1
|
Rasheed F, Nikolaev A, Dhesi A, Zeng T, Guo YX, Krishna Y, Komijani S, Orellana A. Mild and catalytic electrocyclizations of heptatrienyl anions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8163-8169. [PMID: 38817559 PMCID: PMC11134338 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of functionalized cycloheptanes by thermal electrocyclization of heptatrienyl anions under mild conditions. In addition, we disclose the first examples of this electrocyclization manifold conducted under catalytic conditions. Previously, electrocyclization of heptatrienyl systems required formation of anions with a strong base, resulting in limited functional group compatibility. We demonstrate that polarization of heptatrienyl anions using strategically positioned electron-withdrawing groups lowers the energy landscape of the reaction by stabilizing both the acyclic heptatrienyl anion and cycloheptadienyl product. Divergent reactivity is observed between aliphatic and aromatic substrates, with the latter requiring only catalytic amounts of base for complete conversion. This can be rationalized by the relative stability of the acyclic and cyclic anions and their ability to participate in a chain reaction process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Andrei Nikolaev
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Anmol Dhesi
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - You Xuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Yarkali Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Samira Komijani
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON. M3J 1P3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Caillé J, Robiette R. Cycloaddition of cyclopropanes for the elaboration of medium-sized carbocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5702-5724. [PMID: 34114583 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00838b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled formation of medium-sized carbocycles is a major goal in modern organic chemistry due to their widespread occurrence in natural products and pharmaceutically active ingredients. One approach consists in the use of cycloaddition reactions which notably results in high selectivities and atom-economy. To this end, cyclopropanes are ideal substrates since they can provide readily functionalized three- or five-carbon synthons. Herein we report advances made in cycloaddition reactions of cyclopropanes towards the synthesis of medium-sized carbocycles via transition metal catalysis or Lewis acid catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Caillé
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. and Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris Est (ICMPE), UMR-CNRS 7182, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France.
| | - Raphaël Robiette
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1 box L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trost BM, Zuo Z, Schultz JE. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions to Access Seven-Membered Rings. Chemistry 2020; 26:15354-15377. [PMID: 32705722 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and selective synthesis of functionalized seven-membered rings remains an important pursuit within synthetic organic chemistry, as this motif appears in numerous drug-like molecules and natural products. Use of cycloaddition reactions remains an attractive approach for their construction within the perspective of atom and step economy. Additionally, the ability to combine multiple components in a single reaction has the potential to allow for efficient combinatorial strategies of diversity-oriented synthesis. The inherent entropic penalty associated with achieving these transformations has impressively been overcome with development of catalysis, whereby the reaction components can be pre-organized through activation by transition-metal-catalysis. The fine-tuning of metal/ligand combinations as well as reaction conditions allows for achieving chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselectivity in these transformations. Herein, we discuss recent advances in transition-metal-catalyzed construction of seven-membered rings via combination of 2-4 components mediated by a variety of metals. An emphasis is placed on the mechanistic aspects of these transformations to both illustrate the state of the science and to highlight the unique application of novel processes of transition-metals in these transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry M Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080, USA
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305-5080, USA
| | - Johnathan E Schultz
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McDonald TR, Mills LR, West MS, Rousseaux SAL. Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage of Cyclopropanols. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3-79. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. McDonald
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - L. Reginald Mills
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Michael S. West
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A. L. Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Blaszczyk SA, Li X, Tang W. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage of Vinylcyclopropanes in Cycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 121:110-139. [PMID: 32786421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji’nan, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Stephanie A. Blaszczyk
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xiaoxun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji’nan, Shandong P. R. China
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takano H, Okazaki S, Nishibe S, Ito T, Shiozawa N, Sugimura N, Kanyiva KS, Shibata T. Gold-catalyzed dual C-C bond cleavage of biphenylenes bearing a pendant alkyne at ambient temperature. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5826-5831. [PMID: 32692790 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a catalytic skeletal rearrangement of biphenylenes with a pendant alkyne moiety at room temperature by a cationic gold catalyst, which involves the cleavage of two bonds: the C-C bond of biphenylene and the C(sp)-C(sp2 or sp3) bond. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that the reaction mechanism included π-activation of the alkyne, ring expansion and 1,2-carbon shift.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Takano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Sari Okazaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Shun Nishibe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Takeharu Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Shiozawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Natsuhiko Sugimura
- Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kyalo Stephen Kanyiva
- Global Center for Science and Engineering, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Shibata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gao K, Zhang YG, Wang Z, Ding H. Recent development on the [5+2] cycloadditions and their application in natural product synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1859-1878. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09077g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The recent developments on the [5+2] cycloadditions and their application in the synthesis of complex natural products are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
| | - Hanfeng Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Natural Products
- School of Advanced Study
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuchuk E, Muratov K, Perekalin DS, Chusov D. Anthracene-rhodium complexes with metal coordination at the central ring - a new class of catalysts for reductive amination. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 17:83-87. [PMID: 30520492 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02561d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of anthracene complexes with a metal coordinated at the central ring was applied in catalysis for the first time. As a result, a simple and efficient protocol for reductive amination that involves CO as a reducing agent has been developed. The rhodium complex [(cyclooctadiene)Rh(C10H4Me2(OMe)4)]+ (1 mol%) catalyses such reactions under mild conditions (40-130 °C) and produces a variety of amines in good yields (74-95%) without affecting the functional groups. The protocol is acceptable for all combinations of aldehydes (aromatic and aliphatic), ketones (aromatic and aliphatic) and amines (aromatic and aliphatic; primary and secondary).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kuchuk
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pellissier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Centrale Marseille, iSm2 13397 Marseille France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brownsey DK, Gorobets E, Derksen DJ. Beyond geminal diesters: increasing the scope of metal-mediated vinylcyclopropane annulations while decreasing pre-activation. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3506-3523. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the transition metal mediated annulation chemistry of vinylcyclopropanes with an emphasis on non-donor–acceptor examples, and where pertinent, examples of natural product syntheses are shown.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wender PA, Ebner C, Fennell BD, Inagaki F, Schröder B. Ynol Ethers as Ketene Equivalents in Rhodium-Catalyzed Intermolecular [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Org Lett 2017; 19:5810-5813. [PMID: 29034684 PMCID: PMC5833981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The previously unexplored metal-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions of vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) and electron-rich alkynes (ynol ethers) have been found to provide a highly efficient, direct route to dioxygenated seven-membered rings, a common feature of numerous natural and non-natural targets and building blocks for synthesis. The reactions proceed in high yield at room temperature and tolerate a broad range of functionalities. Substituted VCPs were found to react with high regioselectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Wender
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christian Ebner
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Brandon D. Fennell
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu CH, Yu ZX. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Bridged [5+2] Cycloaddition of cis
-Allene-vinylcyclopropanes to Synthesize the Bicyclo[4.3.1]decane Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu CH, Yu ZX. Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Bridged [5+2] Cycloaddition of cis
-Allene-vinylcyclopropanes to Synthesize the Bicyclo[4.3.1]decane Skeleton. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fumagalli G, Stanton S, Bower JF. Recent Methodologies That Exploit C-C Single-Bond Cleavage of Strained Ring Systems by Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:9404-9432. [PMID: 28075115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 639] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, synthetic and mechanistic aspects of key methodologies that exploit C-C single-bond cleavage of strained ring systems are highlighted. The focus is on transition-metal-catalyzed processes that are triggered by C-C bond activation and β-carbon elimination, with the review concentrating on developments from mid-2009 to mid-2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Fumagalli
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Stanton
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John F Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sperger T, Sanhueza IA, Kalvet I, Schoenebeck F. Computational Studies of Synthetically Relevant Homogeneous Organometallic Catalysis Involving Ni, Pd, Ir, and Rh: An Overview of Commonly Employed DFT Methods and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Rev 2015. [PMID: 26207572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Italo A Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Souillart L, Cramer N. Catalytic C-C Bond Activations via Oxidative Addition to Transition Metals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9410-64. [PMID: 26044343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 798] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Souillart
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Nicolai Cramer
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Catalysis and Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mustard TJL, Wender PA, Cheong PHY. Catalytic Efficiency Is a Function of How Rhodium(I) (5 + 2) Catalysts Accommodate a Conserved Substrate Transition State Geometry: Induced Fit Model for Explaining Transition Metal Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015; 5:1758-1763. [PMID: 26146588 DOI: 10.1021/cs501828e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The origins of differential catalytic reactivities of four Rh(I) catalysts and their derivatives in the (5 + 2) cycloaddition reaction were elucidated using density functional theory. Computed free energy spans are in excellent agreement with known experimental rates. For every catalyst, the substrate geometries in the transition state remained constant (<0.1 Å RMSD for atoms involved in bond-making and -breaking processes). Catalytic efficiency is shown to be a function of how well the catalyst accommodates the substrate transition state geometry and electronics. This shows that the induced fit model for explaining biological catalysis may be relevant to transition metal catalysis. This could serve as a general model for understanding the origins of efficiencies of catalytic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. L. Mustard
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Departments
of Chemistry and Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department
of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beng TK, Sincavage K, Silaire AWV, Alwali A, Bassler DP, Spence LE, Beale O. Direct access to functionalized benzotropones, azepanes, and piperidines by reductive cross-coupling of α-bromo enones with α-bromo enamides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:5349-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00517e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High-yielding syntheses of functionalized azepenes and piperidines, bearing an α-benzotropone derivative, have been achieved through cobalt-catalysed reductive cross-coupling of α-bromo enamides with α-bromo enones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amir Alwali
- Department of Chemistry
- Susquehanna University
- Selinsgrove
- USA
| | | | | | - Oliver Beale
- Department of Chemistry
- Susquehanna University
- Selinsgrove
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hong X, Stevens MC, Liu P, Wender PA, Houk KN. Reactivity and chemoselectivity of allenes in Rh(I)-catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions with vinylcyclopropanes: allene-mediated rhodacycle formation can poison Rh(I)-catalyzed cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17273-83. [PMID: 25379606 PMCID: PMC4277756 DOI: 10.1021/ja5098308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Allenes are important 2π building blocks in organic synthesis and engage as 2-carbon components in many metal-catalyzed reactions. Wender and co-workers discovered that methyl substituents on the terminal allene double bond counterintuitively change the reactivities of allenes in [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions with vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs). More sterically encumbered allenes afford higher cycloadduct yields, and such effects are also observed in other Rh(I)-catalyzed intermolecular cycloadditions. Through density functional theory calculations (B3LYP and M06) and experiment, we explored this enigmatic reactivity and selectivity of allenes in [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions with VCPs. The apparent low reactivity of terminally unsubstituted allenes is associated with a competing allene dimerization that irreversibly sequesters rhodium. With terminally substituted allenes, steric repulsion between the terminal substituents significantly increases the barrier of allene dimerization while the barrier of the (5 + 2) cycloaddition is not affected, and thus the cycloaddition prevails. Computation has also revealed the origin of chemoselectivity in (5 + 2) cycloadditions with allene-ynes. Although simple allene and acetylene have similar reaction barriers, intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions of allene-ynes occur exclusively at the terminal allene double bond. The terminal double bond is more reactive due to the enhanced d-π* backdonation. At the same time, insertion of the internal double bond of an allene-yne has a higher barrier as it would break π conjugation. Substituted alkynes are more difficult to insert compared with acetylene, because of the steric repulsion from the additional substituents. This leads to the greater reactivity of the allene double bond relative to the alkynyl group in allene-ynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Matthew C. Stevens
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Melcher MC, von Wachenfeldt H, Sundin A, Strand D. Iridium Catalyzed Carbocyclizations: Efficient (5+2) Cycloadditions of Vinylcyclopropanes and Alkynes. Chemistry 2014; 21:531-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
21
|
Wender PA, Axtman AD, Golden JE, Kee JM, Sirois LE, Quiroz RV, Stevens MC. Function through bio-inspired, synthesis-informed design: step-economical syntheses of designed kinase inhibitors†Dedicated to Max Malacria, a friend and scholar whose science and creative contributions to step-economical synthesis have inspired us all and moved the field closer to the ideal.‡Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Synthetic procedures and spectral data. See DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00228hClick here for additional data file. Org Chem Front 2014; 1:1166-1171. [PMID: 25632347 PMCID: PMC4304288 DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00228h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe here step-economical, function-oriented strategies towards the syntheses of potent kinase inhibitors inspired by the natural product staurosporine.
The human kinome comprises over 500 protein kinases. When mutated or over-expressed, many play critical roles in abnormal cellular functions associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders. Here we report a step-economical approach to designed kinase inhibitors inspired by the potent, but non-selective, natural product staurosporine, and synthetically enabled by a novel, complexity-increasing, serialized [5 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloaddition strategy. This function-oriented synthesis approach rapidly affords tunable scaffolds, and produced a low nanomolar inhibitor of protein kinase C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Jennifer E Golden
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Jung-Min Kee
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Lauren E Sirois
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Ryan V Quiroz
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| | - Matthew C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Systems Biology , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA .
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen GQ, Zhang XN, Wei Y, Tang XY, Shi M. Catalyst-Dependent Divergent Synthesis of Pyrroles from 3-Alkynyl Imine Derivatives: A Noncarbonylative and Carbonylative Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
23
|
Chen GQ, Zhang XN, Wei Y, Tang XY, Shi M. Catalyst-dependent divergent synthesis of pyrroles from 3-alkynyl imine derivatives: a noncarbonylative and carbonylative approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8492-7. [PMID: 24964965 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel Ru(0)- and Rh(I)-catalyzed noncarbonylative and carbonylative cycloisomerization of readily available 3-alkynyl imine derivatives has been developed to provide 3,4-fused or nonfused pyrrole derivatives efficiently in moderate to excellent yields. The key steps involve the formation of a ruthenium carbenoid intermediate or a rhodacycle intermediate, respectively. In these reactions, CO can serve as a ligand or a reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Linglin Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wender PA, Inagaki F, Pfaffenbach M, Stevens MC. Propargyltrimethylsilanes as allene equivalents in transition metal-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions. Org Lett 2014; 16:2923-5. [PMID: 24819093 PMCID: PMC4051429 DOI: 10.1021/ol501114q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Conventional
allenes have not been effective π-reactive 2-carbon components
in many
intermolecular cycloadditions including metal-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions.
We report herein that rhodium-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions of
propargyltrimethylsilanes and vinylcyclopropanes
provide, after in situ protodesilylation, a highly efficient route
to formal allene cycloadducts. Propargyltrimethylsilanes
function as safe, easily handled synthetic equivalents of gaseous
allenes and hard-to-access monosubstituted allenes. In this one-flask
procedure, they provide cycloadducts of what is formally addition
to the more sterically encumbered allene double bond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cycloadditions of Cyclopropanes for the Synthesis of Carbocycles: C–C Activation in Cyclopropanes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 346:195-231. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
26
|
Hong X, Trost BM, Houk KN. Mechanism and Origins of Selectivity in Ru(II)-Catalyzed Intramolecular (5+2) Cycloadditions and Ene Reactions of Vinylcyclopropanes and Alkynes from Density Functional Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6588-600. [PMID: 23611430 DOI: 10.1021/ja4012657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Barry M. Trost
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080,
United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ganesh V, Kundu T, Chandrasekaran S. Electrophile-induced C-C bond activation of vinylcyclopropanes for the synthesis of Z-alkylidenetetrahydrofurans. J Org Chem 2013; 78:380-99. [PMID: 23176087 DOI: 10.1021/jo302204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed study on the behavior of vinylcyclopropanes as masked donor-acceptor system toward the stereoselective synthesis of Z-alkylidenetetrahydrofurans. Results of bromenium catalyzed indirect activation of C-C bond of vinylcyclopropanes and concomitant cyclization to alkylidenetetrahydrofuran and other heterocycles have been discussed. The stereoselective formation of the Z-isomer is strongly controlled by the extent of destabilization of one of the gauche conformers of the vinylcyclopropane. The ring-opening/cyclization step was found to be stereospecific as in the case of DA cyclopropanes. The activation of the C-C bond leads to a tight-carbocation intermediate, which is evident from the complete retention of the stereochemistry. The retention of configuration has been established by a necessary control experiment that rules out the possibility of a double inversion pathway. The present results serve as direct stereochemical evidence in support of a tight ion-pair intermediate versus the controversial S(N)2 pathway. A 2D potential energy scan has been carried out at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level theory to obtain the relative energies of the conformers. The Z-selectivity observed has been explained on the basis of the relative population of the conformers and modeling the intermediate and transition state involved in the reaction at M06-2x/6-31+G(d) level. Energy profile for the cyclization step was modeled considering various possible pathways through which cyclization can happen. The methodology has been successfully demonstrated on vinylcyclobutanes as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraman Ganesh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Karnataka, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hong X, Liu P, Houk KN. Mechanism and Origins of Ligand-Controlled Selectivities in [Ni(NHC)]-Catalyzed Intramolecular (5 + 2) Cycloadditions and Homo-Ene Reactions: A Theoretical Study. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1456-62. [PMID: 23273283 DOI: 10.1021/ja309873z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles,
California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles,
California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles,
California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen GQ, Shi M. Rhodium-catalyzed tandem Pauson–Khand type reactions of 1,4-enynes tethered by a cyclopropyl group. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:698-700. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc37587g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Ylijoki KEO, Stryker JM. [5 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic and Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2012; 113:2244-66. [PMID: 23153111 DOI: 10.1021/cr300087g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai E. O. Ylijoki
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Stryker
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alberta, Edmonton,
Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xu X, Liu P, Lesser A, Sirois LE, Wender PA, Houk KN. Ligand effects on rates and regioselectivities of Rh(I)-catalyzed (5 + 2) cycloadditions: a computational study of cyclooctadiene and dinaphthocyclooctatetraene as ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:11012-25. [PMID: 22668243 DOI: 10.1021/ja3041724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The first theoretical study on the effects of ligands on the mechanism, reactivities, and regioselectivities of Rh(I)-catalyzed (5 + 2) cycloadditions of vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) and alkynes has been performed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Highly efficient and selective intermolecular (5 + 2) cycloadditions of VCPs and alkynes have been achieved recently using two novel rhodium catalysts, [Rh(dnCOT)](+)SbF(6)(-) and [Rh(COD)](+)SbF(6)(-), which provide superior reactivities and regioselectivities relative to that of the previously reported [Rh(CO)(2)Cl](2) catalyst. Computationally, the high reactivities of the dnCOT and COD ligands are attributed to the steric repulsions that destabilize the Rh-product complex, the catalyst resting state in the catalytic cycle. The regioselectivities of reactions with various alkynes and different Rh catalysts are investigated, and a predictive model is provided that describes substrate-substrate and ligand-substrate steric repulsions, electronic effects, and noncovalent π/π and C-H/π interactions. In the reactions with dnCOT or COD ligands, the first new C-C bond is formed proximal to the bulky substituent on the alkyne to avoid ligand-substrate steric repulsions. This regioselectivity is reversed either by employing the smaller [Rh(CO)(2)Cl](2) catalyst to diminish the ligand-substrate repulsions or by using aryl alkynes, for which the ligand-substrate interactions become stabilizing due to π/π and C-H/π dispersion interactions. Electron-withdrawing groups on the alkyne prefer to be proximal to the first new C-C bond to maximize metal-substrate back-bonding interactions. These steric, electronic, and dispersion effects can all be utilized in designing new ligands to provide regiochemical control over product formation with high selectivities. The computational studies reveal the potential of employing the dnCOT family of ligands to achieve unique regiochemical control due to the steric influences and dispersion interactions associated with the rigid aryl substituents on the ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zatolochnaya OV, Galenko AV, Gevorgyan V. Beyond the Limits: Palladium-N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Based Catalytic System Enables Highly Efficient [4+2] Benzannulation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
33
|
Shu XZ, Li X, Shu D, Huang S, Schienebeck CM, Zhou X, Robichaux PJ, Tang W. Rhodium-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular [5 + 2] cycloaddition of 3-acyloxy-1,4-enyne and alkyne with concomitant 1,2-acyloxy migration. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:5211-21. [PMID: 22364320 DOI: 10.1021/ja2109097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new type of rhodium-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloaddition was developed for the synthesis of seven-membered rings with diverse functionalities. The ring formation was accompanied by a 1,2-acyloxy migration event. The five- and two-carbon components of the cycloaddition are 3-acyloxy-1,4-enynes (ACEs) and alkynes, respectively. Cationic rhodium(I) catalysts worked most efficiently for the intramolecular cycloaddition, while only neutral rhodium(I) complexes could facilitate the intermolecular reaction. In both cases, electron-poor phosphite or phosphine ligands often improved the efficiency of the cycloadditions. The scope of ACEs and alkynes was investigated in both the intra- and intermolecular reactions. The resulting seven-membered-ring products have three double bonds that could be selectively functionalized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Zhong Shu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wender PA, Lesser AB, Sirois LE. Rhodium dinaphthocyclooctatetraene complexes: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in [5+2] cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2736-40. [PMID: 22298411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rh COT in the act: a Ni(0)-catalyzed [2+2+2+2] cycloaddition provides a high-yielding, scalable synthesis of the ligand dinaphtho[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (dnCOT). dnCOT complexation with Rh(I) gives [Rh(dnCOT)(MeCN)(2)]SbF(6), an excellent catalyst for [5+2] cycloadditions of vinylcyclopropanes and π-systems with impressive functional group compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, CA 94305-5080, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wender PA, Lesser AB, Sirois LE. Rhodium Dinaphthocyclooctatetraene Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Activity in [5+2] Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
36
|
Ivanova B, Spiteller M. Structure and properties of camptothecin derivatives, their protonated forms, and model interaction with the topoisomerase I-DNA complex. Biopolymers 2011; 97:134-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
37
|
|
38
|
Jiao L, Lin M, Yu ZX. Density functional theory study of the mechanisms and stereochemistry of the Rh(I)-catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloadditions of 1-ene- and 1-yne-vinylcyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:447-61. [PMID: 21166424 DOI: 10.1021/ja107396t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms, structures of all stationary points involved, and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the Rh(I)-catalyzed intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of 1-ene- and 1-yne-vinylcyclopropanes (1-ene-VCPs and 1-yne-VCPs) have been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The computational results showed that the [3+2] reactions of 1-ene/yne-VCPs studied here occur through a catalytic cycle of substrate-catalyst complex formation, cyclopropane cleavage, alkene/alkyne insertion, and reductive elimination. Alkene/alkyne insertion is the rate- and stereoselectivity-determining step of these multistep [3+2] cycloadditions. The experimentally observed high reactivity of 1-yne-VCPs compared to 1-ene-VCPs is well rationalized by the differences of steric effects in the alkyne/alkene insertion transition states. DFT calculations unveiled that the relative orientation of the tethers in the 1-ene/yne-VCPs plays a key role in controlling the stereochemistry of the [3+2] cycloadducts. In addition, DFT calculation results are used to explain why, in some cases, the formation of the β-hydride elimination byproduct can compete with the [3+2] pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu P, Sirois LE, Cheong PHY, Yu ZX, Hartung IV, Rieck H, Wender PA, Houk KN. Electronic and Steric Control of Regioselectivities in Rh(I)-Catalyzed (5 + 2) Cycloadditions: Experiment and Theory. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10127-35. [PMID: 20586494 DOI: 10.1021/ja103253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Lauren E. Sirois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Ingo V. Hartung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Heiko Rieck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao W, Zhang J. Rhodium-catalyzed domino heterocyclization and [(3+2)+2] carbocyclization: construction of fused tricycloheptadienes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7816-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
41
|
Harmata M. The (4+3)-cycloaddition reaction: simple allylic cations as dienophiles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:8886-903. [PMID: 21057692 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Harmata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|