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Waelès P, Coutrot F. A Foldaxane-based Supramolecular Muscle-Like Switch. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202400076. [PMID: 38963159 DOI: 10.1002/open.202400076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
[cn]daisy chain molecular muscle architectures are self-assemblies of hermaphrodite monomers, which usually contain a macrocycle unit linked to a molecular thread that contains sites of interactions - i. e. molecular stations - for the macrocycle. In these multiply threaded structures, altering with control the affinity between macrocycles and stations allows for contraction and extension of the molecule, which is reminiscent of the operation of a muscle. Besides, the field that consists of combining helix and template-containing rods to design foldaxane supramolecular assemblies is still underexplored. By using foldamer units as surrogates for macrocycles, Gan et al. reported the first supramolecular muscle-like foldamer-containing switch that can adopt, after chemical stimulus, either a contracted co-conformational state or a degenerate-like state for which a slow exchange occurred between the contracted and the stretched state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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2
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Liao S, Tang J, Ma C, Yu L, Tan Y, Li X, Gan Q. Foldaxane-Based Switchable [c2]Daisy Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315668. [PMID: 38346927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Artificial molecular muscles are highly attractive in the field of molecular machinery due to their unique properties of contraction and stretching motion. However, the synthesis of molecular muscles poses formidable challenges as it is hindered by undesirable yields and poor selectivity. Herein, we present a procedure for the dynamic assembly of foldaxane-based [c2]daisy chains, wherein the hermaphroditic sequences consisting of aromatic helices and peptide rods are interlocked through inter-strand hydrogen-bonding interactions. The binding complementarity facilitates a selective and efficient assembly of [c2]daisy chain structures, inhibiting the creation of by-products. Introducing multiple recognition sites confers the system with contraction and stretching motion actuated by chemical stimuli. The rate of this muscle-like motion is calculated to be 0.8 s-1, which is 107 times faster than that of complex dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunmiao Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuanzhu Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medical, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road No. 1037, 430074, Wuhan, China
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3
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Zhang Z, You W, Li P, Zhao J, Guo Z, Xu T, Chen J, Yu W, Yan X. Insights into the Correlation of Microscopic Motions of [ c2]Daisy Chains with Macroscopic Mechanical Performance for Mechanically Interlocked Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:567-578. [PMID: 36562646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mimicking filament sliding in sarcomeres using artificial molecular muscles such as [c2]daisy chains has aroused increasing interest in developing advanced polymeric materials. Although few bistable [c2]daisy chain-based mechanically interlocked polymers (MIPs) with stimuli-responsive behaviors have been constructed, it remains a significant challenge to establish the relationship between microscopic responsiveness of [c2]daisy chains and macroscopic mechanical properties of the corresponding MIPs. Herein, we report two mechanically interlocked networks (MINs) consisting of dense [c2]daisy chains with individual extension (MIN-1) or contraction (MIN-2) conformations decoupled from a bistable precursor, which serve as model systems to address the challenge. Upon external force, the extended [c2]daisy chains in MIN-1 mainly undergo elastic deformation, which is able to assure the strength, elasticity, and creep resistance of the corresponding material. For the contracted [c2]daisy chains, long-range sliding motion occurs along with the release of latent alkyl chains between the two DB24C8 wheels, and accumulating lots of such microscopic motions endows MIN-2 with enhanced ductility and ability of energy dissipation. Therefore, by decoupling a bistable [c2]daisy chain into individual extended and contracted ones, we directly correlate the microscopic motion of [c2]daisy chains with macroscopic mechanical properties of MINs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Peitong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhewen Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Tingjie Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Jieqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, P. R. China
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4
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Precise synthesis of polyrotaxane and preparation of supramolecular materials based on its mobility. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-020-00455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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6
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Exploring and Exploiting the Symmetry-Breaking Effect of Cyclodextrins in Mechanomolecules. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cone-shaped molecular rings that have been widely employed in supramolecular/host–guest chemistry because of their low cost, high biocompatibility, stability, wide availability in multiple sizes, and their promiscuity for binding a range of molecular guests in water. Consequently, CD-based host–guest complexes are often employed as templates for the synthesis of mechanically bonded molecules (mechanomolecules) such as catenanes, rotaxanes, and polyrotaxanes in particular. The conical shape and cyclodirectionality of the CD “bead” gives rise to a symmetry-breaking effect when it is threaded onto a molecular “string”; even symmetrical guests are rendered asymmetric by the presence of an encircling CD host. This review focuses on the stereochemical implications of this symmetry-breaking effect in mechanomolecules, including orientational isomerism, mechanically planar chirality, and topological chirality, as well as how they support applications in regioselective and stereoselective chemical synthesis, the design of molecular machine prototypes, and the development of advanced materials.
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7
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Hashidzume A, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Cyclodextrin-Based Rotaxanes: from Rotaxanes to Polyrotaxanes and Further to Functional Materials. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Hashidzume
- Graduate School of Science; Osaka Univerisy; 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Science; Osaka Univerisy; 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Graduate School of Science; Osaka Univerisy; 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Current address: The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research; Osaka University; 8-1 Mihogaoka Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan
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Abstract
Bistable [ c2]daisy chain rotaxanes represent a particularly intriguing class of interlocked molecules that can produce internal sliding movements with a net contraction or extension at the single-molecule level. These nanometric motions show some analogies with the sliding motions of actin and myosin filaments in sarcomeres, and this is why [ c2]daisy chain rotaxanes have been also named as “molecular muscles,” as their first synthesis in 2000. In this minireview, the authors discuss the recent history of these molecules, their modular chemical structures, and the various synthetic pathways described in the literature to access them. The authors also detail how their internal motions can be controlled and characterized by a number of chemical and physical tools. The authors finally show that their integration within polymers and materials can give access to synchronized motions and amplifications up to the macroscopic scale. Overall, the numerous examples that have been described in the literature to date demonstrate that this family of molecules has already strongly influenced the entire field of research on artificial molecular machines, and has the potential to be implemented as actuators working at all scales, from nanometric-switchable devices to mechanically active soft matter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Antoine
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg BP 84047
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg BP 84047
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg BP 84047
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, University of Strasbourg BP 84047
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Nakamura T, Yonemura S, Nabeshima T. Synthesis of per(5-N-carboxamide-5-dehydroxylmethyl)-β-cyclodextrins and their selective recognition ability utilizing multiple hydrogen bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3872-3875. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An amide cyclodextrin with anion recognition ability exhibits unique binding mode in which unsymmetrically arranged functional groups play distinctive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Sota Yonemura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences and Tsukuba Research Center for Energy Materials Science (TREMS)
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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10
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Ikejiri S, Takashima Y, Osaki M, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Solvent-Free Photoresponsive Artificial Muscles Rapidly Driven by Molecular Machines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:17308-17315. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ikejiri
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Motofumi Osaki
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- JST-ImPACT, 5-7, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8914, Japan
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11
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Takashima Y, Hayashi Y, Osaki M, Kaneko F, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. A Photoresponsive Polymeric Actuator Topologically Cross-Linked by Movable Units Based on a [2]Rotaxane. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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He H, Sevick EM, Williams DRM. Rotaxane liquid crystals with variable length: The effect of switching efficiency on the isotropic-nematic transition. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:134905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Edith M. Sevick
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David R. M. Williams
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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13
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Lipke MC, Wu Y, Roy I, Wang Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Shuttling Rates, Electronic States, and Hysteresis in a Ring-in-Ring Rotaxane. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:362-371. [PMID: 29632882 PMCID: PMC5879476 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The trisradical recognition motif between a 4,4'-bipyridinium radical cation and a cyclo-bis-4,4'-bipyridinium diradical dication has been employed previously in rotaxanes to control their nanomechanical and electronic properties. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a redox-active ring-in-ring [2]rotaxane BBR·8PF6 that employs a tetraradical variant of this recognition motif. A square-shaped bis-4,4'-bipyridinium cyclophane is mechanically interlocked around the dumbbell component of this rotaxane, and the dumbbell itself incorporates a smaller bis-4,4'-bipyridinium cyclophane into its covalently bonded structure. This small cyclophane serves as a significant impediment to the shuttling of the larger ring across the dumbbell component of BBR8+ , whereas reduction to the tetraradical tetracationic state BBR4(+•) results in strong association of the two cyclophanes driven by two radical-pairing interactions. In these respects, BBR·8PF6 exhibits qualitatively similar behavior to its predecessors that interconvert between hexacationic and trisradical tricationic states. The rigid preorganization of two bipyridinium groups within the dumbbell of BBR·8PF6 confers, however, two distinct properties upon this rotaxane: (1) the rate of shuttling is reduced significantly relative to those of its predecessors, resulting in marked electrochemical hysteresis observed by cyclic voltammetry for switching between the BBR8+/BBR4(+•) states, and (2) the formally tetraradical form of the rotaxane, BBR4(+•) , exhibits a diamagnetic ground state, which, as a result of the slow shuttling motions within BBR4(+•) , has a long enough lifetime to be characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Lipke
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Indranil Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Abstract
To a large extent, the field of "molecular machines" started after several groups were able to prepare, reasonably easily, interlocking ring compounds (named catenanes for compounds consisting of interlocking rings and rotaxanes for rings threaded by molecular filaments or axes). Important families of molecular machines not belonging to the interlocking world were also designed, prepared, and studied but, for most of them, their elaboration was more recent than that of catenanes or rotaxanes. Since the creation of interlocking ring molecules is so important in relation to the molecular machinery area, we will start with this aspect of our work. The second part will naturally be devoted to the dynamic properties of such systems and to the compounds for which motions can be directed in a controlled manner from the outside, that is, molecular machines. We will restrict our discussion to a very limited number of examples which we consider as particularly representative of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculiares, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Sauvage JP. Von der chemischen Topologie zu molekularen Maschinen (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et Ingénierie Supramoléculiares; Université de Strasbourg; 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg Frankreich
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16
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Mechanically interlocked daisy-chain-like structures as multidimensional molecular muscles. Nat Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Fast response dry-type artificial molecular muscles with [c2]daisy chains. Nat Chem 2016; 8:625-32. [PMID: 27219709 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchically organized myosin and actin filaments found in biological systems exhibit contraction and expansion behaviours that produce work and force by consuming chemical energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring examples, we have developed photoresponsive wet- and dry-type molecular actuators built from rotaxane-based compounds known as [c2]daisy chains (specifically, [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel and [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel). These actuators were prepared via polycondensation between four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) and a [c2]daisy chain based on α-cyclodextrin as the host component and azobenzene as a photoresponsive guest component. The light-induced actuation arises from the sliding motion of the [c2]daisy chain unit. Ultraviolet irradiation caused the gels to bend towards the light source. The response of the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel, even under dry conditions, is very fast (7° every second), which is 10,800 times faster than the [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel (7° every 3 h). In addition, the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel was used as a crane arm to lift an object using ultraviolet irradiation to produce mechanical work.
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18
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Manrique-Juárez MD, Rat S, Salmon L, Molnár G, Quintero CM, Nicu L, Shepherd HJ, Bousseksou A. Switchable molecule-based materials for micro- and nanoscale actuating applications: Achievements and prospects. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Niess F, Duplan V, Diercks CS, Sauvage JP. Contractile and extensible molecular figures-of-eight. Chemistry 2015; 21:14393-400. [PMID: 26332007 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two large rings, 66- (m-66) and 78-membered (m-78) rings, each one incorporating two pairs of transition-metal-complexing units, have been prepared. The coordinating fragments are alternating bi- and tridentate chelating groups, namely, 2,9-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dpp) and 2,2',2',6''-terpyridine (terpy) respectively. Both macrocycles form molecular figures-of-eight in the presence of Fe(II) , affording a classical bis-terpy complex as the central core. The larger m-78 ring can accommodate a four-coordinate Cu(I) center with the formation of a {Cu(dpp)2 }(+) central complex and a highly twisted figure-of-eight backbone, whereas m-66 is too small to coordinate Cu(I) . Macrocycle m-78 thus affords stable complexes with both Fe(II) and Cu(I) ; the ligand around the metal changes from (terpy)2 to (dpp)2 . This bimodal coordination situation allows for a large amplitude rearrangement of the organic backbone. When coordinated to preferentially octahedrally coordinated Fe(II) or Cu(II) , the height of the molecule along the coordinating axis of the tridentate terpy ligands is only about 11 Å, whereas the height of the molecule along the same vertical axis is several times as large for the tetrahedral Cu(I) complex. Chemically or electrochemically driven contraction and extension motions along a defined axis make this figure-of-eight particularly promising as a new class of molecular machine prototype for use as a constitutive element in muscle-like dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Niess
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Vincent Duplan
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Christian S Diercks
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France)
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg (France).
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Loh KH, Smith NM, Onagi H, Lincoln SF, Easton CJ. A Cyclodextrin-Based Photoresponsive Molecular Gate that Functions Independently of Either Solvent or Potentially Competitive Guests. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2328-32. [PMID: 26317394 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The photoinduced interconversion between cinnamido-substituted cyclodextrins constitutes a gating switch through which the substituent moves to open or block access to the cyclodextrin cavity. Most unusually for a cyclodextrin-based device, the operation of this gate is solvent-independent and unaffected by potentially competitive guests. It occurs in MeOH and DMSO, as well as in water. This contrasts with other cyclodextrin inclusion phenomena that are usually driven by hydrophobic effects and limited to aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Heng Loh
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Nicole M Smith
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Hideki Onagi
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen F Lincoln
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher J Easton
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Abstract
CONSPECTUS: More than two decades of investigating the chemistry of bistable mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), such as rotaxanes and catenanes, has led to the advent of numerous molecular switches that express controlled translational or circumrotational movement on the nanoscale. Directed motion at this scale is an essential feature of many biomolecular assemblies known as molecular machines, which carry out essential life-sustaining functions of the cell. It follows that the use of bistable MIMs as artificial molecular machines (AMMs) has been long anticipated. This objective is rarely achieved, however, because of challenges associated with coupling the directed motions of mechanical switches with other systems on which they can perform work. A natural source of inspiration for designing AMMs is muscle tissue, since it is a material that relies on the hierarchical organization of molecular machines (myosin) and filaments (actin) to produce the force and motion that underpin locomotion, circulation, digestion, and many other essential life processes in humans and other animals. Muscle is characterized at both microscopic and macroscopic length scales by its ability to generate forces that vary the distance between two points at the expense of chemical energy. Artificial muscles that mimic this ability are highly sought for applications involving the transduction of mechanical energy. Rotaxane-based molecular switches are excellent candidates for artificial muscles because their architectures intrinsically possess movable filamentous molecular components. In this Account, we describe (i) the different types of rotaxane "molecular muscle" architectures that express contractile and extensile motion, (ii) the molecular recognition motifs and corresponding stimuli that have been used to actuate them, and (iii) the progress made on integrating and scaling up these motions for potential applications. We identify three types of rotaxane muscles, namely, "daisy chain", "press", and "cage" rotaxanes, and discuss their mechanical actuation driven by ions, pH, light, solvents, and redox stimuli. Different applications of these rotaxane-based molecular muscles are possible at various length scales. On a molecular level, they have been harnessed to create adjustable receptors and to control electronic communication between chemical species. On the mesoscale, they have been incorporated into artificial muscle materials that amplify their concerted motions and forces, making future applications at macroscopic length scales look feasible. We emphasize how rotaxanes constitute a remarkably versatile platform for directing force and motion, owing to the wide range of stimuli that can be used to actuate them and their diverse modes of mechanical switching as dictated by the stereochemistry of their mechanical bonds, that is, their mechanostereochemistry. We hope that this Account will serve as an exposition that sets the stage for new applications and materials that exploit the capabilities of rotaxanes to transduce mechanical energy and help in paving the path going forward to genuine AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson J. Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3113, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3113, United States
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Niess F, Duplan V, Sauvage JP. Molecular Muscles: From Species in Solution to Materials and Devices. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Niess
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg-CNRS/UMR7006
| | - Vincent Duplan
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg-CNRS/UMR7006
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS), Université de Strasbourg-CNRS/UMR7006
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Niess F, Duplan V, Sauvage JP. Interconversion between a Vertically Oriented Transition Metal-Complexed Figure-of-Eight and a Horizontally Disposed One. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5876-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja501765y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Niess
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée
Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Duplan
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée
Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), Université de Strasbourg et CNRS, 8 allée
Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Hashidzume A, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Cyclodextrin-based molecular machines. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 354:71-110. [PMID: 24789535 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter overviews molecular machines based on cyclodextrins (CDs). The categories of CD-based molecular machines, external stimuli for CD-based molecular machines, and typical examples of CD-based molecular machines are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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25
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Kanaya A, Takashima Y, Harada A. Double-Threaded Dimer and Supramolecular Oligomer Formed by Stilbene Modified Cyclodextrin: Effect of Acyl Migration and Photostimuli. J Org Chem 2010; 76:492-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101936t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kanaya
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Collin JP, Durot S, Keller M, Sauvage JP, Trolez Y, Cetina M, Rissanen K. Synthesis of [5]Rotaxanes Containing Bi- and Tridentate Coordination Sites in the Axis. Chemistry 2010; 17:947-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li S, Taura D, Hashidzume A, Harada A. Light-Switchable Janus [2]Rotaxanes Based on α-Cyclodextrin Derivatives Bearing Two Recognition Sites Linked with Oligo(ethylene glycol). Chem Asian J 2010; 5:2281-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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29
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Li S, Taura D, Hashidzume A, Takashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Photocontrolled Size Changes of Doubly-threaded Dimer Based on an α-Cyclodextrin Derivative with Two Recognition Sites. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Taura D, Li S, Hashidzume A, Harada A. Formation of Side-Chain Hetero-Polypseudorotaxane Composed of α- and β-Cyclodextrins with a Water-Soluble Polymer Bearing Two Recognition Sites. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902712u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Taura
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 5 Sanban-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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31
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Yamauchi K, Miyawaki A, Takashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. A Molecular Reel: Shuttling of a Rotor by Tumbling of a Macrocycle. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1040-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902393n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Yamauchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Atsuhisa Miyawaki
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Fang L, Hmadeh M, Wu J, Olson MA, Spruell JM, Trabolsi A, Yang YW, Elhabiri M, Albrecht-Gary AM, Stoddart JF. Acid−Base Actuation of [c2]Daisy Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7126-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900859d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Mohamad Hmadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Mark A. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jason M. Spruell
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Anne-Marie Albrecht-Gary
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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33
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Umehara T, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Entropy- and Hydrolytic-Driven Positional Switching of Macrocycle between Imine- and Hydrogen-Bonding Stations in Rotaxane-Based Molecular Shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13981-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Umehara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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34
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Dawson RE, Lincoln SF, Easton CJ. The foundation of a light driven molecular muscle based on stilbene and alpha-cyclodextrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3980-2. [PMID: 18758599 DOI: 10.1039/b809014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rotaxane 3(E,E) serves as the basis of a light driven molecular muscle, where reversible photoisomerisation of the stilbene units causes the cyclodextrins to move off and on the stilbene units, contracting and extending the distance between the blocking groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Dawson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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