Nicolaou KC, Pulukuri KK, Yu R, Rigol S, Heretsch P, Grove CI, Hale CRH, ElMarrouni A. Total Synthesis of Δ12-Prostaglandin J3: Evolution of Synthetic Strategies to a Streamlined Process. Chemistry 2016; 22:8559-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Pulukuri
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Ruocheng Yu
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Charles I. Grove
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Christopher R. H. Hale
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute; 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Abdelatif ElMarrouni
- Department of Chemistry; BioScience Research Collaborative; Rice University; 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
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26
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Simeonov SP, Nunes JPM, Guerra K, Kurteva VB, Afonso CAM. Synthesis of Chiral Cyclopentenones. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5744-893. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500504w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svilen P. Simeonov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str, bl.9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - João P. M. Nunes
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Krassimira Guerra
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanya B. Kurteva
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str, bl.9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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27
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Maslovskaya LA, Savchenko AI, Gordon VA, Reddell PW, Pierce CJ, Parsons PG, Williams CM. seco-Casbanes from the Australian Rainforest: ECD Predictions Key for Determining Remote Absolute Configuration. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Zhao JX, Shi SS, Sheng L, Li J, Yue JM. Terpenoids and Steroids from Euphorbia hypericifolia. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new triterpenoids and two new sterols, named euphyperins A-D (1–4), including an oleanane-type triterpenoid (1), a lupane-type nortriterpenoid (2), and two cholestane-type steroids (3 and 4), along with five known compounds (5–9) were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Euphorbia hypericifolia. Euphyperin B (2) represents a rare lupane-type nortriterpenoid, and euphyperin C (3) is a novel 8,14-secocholestane-type steroid. Euphyperin A (1) exhibited moderate PTP1B inhibitory activity with an IC50 = 17.05 ± 1.12 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Min Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Maslovskaya LA, Savchenko AI, Krenske EH, Gordon VA, Reddell PW, Pierce CJ, Parsons PG, Williams CM. Croton insularis introduces the seco-casbane class with EBC-329 and the first casbane endoperoxide EBC-324. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12315-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu J, Li G, Huang J, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang K, Li P, Lin R, Wang J. Lathyrane-type diterpenoids from the seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 104:79-88. [PMID: 24856111 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten lathyrane-type diterpenoids named Euphorbia Factor L12-L21 (1-10) and twelve known diterpenoids (11-22) were isolated from seeds of Euphorbia lathyris. The structures of these compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic (UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR) analyses. In addition, the configuration of Euphorbia Factor L12 (1) was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic and circular dichroism (CD) analyses. A putative biogenetic relationship to these compounds was proposed. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against C6 and MCF-7 cell lines were evaluated. Compounds 1, 5, 7, 12 and 17 exhibited considerable cytotoxic activities (IC50 12.4-36.2 μM).
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Biosynthetic Pathways
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Diterpenes/chemistry
- Diterpenes/isolation & purification
- Diterpenes/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Euphorbia/chemistry
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Medicine, Chinese Traditional
- Molecular Structure
- Plants, Medicinal
- Seeds/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of New Drug, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingya Li
- Department of New Drug, Institute of Frontier Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruichao Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China; College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, People's Republic of China.
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Qi WY, Zhang WY, Shen Y, Leng Y, Gao K, Yue JM. Ingol-type diterpenes from Euphorbia antiquorum with mouse 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibition activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1452-1458. [PMID: 24840014 DOI: 10.1021/np5002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen new ingol-type diterpenes, euphorantins A-R (1-18), along with four known analogues (19-22), were isolated from the aerial parts of Euphorbia antiquorum. Compounds 1-3 are the first examples of C-17-oxygenated ingol-type diterpenes, and compounds 16-18 represent a rare class of 2,3-di-epimers of ingols. Diterpenes 1, 14, and 22 exhibited inhibitory activities against mouse 11β-HSD1 with IC50 values of 12.0, 6.4, and 0.41 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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Zhang ZX, Qi FM, Li HH, Dong LL, Hai Y, Fan GX, Fei DQ. A New Lathyrane Diterpenoid from the Whole Plant of Euphorbia altotibetica. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.2.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Majumdar KC, Sinha B. Coinage metals (Cu, Ag and Au) in the synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Discovery of structurally diverse and bioactive compounds from plant resources in China. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1147-58. [PMID: 22941284 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the major discoveries of structurally diverse and/or biologically significant compounds from plant resources in China, mainly from the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) since the establishment of our research group in 1999. In the past decade, a large array of biologically significant and novel structures has been identified from plant resources (or TCM) in our laboratory. The structural modification of several biologically important compounds led to more than 400 derivatives, some of which exhibited significantly improved activities and provided opportunities to elucidate the structure-activity relationship of the related compound class. These findings are important for drug discovery and help us understand the biological basis for the traditional applications of these plants in TCM.
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Vasas A, Rédei D, Csupor D, Molnár J, Hohmann J. Diterpenes from European Euphorbia Species Serving as Prototypes for Natural-Product-Based Drug Discovery. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Yu
- Chinese National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Ning Hu
- Chinese National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- Chinese National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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37
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Zhu HY, Meng XY, Bao YL, Yu CL, Wu Y, Li YX. Simultaneous Determination of Lathyrane Diterpenoids by NPLC-DAD in the Seeds of Euphorbia lathyris and “ZI-JIN-DING” Pastille. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Bugarin A, Connell BT. MgI2-accelerated enantioselective Morita–Baylis–Hillman reactions of cyclopentenone utilizing a chiral DMAP catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2644-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c001977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Shi QW, Su XH, Kiyota H. Chemical and pharmacological research of the plants in genus Euphorbia. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4295-327. [PMID: 18817355 DOI: 10.1021/cr078350s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Shi
- Division of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, 050017, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, the People's Republic of China
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40
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Aoyagi Y, Yamazaki A, Nakatsugawa C, Fukaya H, Takeya K, Kawauchi S, Izumi H. Salvileucalin B, A Novel Diterpenoid with an Unprecedented Rearranged Neoclerodane Skeleton from Salvia leucantha Cav. Org Lett 2008; 10:4429-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801620u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Aoyagi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Akira Yamazaki
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nakatsugawa
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Fukaya
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Koichi Takeya
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Susumu Kawauchi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Izumi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan, Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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