1
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Pipaliya BV, Trofimova DN, Grange RL, Aeluri M, Deng X, Shah K, Craig AW, Allingham JS, Evans PA. Truncated Actin-Targeting Macrolide Derivative Blocks Cancer Cell Motility and Invasion of Extracellular Matrix. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6847-6854. [PMID: 33938740 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex process involving highly motile tumor cells that breach tissue barriers, enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system, and disseminate throughout the body as circulating tumor cells. The primary cellular mechanism contributing to these critical events is the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Mycalolide B (MycB) is an actin-targeting marine macrolide that can suppress proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast and ovarian cancer cells at low nanomolar doses. Through structure-activity relationship studies focused on the actin-binding tail region (C24-C35) of MycB, we identified a potent truncated derivative that inhibits polymerization of G-actin and severs F-actin by binding to actin's barbed end cleft. Biological analyses of this miniature MycB derivative demonstrate that it causes a rapid collapse of the actin cytoskeleton in ovarian cancer cells and impairs cancer cell motility and invasion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by inhibiting invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation. These studies provide essential proof-of-principle for developing actin-targeting therapeutic agents to block cancer metastasis and establish a synthetically tractable barbed end-binding pharmacophore that can be further improved by adding targeting groups for precision drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin V Pipaliya
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Daria N Trofimova
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Grange
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Madhu Aeluri
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xu Deng
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Kavan Shah
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrew W Craig
- Cancer Biology & Genetics Division, Queen's Cancer Research Institute, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - John S Allingham
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Andrew Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston ON K7L 3N6, Canada.,Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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2
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Zhang D, Cai H, Chen Y, Yin L, Zhong J, Zhang Y, Zhang QF. Ring Opening of Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Acyclic 1,3-Diketones for the Synthesis of 1,6-Dicarbonyl Compounds. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14262-14270. [PMID: 33115228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1,6-Dicarbonyl compounds, representing the formal addition products of the α-position of acetophenone derivatives to donor-acceptor cyclopropanes, were synthesized in two steps via first ring opening of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes with acyclic 1,3-diketones followed by DBU catalyzed retro-Claisen-type C-C bond cleavage reactions. In the first step, acyclic 1,3-diketones selectively worked as C-nucleophiles to add to donor-acceptor cyclopropanes. In the second step, the alkyl ketone part of the ring-opening products resulting from unsymmetrical 1,3-diketones was selectively cleaved in the presence of DBU in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Hu Cai
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Junchao Zhong
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
| | - Qian-Feng Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Anhui University of Technology, No. 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan, Anhui 243002, China
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3
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Bandaru A, Si D, Kaliappan KP. Synthesis of C
1
−C
9
and C
10
−C
21
Fragments of (−)‐Dolabriferol. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anandaraju Bandaru
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Debjani Si
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Krishna P. Kaliappan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076 India
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4
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Ohtawa M, Shimizu E, Saito A, Sakamoto S, Waki A, Kondo A, Yagi A, Uchida R, Tomoda H, Nagamitsu T. Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of Simpotentin, a Potentiator of Amphotericin B Activity. Org Lett 2019; 21:5596-5599. [PMID: 31246478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of simpotentin (1), a new potentiator of amphotericin B activity against Candida albicans, was achieved. Our research results enabled the access of all stereoisomers of 1 and the elucidation of the unknown absolute configuration of 1. Furthermore, one of the stereoisomers is a better amphotericin B potentiator than 1 and is an excellent lead compound for the development of a novel amphotericin B potentiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ohtawa
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Eri Shimizu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Sayuri Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Ai Waki
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Ariko Kondo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Akiho Yagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku , Sendai-shi , Miyagi 891-8558 , Japan
| | - Ryuji Uchida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University , 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku , Sendai-shi , Miyagi 891-8558 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomoda
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Tohru Nagamitsu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Natural Products Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
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5
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Scheeff
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dirk Menche
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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7
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Gantasala N, Borra S, Pabbaraja S. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of the Non-Contiguous Polyketide Natural Product (-)-Dolabriferol. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Gantasala
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; 500007 Tarnaka, Hyderabad - Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Anusandhan Bhawan; 2-Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Suresh Borra
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; 500007 Tarnaka, Hyderabad - Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Anusandhan Bhawan; 2-Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
| | - Srihari Pabbaraja
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; 500007 Tarnaka, Hyderabad - Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR); Anusandhan Bhawan; 2-Rafi Marg 110001 New Delhi India
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8
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9
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Karagiannis A, Diddi N, Ward DE. On the Origin of Dolabriferol: Total Synthesis via Its Putative Contiguous Precursor. Org Lett 2016; 18:3794-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Karagiannis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Naveen Diddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Dale E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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10
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Gesinski MR, Brenzovich WE, Staben ST, Srinilta DJ, Toste FD. A divergent/convergent approach to dolabriferol: the Kornblum–DeLaMare enantiomeric resolution. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Shen ZL, Peng Z, Yang CM, Helberg J, Mayer P, Marek I, Knochel P. Highly Diastereoselective Preparation of Aldol Products Using New Functionalized Allylic Aluminum Reagents. Org Lett 2014; 16:956-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403692k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Shen
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Zhihua Peng
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Chun-Ming Yang
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Julian Helberg
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat
Family
Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and
Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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12
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - M. Mehdi Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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14
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Jiménez-Romero C, González K, Rodríguez AD. Dolabriferols B and C, non-contiguous polypropionate esters from the tropical sea hare Dolabrifera dolabrifera. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:6641-6645. [PMID: 23264703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Caribbean mollusc Dolabrifera dolabrifera from Puerto Rico contains two new propionate-derived metabolites, dolabriferol B and C (2 and 3), in addition to the known compound dolabriferol (1). The structures of dolabriferol B (2) and C (3) were established by comparison of their spectral data with those of 1, and the absolute configuration of 2 was determined from chemical degradation studies. The structure of dolabriferol C (3) was confirmed by X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, PO Box 23346, UPR Station, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
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15
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Currie RH, Goodman JM. In Silico Inspired Total Synthesis of (−)-Dolabriferol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201109080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Currie RH, Goodman JM. In Silico Inspired Total Synthesis of (−)-Dolabriferol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4695-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201109080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Becerril-Jiménez F, Ward DE. On the Origin of Siphonariid Polypropionates: Total Synthesis of Caloundrin B and Its Isomerization to Siphonarin B. Org Lett 2012; 14:1648-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300432y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Becerril-Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Dale E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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18
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Abstract
Hoiamide C was synthesized in 16 steps with an overall yield of 1.8% starting from homoallylic alcohol 18, unambiguously confirming its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Exner CJ, Laclef S, Poli F, Turks M, Vogel P. Total Asymmetric Syntheses of β-Hydroxy-δ-lactones via Umpolung with Sulfur Dioxide. J Org Chem 2011; 76:840-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia J. Exner
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Laclef
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Poli
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maris Turks
- Faculty of Material Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis (LGSA), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Laclef S, Turks M, Vogel P. Totalsynthese und Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration von (−)-Dolabriferol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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21
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Laclef S, Turks M, Vogel P. Total Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of (−)-Dolabriferol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8525-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Beye GE, Ward DE. On the Origin of Siphonariid Polypropionates: Total Synthesis of Baconipyrone A, Baconipyrone C, and Siphonarin B via their Putative Common Precursor. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:7210-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102356j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrison E. Beye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Dale E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C. Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154 13084-971,Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Airton G. Salles
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154 13084-971,Campinas, SP, Brazil
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24
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Beye GE, Goodman JM, Ward DE. Synthetic Studies on Siphonariid Polypropionates: Synthesis and Isomerization of the Caloundrin B Trioxaadamantane Ring System. Org Lett 2009; 11:1373-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900192q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garrison E. Beye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada, and University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jonathan M. Goodman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada, and University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dale E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada, and University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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25
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Clark JH, Farmer TJ, Macquarrie DJ. The derivatization of bioplatform molecules by using KF/alumina catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:1025-1027. [PMID: 19842156 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James H Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
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26
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Pelchat N, Caron D, Chênevert R. Enantioselective Synthesis of the Alcohol Moiety of Dolabriferol. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8484-8. [PMID: 17910505 DOI: 10.1021/jo701524p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dolabriferol is a marine polypropionate characterized by an unusual noncontiguous carbon backbone. The two polypropionate subunits are linked by an ester function. The protected alcohol moiety of dolabriferol was synthesized via the enzymatic desymmetrization of meso-(anti-anti)-2,4-dimethyl-1,3,5-pentanetriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pelchat
- Département de chimie, CREFSIP, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4
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