1
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Chou TC, Cheng JF, Gholap AR, Huang JJK, Chen JC, Huang JK, Tseng JC. Aromatization-driven Grob-fragmentation approach toward polyazaacenes. Synthesis and amination of multi-functionalized diazapentacenes. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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Ghosh G, Belh SJ, Chiemezie C, Walalawela N, Ghogare AA, Vignoni M, Thomas AH, McFarland SA, Greer EM, Greer A. S,S-Chiral Linker Induced U Shape with a Syn-facial Sensitizer and Photocleavable Ethene Group. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:293-305. [PMID: 30113068 DOI: 10.1111/php.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a major need for light-activated materials for the release of sensitizers and drugs. Considering the success of chiral columns for the separation of enantiomer drugs, we synthesized an S,S-chiral linker system covalently attached to silica with a sensitizer ethene near the silica surface. First, the silica surface was modified to be aromatic rich, by replacing 70% of the surface groups with (3-phenoxypropyl)silane. We then synthesized a 3-component conjugate [chlorin sensitizer, S,S-chiral cyclohexane and ethene building blocks] in 5 steps with a 13% yield, and covalently bound the conjugate to the (3-phenoxypropyl)silane-coated silica surface. We hypothesized that the chiral linker would increase exposure of the ethene site for enhanced 1 O2 -based sensitizer release. However, the chiral linker caused the sensitizer conjugate to adopt a U shape due to favored 1,2-diaxial substituent orientation; resulting in a reduced efficiency of surface loading. Further accentuating the U shape was π-π stacking between the (3-phenoxypropyl)silane and sensitizer. Semiempirical calculations and singlet oxygen luminescence data provided deeper insight into the sensitizer's orientation and release. This study has lead to insight on modifications of surfaces for drug photorelease and can help lead to the development of miniaturized photodynamic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Sarah J Belh
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Callistus Chiemezie
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Niluksha Walalawela
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Ashwini A Ghogare
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Mariana Vignoni
- INIFTA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- INIFTA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Sherri A McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC
| | - Edyta M Greer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College of the City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY
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3
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Yamada Y, Nawate K, Maeno T, Tanaka K. Intramolecular strong electronic coupling in a discretely H-aggregated phthalocyanine dimer connected with a rigid linker. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8226-8228. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04335c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the first example of a discrete dimer of phthalocyanines in an H-aggregate form. Intramolecular strong electronic coupling was observed between the phthalocyanines electrochemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nawate
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Tomoaki Maeno
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
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4
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Wickham LM, Tanski JM, Nadeau JM. Crystal structure of a fluorescent C-shaped molecule containing closely stacked bithiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 73:276-279. [PMID: 28257025 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229617001991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Molecules with well-defined structures that feature closely stacked aromatic rings are important for understanding π-π interactions. A previously reported C-shaped molecule with bithiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings suspended from an aliphatic bridge that holds the aromatic rings in close proximity exists as a pair of syn and anti diastereomers. The anti isomer, namely (1α,2β,4β,5α,16α,17β,19β,20α)-1,5,16,20-tetrachloro-31,31,32,32-tetramethoxy-11,26-bis[5-(thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl]-7,14,22,29-tetraazanonacyclo[18.10.1.15,16.02,19.04,17.06,15.08,13.021,30.023,28]dotriaconta-6(15),7,9,11,13,21(30),22,24,26,28-decaene chloroform monosolvate, C48H36Cl4N4O4S4·CHCl3, whose X-ray structure is described herein, has cofacial quinoxaline rings with bithiophene rings attached on opposite sides. The molecular structure is approximately C-shaped and consists of an aliphatic spacer with a boat-shaped cyclohexane ring in the middle. The centroid-to-centroid distance between the quinoxaline rings is 3.950 (1) Å, with ring-offset distances of 0.354 (3) and 0.816 (2) Å. The pendant bithiophene rings are oriented parallel to one another, which results from the thiophene rings connected to the quinoxaline rings being oriented such that their S atoms are rotated inward toward one another, but are not overlapped. Intermolecular packing is largely governed by van der Waals forces and a few weak C-H...X (X = N or O) interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wickham
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, USA
| | - Joseph M Tanski
- Department of Chemistry, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Jocelyn M Nadeau
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, USA
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5
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Synthesis and spectroscopic studies of highly fluorescent, solvatochromic diastereomers with differentially stacked bithiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Zhang Z, Dai Z, Jiang X. Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Dicarbonylation of Indoles toward Solvatochromic Fluorescent Indole-Substituted Quinoxalines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeguang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process; East China Normal University; 3663 North Zhongshan Rd. Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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7
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Synthesis and molecular assembly of benzenoid ring-mounted U-shaped septuple-bridged [7,7]orthocyclophanes walled by cofacial quinoxaline rings. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Quinoxaline-walled π-stacking molecules: synthesis, conformation, and luminescence properties. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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DeBlase CR, Finke RT, Porras JA, Tanski JM, Nadeau JM. C-shaped diastereomers containing cofacial thiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings: synthesis, photophysical properties, and X-ray crystallography. J Org Chem 2014; 79:4312-21. [PMID: 24773090 DOI: 10.1021/jo500053m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of two diastereomeric C-shaped molecules containing cofacial thiophene-substituted quinoxaline rings are described. A previously known bis-α-diketone was condensed with an excess of 4-bromo-1,2-diaminobenzene in the presence of zinc acetate to give a mixture of two C-shaped diastereomers with cofacial bromine-substituted quinoxaline rings. After chromatographic separation, thiophene rings were installed by a microwave-assisted Suzuki coupling reaction, resulting in highly emissive diastereomeric compounds that were studied by UV-vis, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography. The unique symmetry of each diastereomer was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. NMR data indicated that the syn isomer has restricted rotation about the bond connecting the thiophene and quinoxaline rings, which was also observed in the solid state. The spectroscopic properties of the C-shaped diastereomers were compared to a model compound containing only a single thiophene-substituted quinoxaline ring. Ground state intramolecular π-π interactions in solution were detected by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Red-shifted emission bands, band broadening, and large Stokes shifts were observed, which collectively suggest excited state π-π interactions that produce excimer-like emissions, as well as a remarkable positive emission solvatochromism, indicating charge-transfer character in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R DeBlase
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
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10
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Liu QX, Yao ZQ, Zhao XJ, Zhao ZX, Wang XG. NHC Metal (Silver, Mercury, and Nickel) Complexes Based on Quinoxaline–Dibenzimidazolium Salts: Synthesis, Structural Studies, and Fluorescent Chemosensors for Cu2+ by Charge Transfer. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400277z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xiang Liu
- Tianjin Key
Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Quan Yao
- Tianjin Key
Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Zhao
- Tianjin Key
Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhao
- Tianjin Key
Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Guang Wang
- Tianjin Key
Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules,
Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry,
Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Chou TC, Lin KC, Kon-no M, Lee CC, Shinmyozu T. Quinoxaline-Embedded Polyacenoquinone Esters: Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Crystal Structure. Org Lett 2011; 13:4588-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2017774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teh-Chang Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Kuen-Cheng Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Masaru Kon-no
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Chih-Ching Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Teruo Shinmyozu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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12
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Chou TC, Wu RT, Liao KC, Wang CH. N-1- and N-2-Anthryl Succinimide Derivatives: C–N Bond Rotational Behaviors and Fluorescence Energy Transfer. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6813-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200665v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teh-Chang Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Tsung Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Ching Liao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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13
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Chou TC, Liao KC. Quinoxaline-annelated Z-shaped quadruple-bridged orthocyclophanes: synthesis and crystal structures. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Tenbusch ME, Brooker MD, Timmerman JC, Jones DS, Etzkorn M. anti-1′,6′,7′,8′,9′,14′,15′,16′-Octachlorodispiro[1,3-dioxolane-2,17′-pentacyclo[12.2.1.1 6,9.0 2,13.0 5,10]octadecane-18′,2′′-1,3-dioxolane]-7′,15′-diene. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1882. [PMID: 21588218 PMCID: PMC3007477 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810024669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C22H20Cl8O4, was prepared as part of the synthesis of precursors for the preparation of fluorinated molecular tweezers. The molecule sits on an inversion center, thus requiring that the cyclooctane ring adopt a chair conformation.
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15
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Etzkorn M, Timmerman JC, Brooker MD, Yu X, Gerken M. Preparation, structures and preliminary host-guest studies of fluorinated syn-bis-quinoxaline molecular tweezers. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:39. [PMID: 20502656 PMCID: PMC2874330 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of polycyclic frameworks with fluorinated syn-facial quinoxaline sidewalls has been prepared as potential molecular tweezers for electron-rich guest compounds. Our synthetic route to the cyclooctadiene-derived scaffolds 16a-d takes advantage of the facile isolation of a novel spirocyclic precursor 9b with the crucial syn-orientation of its two alkene moieties. The crystal structure of 16c displays two features typical of a molecular tweezer: inclusion of a solvent molecule in the molecular cleft and self-association of the self-complementary scaffolds. Furthermore, host-guest NMR studies of compound 16c in solution show chemical exchange between the unbound and bound electron-rich guest, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Etzkorn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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16
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Chou TC, Lin KC, Wu CA. Quinoxaline-based U-shaped septuple-bridged [7,7]orthocyclophanes: synthesis, solid-state structure, and self-assembly. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Khan FA, Sudheer C. Ruthenium-Mediated Oxidation under Buffered Conditions: A Simple and Useful Protocol for the Synthesis of Norbornyl α-Diketones with Acid Sensitive Functionalities. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Ganesh NV, Jayaraman N. Synthesis of Aryl, Glycosyl, and Azido Septanosides through Ring Expansion of 1,2-Cyclopropanated Sugars. J Org Chem 2008; 74:739-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801967s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Vijaya Ganesh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - N. Jayaraman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Chou TC, Lin GH, Wu SC, Bahekar SS. Synthesis of Endo,Endo-2.9-Dihydroxypentacyclo-[8.4.0.0 3,8.0 4,14.0 7,11]Tetradeca-5,12-Diene. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Vara Y, Aldaba E, Arrieta A, Pizarro JL, Arriortua MI, Cossío FP. Regiochemistry of the microwave-assisted reaction between aromatic amines and α-bromoketones to yield substituted 1H-indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1763-72. [DOI: 10.1039/b719641e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Singh NJ, Jun EJ, Chellappan K, Thangadurai D, Chandran RP, Hwang IC, Yoon J, Kim KS. Quinoxaline−Imidazolium Receptors for Unique Sensing of Pyrophosphate and Acetate by Charge Transfer. Org Lett 2007; 9:485-8. [PMID: 17249793 DOI: 10.1021/ol062849b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] Quinoxaline derivatives (1-4) bearing two imidazolium moieties are found to strongly bind anions and show unique charge-transfer fluorescent responses to pyrophosphate and acetate, whereas they show excimer formation with other anions. Anion-binding studies are investigated with fluorescence and 1H NMR analysis, single-crystal X-ray analysis, and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jiten Singh
- Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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