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Smyrnov V, Waser J. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Functionalization of Cyclopropenes via Cyclopropenium Cation Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404265. [PMID: 38802318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic decarboxylative functionalization of cyclopropenes is reported. Starting from a broad range of redox-active ester-substituted cyclopropenes, cyclopropenylphthalimides can be synthesized in the absence of a nucleophile. Alternatively, different carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles can be introduced. The transformation proceeds most probably through the formation of an aromatic cyclopropenium cation, followed by trapping with the nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Smyrnov
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Prasad Raiguru B, Nayak S, Ranjan Mishra D, Das T, Mohapatra S, Priyadarsini Mishra N. Synthetic Applications of Cyclopropene and Cyclopropenone: Recent Progress and Developments. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Department of ChemistryRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha India
| | | | - Tapaswini Das
- Department of ChemistryRavenshaw University Cuttack Odisha India
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Kumar P, Huang W, Shukhman D, Camarda FM, Laughlin ST. Stable cyclopropene-containing analogs of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The bioorthogonal reaction toolbox contains approximately two-dozen unique chemistries that permit selective tagging and probing of biomolecules. Over the past two decades, significant effort has been devoted to optimizing and discovering bioorthogonal reagents that are faster, fluorogenic, and orthogonal to the already existing bioorthogonal repertoire. Conversely, efforts to explore bioorthogonal reagents whose reactivity can be controlled in space and/or time are limited. The "activatable" bioorthogonal reagents that do exist are often unimodal, meaning that their reagent's activation method cannot be easily modified to enable activation with red-shifted wavelengths, enzymes, or metabolic-byproducts and ions like H2O2 or Fe3+. Here, we summarize the available activatable bioorthogonal reagents with a focus on our recent addition: modular caged cyclopropenes. We designed caged cyclopropenes to be unreactive to their bioorthogonal partner until they are activated through the removal of the cage by light, an enzyme, or another reaction partner. To accomplish this, their structure includes a nitrogen atom at the cyclopropene C3 position that is decorated with the desired caging group through a carbamate linkage. This 3-N cyclopropene system can allow control of cyclopropene reactivity using a multitude of already available photo- and enzyme-caging groups. Additionally, this cyclopropene scaffold can enable metabolic-byproduct or ion activation of bioorthogonal reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Scott T Laughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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Kumar P, Jiang T, Li S, Zainul O, Laughlin ST. Caged cyclopropenes for controlling bioorthogonal reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:4081-4085. [PMID: 29790564 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal ligations have been designed and optimized to provide new experimental avenues for understanding biological systems. Generally, these optimizations have focused on improving reaction rates and orthogonality to both biology and other members of the bioorthogonal reaction repertoire. Less well explored are reactions that permit control of bioorthogonal reactivity in space and time. Here we describe a strategy that enables modular control of the cyclopropene-tetrazine ligation. We developed 3-N-substituted spirocyclopropenes that are designed to be unreactive towards 1,2,4,5-tetrazines when bulky N-protecting groups sterically prohibit the tetrazine's approach, and reactive once the groups are removed. We describe the synthesis of 3-N spirocyclopropenes with an appended electron withdrawing group to promote stability. Modification of the cyclopropene 3-N with a bulky, light-cleavable caging group was effective at stifling its reaction with tetrazine, and the caged cyclopropene was resistant to reaction with biological nucleophiles. As expected, upon removal of the light-labile group, the 3-N cyclopropene reacted with tetrazine to form the expected ligation product both in solution and on a tetrazine-modified protein. This reactivity caging strategy leverages the popular carbamate protecting group linkage, enabling the use of diverse caging groups to tailor the reaction's activation modality for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.
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Kumar P, Shukhman D, Laughlin ST. A photocaged, cyclopropene-containing analog of the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate. Tetrahedron Lett 2016; 57:5750-5752. [PMID: 30245532 PMCID: PMC6150495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substituted cyclopropenes serve as compact biorthogonal appendages that enable analysis of biomolecules in complex systems. Neurotransmitters, a chemically diverse group of biomolecules that control neuron excitation and inhibition, are not among the systems that have been studied using biorthogonal chemistry. Here we describe the synthesis of cyclopropene-containing analogs of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate starting from a Garner's aldehyde-derived alkyne. The deprotected cyclopropene glutamate was stable in solution but decomposed upon concentration. Appending a light-cleavable group improved the stability of the cyclopropene while simultaneously caging the neurotransmitter. This strategy has the potential to permit deployment of cyclopropene-modified glutamate as a bioorthogonal probe of the neurotransmitter glutamate in vivo with spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - David Shukhman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Scott T Laughlin
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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Edwards A, Rubin M. Efficient one-pot synthesis of 1-arylcycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxamides. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2883-90. [PMID: 26864495 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An expeditious and cost-efficient method for synthesis of 1-arylcycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxamides was developed. This one-pot protocol involving coupling of amines with acyl chlorides, generated upon treatment of cyclopenylcarboxylic acids with oxalyl chloride, is applicable for the preparation of sensitive products with a reactive, unsubstituted strained double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA.
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA. and Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus State University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russian Federation
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Howard KT, Chisholm JD. Preparation and Applications of 4-Methoxybenzyl Esters in Organic Synthesis. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2016; 48:1-36. [PMID: 27546912 DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2016.1127096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Howard
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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Zhang M, Luo F, Gong Y. Stereoselective Cascade Formal Nucleophilic Substitution and Mannich Reaction of Ethyl 2-Aroyl-1-chlorocyclopropanecarboxylates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1335-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402739f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People’s Republic of China
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Efficient one-pot synthesis of biologically interesting diverse furo[2,3-b]pyran-6-ones by rhodium(II)-catalyzed cascade reactions of diazo compound with ethynyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Clayden J, Donnard M, Lefranc J, Tetlow DJ. Quaternary centres bearing nitrogen (α-tertiary amines) as products of molecular rearrangements. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:4624-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Simaan S, Masarwa A, Zohar E, Stanger A, Bertus P, Marek I. Cyclopropenylcarbinol Derivatives as New Versatile Intermediates in Organic Synthesis: Application to the Formation of Enantiomerically Pure Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives. Chemistry 2009; 15:8449-8464. [PMID: 19609999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samah Simaan
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, and the Lise Meitner-Minerva, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel), Fax: (+972) 4 829 3709
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, and the Lise Meitner-Minerva, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel), Fax: (+972) 4 829 3709
| | - Elinor Zohar
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, and the Lise Meitner-Minerva, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel), Fax: (+972) 4 829 3709
| | - Amnon Stanger
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, and the Lise Meitner-Minerva, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel), Fax: (+972) 4 829 3709
| | - Philippe Bertus
- CNRS UMR 6011, Unite de Chimie Organique et Moleculaire (UCO2M), Universite du Maine, Avenue O. Messian, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9 (France)
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, and the Lise Meitner-Minerva, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000 (Israel), Fax: (+972) 4 829 3709
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Tarwade V, Dmitrenko O, Bach RD, Fox JM. The Curtius rearrangement of cyclopropyl and cyclopropenoyl azides. A combined theoretical and experimental mechanistic study. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8189-97. [PMID: 18826325 PMCID: PMC2653059 DOI: 10.1021/jo801104t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical study addresses the concertedness of the thermal Curtius rearrangement. The kinetics of the Curtius rearrangements of methyl 1-azidocarbonyl cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylate and methyl 1-azidocarbonyl cyclopropane-1-carboxylate were studied by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and there is close agreement between calculated and experimental enthalpies and entropies of activation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) on these same acyl azides suggest gas phase barriers of 27.8 and 25.1 kcal/mol. By comparison, gas phase activation barriers for the rearrangement of acetyl, pivaloyl, and phenyl azides are 27.6, 27.4, and 30.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The barrier for the concerted Curtius reaction of acetyl azide at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) level exhibited a comparable activation energy of 26.3 kcal/mol. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) analyses suggest that all of the rearrangements occur by a concerted pathway with the concomitant loss of N2. The lower activation energy for the rearrangement of methyl 1-azidocarbonyl cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylate relative to methyl 1-azidocarbonyl cyclopropane-1-carboxylate was attributed to a weaker bond between the carbonyl carbon and the three-membered ring in the former compound. Calculations on the rearrangement of cycloprop-2-ene-1-oyl azides do not support pi-stabilization of the transition state by the cyclopropene double bond. A comparison of reaction pathways at the CBS-QB3 level for the Curtius rearrangement versus the loss of N2 to form a nitrene intermediate provides strong evidence that the concerted Curtius rearrangement is the dominant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Tarwade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803
| | - Olga Dmitrenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803
| | - Robert D. Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803
| | - Joseph M. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19803
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Fisher LA, Fox JM. Studies on the stability of cycloprop-2-ene carboxylate dianions and reactions with electrophiles. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8474-8. [PMID: 18850746 PMCID: PMC2696164 DOI: 10.1021/jo801683n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dianions are generated from alkyllithium reagents and cycloprop-2-ene carboxylic acids, and these dianions can be functionalized by electrophiles at the vinylic position. In a previous report, we described that such dianions could be generated and reacted with electrophiles in Et2O or THF. Upon further study, it was found that there were reproducibility issues for those reactions that were carried out in Et2O. Working under the assumption that an impurity may have promoted these reactions, a detailed study was undertaken to determine the effect of variables on the generation, stability, and reactivity of cycloprop-2-ene carboxylate dianions. It has been found that certain additives can have a substantial effect on the chemistry of cycloprop-2-ene carboxylate dianions. In particular, it was determined that amine N-oxide additives have a beneficial effect both on the stability of cycloprop-2-ene carboxylate dianions and on the rates that such dianions undergo alkylation. Conditions for reacting dianions with a broad range of electrophiles are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laural A. Fisher
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Joseph M. Fox
- Brown Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Levin A, Marek I. Cyclopropenyllithiums as a new source of 1,1-bismetalated cyclopropyl derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:4300-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b807635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Marek I, Simaan S, Masarwa A. Enantiomerically enriched cyclopropene derivatives: versatile building blocks in asymmetric synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7364-76. [PMID: 17663496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically enriched cyclopropene derivatives, the smallest possible unsaturated carbocycles, are of great synthetic interest since they serve as versatile reactive building blocks. Their reactivity results from the relief of the ring strain in the small molecule. They can be transformed into a wide variety of complex chiral structures and a special emphasis will be directed towards the preparation of enantiomerically enriched methylene- and alkylidenecyclopropane derivatives. The ready availability of a wide range of these chiral entities now provides an excellent opportunity to discover new and unique transformations that can further enrich mainstream synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Marek I, Simaan S, Masarwa A. Enantiomerenangereicherte Cyclopropene: vielseitige Bausteine in der asymmetrischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A Practical Gold-Catalyzed Route to 4-Substituted Oxazolidin-2-ones fromN-Boc Propargylamines. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Boyd E, Chavda S, Eames J, Yohannes Y. Parallel kinetic resolution of 2-methoxy and 2-phenoxy-substituted carboxylic acids using a combination of quasi-enantiomeric oxazolidinones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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