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Corrigan N, Shanmugam S, Xu J, Boyer C. Photocatalysis in organic and polymer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6165-6212. [PMID: 27819094 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00185h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review, with over 600 references, summarizes the recent applications of photoredox catalysis for organic transformation and polymer synthesis. Photoredox catalysts are metallo- or organo-compounds capable of absorbing visible light, resulting in an excited state species. This excited state species can donate or accept an electron from other substrates to mediate redox reactions at ambient temperature with high atom efficiency. These catalysts have been successfully implemented for the discovery of novel organic reactions and synthesis of added-value chemicals with an excellent control of selectivity and stereo-regularity. More recently, such catalysts have been implemented by polymer chemists to post-modify polymers in high yields, as well as to effectively catalyze reversible deactivation radical polymerizations and living polymerizations. These catalysts create new approaches for advanced organic transformation and polymer synthesis. The objective of this review is to give an overview of this emerging field to organic and polymer chemists as well as materials scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Zhao G, Kaur S, Wang T. Visible-Light-Mediated Thiol–Ene Reactions through Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2017; 19:3291-3294. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Sarbjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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Wu X, Meng C, Yuan X, Jia X, Qian X, Ye J. Transition-metal-free visible-light photoredox catalysis at room-temperature for decarboxylative fluorination of aliphatic carboxylic acids by organic dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:11864-7. [PMID: 26111079 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04527d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report herein an efficient, general and green method for decarboxylative fluorination of aliphatic carboxylic acids. By using a transition-metal-free, organocatalytic photoredox system, the reaction of various aliphatic carboxylic acids with the Selectfluor reagent afforded the corresponding alkyl fluorides in satisfactory yields under visible light irradiation at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Load, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Xiang M, Meng QY, Gao XW, Lei T, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Reactivity and mechanistic insight into the cross coupling reaction between isochromans and β-keto esters through C–H bond activation under visible light irradiation. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00412h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond next to an oxygen atom from two different C–H bonds is realized by oxidative photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Wang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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Fukuzumi S, Ohkubo K. Organic synthetic transformations using organic dyes as photoredox catalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6059-71. [PMID: 24984977 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidizing ability of organic dyes is enhanced significantly by photoexcitation. Radical cations of weak electron donors can be produced by electron transfer from the donors to the excited states of organic dyes. The radical cations thus produced undergo bond formation reactions with various nucleophiles. For example, the direct oxygenation of benzene to phenol was made possible under visible-light irradiation of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) in an oxygen-saturated acetonitrile solution of benzene and water via electron transfer from benzene to the triplet excited state of DDQ. 3-Cyano-1-methylquinolinium ion (QuCN(+)) can also act as an efficient photocatalyst for the selective oxygenation of benzene to phenol using oxygen and water under homogeneous and ambient conditions. Alkoxybenzenes were also obtained when water was replaced by alcohol under otherwise identical experimental conditions. QuCN(+) can also be an effective photocatalyst for the fluorination of benzene with O2 and fluoride anion. Photocatalytic selective oxygenation of aromatic compounds was achieved using an electron donor-acceptor-linked dyad, 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion (Acr(+)-Mes), as a photocatalyst and O2 as the oxidant under visible-light irradiation. The electron-transfer state of Acr(+)-Mes produced upon photoexcitation can oxidize and reduce substrates and dioxygen, respectively, leading to the selective oxygenation and halogenation of substrates. Acr(+)-Mes has been utilized as an efficient organic photoredox catalyst for many other synthetic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, ALCA, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Oxygenation and chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons with hydrochloric acid photosensitized by 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium under visible light irradiation. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yamada Y, Maeda K, Ohkubo K, Karlin KD, Fukuzumi S. Improvement of durability of an organic photocatalyst in p-xylene oxygenation by addition of a Cu(II) complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9654-9. [PMID: 22692585 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic durability of an organic photocatalyst, 9-mesityl-10-methyl acridinium ion (Acr(+)-Mes), has been dramatically improved by the addition of [{tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine}Cu(II)](ClO(4))(2) ([(tmpa)Cu(II)](2+)) in the photocatalytic oxygenation of p-xylene by molecular oxygen in acetonitrile. Such an improvement is not observed by the addition of Cu(ClO(4))(2) in the absence of organic ligands. The addition of [(tmpa)Cu](2+) in the reaction solution resulted in more than an 11 times higher turnover number (TON) compared with the TON obtained without [(tmpa)Cu(II)](2+). In the photocatalytic oxygenation, a stoichiometric amount of H(2)O(2) formation was observed in the absence of [(tmpa)Cu(II)](2+), however, much less H(2)O(2) formation was observed in the presence of [(tmpa)Cu(II)](2+). The photocatalytic mechanism was investigated by laser flash photolysis measurements in order to detect intermediates. The reaction of O(2)˙(-) with [(tmpa)Cu(II)](2+) monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy in propionitrile at 203 K suggested formation of [{(tmpa)Cu(II)}(2)O(2)](2+), a transformation which is crucial for the overall 4-electron reduction of molecular O(2) to water, and a key in the observed improvement in the catalytic durability of Acr(+)-Mes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamada
- Department of Material and Life Science, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fukuzumi S, Ohkubo K. Assemblies of artificial photosynthetic reaction centres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm15585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ohkubo K, Mizushima K, Iwata R, Fukuzumi S. Selective photocatalytic aerobic bromination with hydrogen bromide via an electron-transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00535e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sakho M, Allonas X, Ley C. Sensitization of Thianthrenium Salt for Cationic Polymerization of Epoxides. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2010. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.23.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Rational Design and Functions of Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads with Much Longer Charge-Separated Lifetimes than Natural Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Clennan EL, Warrier AKS. Syntheses and properties of the new electron transfer sensitizers 4,2'-pyrylogens. Org Lett 2009; 11:685-8. [PMID: 19102700 DOI: 10.1021/ol802763r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and characterizations of the 4,2'-regioisomers of the dicationic pyrylogen electron transfer sensitizers are reported. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of these sensitizers are compared to the previously reported 4,4'-pyrylogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L Clennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie Wyoming 82071, USA
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Chen L, Wang L, Gao X, Nagase S, Honsho Y, Saeki A, Seki S, Jiang D. The non-covalent assembly of benzene-bridged metallosalphen dimers: photoconductive tapes with large carrier mobility and spatially distinctive conduction anisotropy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:3119-21. [DOI: 10.1039/b904337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fukuzumi S. Development of bioinspired artificial photosynthetic systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:2283-97. [DOI: 10.1039/b801198m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fukuzumi S, Kotani H, Ohkubo K. Response: Why had long-lived electron-transfer states of donor-substituted 10-methylacridinium ions been overlooked? Formation of the dimer radical cations detected in the near-IR region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:5159-62. [DOI: 10.1039/b809264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ohkubo K, Iwata R, Yanagimoto T, Fukuzumi S. Enhanced photoinduced oligomerization of fullerene via radical coupling between fullerene radical cation and radical anion using 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:3139-41. [PMID: 17653367 DOI: 10.1039/b705289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic oligomerization of fullerene in toluene-acetonitrile solution occurs efficiently via electron-transfer reactions with the photogenerated electron-transfer state of 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion, followed by the radical coupling reaction between fullerene radical cation and radical anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, SORST, Japan
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