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Banoo S, Yadav Y, Tyagi R, Manna A, Sagar R. Recent efforts in the development of glycoconjugate vaccine and available treatment for tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107610. [PMID: 38991488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a grave threat to global health, despite relentless eradication efforts. In 1882, Robert Koch discovered that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the bacterium responsible for causing tuberculosis. It is a fact that tuberculosis has claimed the lives of more than one billion people in the last few decades. It is imperative that we must take immediate and effective action to increase resources for TB research and treatment. Effective TB treatments demand an extensive investment of both time and finances, often requiring 6-9 months of rigorous antibiotic therapy. The most efficient way to control tuberculosis is by receiving a childhood Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Despite years of research on vaccine development, we still do not have any new approved vaccine for tuberculosis, except BCG, which is partially effective in young children. This review discusses briefly the available treatment for tuberculosis and remarkable advancements in glycoconjugate-based TB vaccine developments in recent years (2013-2024) and offers valuable direction for future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Banoo
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Arunava Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India; Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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2
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Diastereoselective desymmetric 1,2-cis-glycosylation of meso-diols via chirality transfer from a glycosyl donor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2431. [PMID: 32415161 PMCID: PMC7229163 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical desymmetrization reactions of meso-diols are highly effective for the precise and efficient synthesis of chiral molecules. However, even though enzyme-catalyzed desymmetric glycosylations are frequently found in nature, there is no method for highly diastereoselective desymmetric chemical glycosylation of meso-diols. Herein, we report a highly diastereoselective desymmetric 1,2-cis-glycosylation of meso-diols found in myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoesters using a boronic acid catalyst based on predictions of regioselectivity by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The enantiotopic hydroxyl groups of the meso-diols are clearly differentiated by the stereochemistry at the C2 position of the glycosyl donor with excellent regioselectivities. In addition, the present method is successfully applied to the synthesis of core structures of phosphatidylinositolmannosides (PIMs) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, and common β-mannoside structures of the LLBM-782 series of antibiotics. Enzyme-catalyzed desymmetric glycosylations are often found in nature, however the corresponding chemical methods are lacking. Here, the authors report a highly diastereoselective desymmetric 1,2-cis-glycosylation of meso-diols found in myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoesters using a boronic acid catalyst.
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Colombo C, Pitirollo O, Lay L. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates for Vaccine Development. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071712. [PMID: 30011851 PMCID: PMC6099631 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade there has been a growing interest in glycoimmunology, a relatively new research field dealing with the specific interactions of carbohydrates with the immune system. Pathogens’ cell surfaces are covered by a thick layer of oligo- and polysaccharides that are crucial virulence factors, as they mediate receptors binding on host cells for initial adhesion and organism invasion. Since in most cases these saccharide structures are uniquely exposed on the pathogen surface, they represent attractive targets for vaccine design. Polysaccharides isolated from cell walls of microorganisms and chemically conjugated to immunogenic proteins have been used as antigens for vaccine development for a range of infectious diseases. However, several challenges are associated with carbohydrate antigens purified from natural sources, such as their difficult characterization and heterogeneous composition. Consequently, glycoconjugates with chemically well-defined structures, that are able to confer highly reproducible biological properties and a better safety profile, are at the forefront of vaccine development. Following on from our previous review on the subject, in the present account we specifically focus on the most recent advances in the synthesis and preliminary immunological evaluation of next generation glycoconjugate vaccines designed to target bacterial and fungal infections that have been reported in the literature since 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Olimpia Pitirollo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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6
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Manabe S, Ito Y. Comparing of endocyclic and exocyclic cleavage reactions using mycothiol synthesis as an example. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Padiyar LT, Zulueta MML, Sabbavarapu NM, Hung SC. Yb(OTf) 3-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of myo-Inositol 1,3,5-Orthoformate and Its Application in the Synthesis of Chiral Inositol Phosphates. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11418-11430. [PMID: 29019688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of inositol phosphates including myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, which is a secondary messenger in transmembrane signaling, were selectively synthesized via Yb(OTf)3-catalyzed desymmetrization of myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoformate using a proline-based chiral anhydride as an acylation precursor. The investigated catalytic system could regioselectively differentiate the enantiotopic hydroxy groups of myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoformate in the presence of a chiral auxiliary. This key step to generate a suitably protected chiral myo-inositol derivatives is described here as a unified approach to access inositol phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmansingh T Padiyar
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , 128 Section 2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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The chemoselective O-glycosylation of alcohols in the presence of a phosphate diester and its application to the synthesis of oligomannosylated phosphatidyl inositols. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Patil PS, Cheng TJR, Zulueta MML, Yang ST, Lico LS, Hung SC. Total synthesis of tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside and evaluation of its immunomodulatory activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7239. [PMID: 26037164 PMCID: PMC4468851 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, aggravated by drug-resistant strains and HIV co-infection of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a global problem that affects millions of people. With essential immunoregulatory roles, phosphatidylinositol mannosides are among the cell-envelope components critical to the pathogenesis and survival of M. tuberculosis inside its host. Here we report the first synthesis of the highly complex tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6), having stearic and tuberculostearic acids as lipid components. Our effort makes use of stereoelectronic and steric effects to control the regioselective and stereoselective outcomes and minimize the synthetic steps, particularly in the key desymmetrization and functionalization of myo-inositol. A short synthesis of tuberculostearic acid in six steps from the Roche ester is also described. Mice exposed to the synthesized Ac2PIM6 exhibit increased production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ, and the corresponding adjuvant effect is shown by the induction of ovalbumin- and tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies. Phosphatidylinositol mannosides are cell envelope components vital for the survival of M. tuberculosis. Here, the authors report an elegant and convergent total synthesis of the complex glycolipid tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6) and study the immunological effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap S Patil
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Rachel Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Larry S Lico
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2009-2010. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:268-422. [PMID: 24863367 PMCID: PMC7168572 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Harvey
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
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11
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Hans S, Altiti A, Mootoo DR. Synthesis of the C-glycoside of α-(D)-mannose-(1 → 6)-(D)-myo-inositol. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:6952-9. [PMID: 24057020 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dimannosylatedinositol pseudotrisaccharide phospholipid of the lipoarabinomannan (LAM) component of the mycobacterial cell wall has attracted interest as a therapeutic target because of its uniqueness to mycobacteria, its assembly at an early stage in LAM biosynthesis and the immunological activity of oligosaccharides containing this subunit. Accordingly, analogues of this pseudotrisaccharide, α-d-mannose-(1 → 2)-α-d-mannose-(1 → 6)-d-myo-inositol are of interest as mechanistic probes and drug leads. C-glycosides are of special interest because of their hydrolytic stability and conformational differences compared to O-glycosides. Herein, as a prelude to C-glycoside analogues of this pseudotrisaccharide, we describe the synthesis of the C-glycoside of α-d-mannose-(1 → 6)-d-myo-inositol. The synthetic strategy centers on the elaboration of a C1-linked glycal-inositol, the glycone segment of which is assembled via an oxocarbenium ion cyclization on a thioacetal-enol ether precursor that originates from "glycone" and "aglycone" components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunej Hans
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Vasconcelos MG, Briggs RH, Aguiar LC, Freire DM, Simas AB. Efficient desymmetrization of 4,6-di-O-benzyl-myo-inositol by Lipozyme TL-IM. Carbohydr Res 2014; 386:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
An analog of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has been synthesized containing the characteristic structures of all of its three major components; that is, a mannosylated phosphatidylinositol moiety, an oligomannan, and an oligoarabinan. A highly convergent strategy was developed that is applicable to the synthesis of other LAM analogs. The synthetic miniature LAM should be useful for various biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Guochao Liao
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Lizhen Wang
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong
University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- National
Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong
University, Jinan 250100, China
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Mondal S, Sureshan KM. Total syntheses and structural validation of lincitol A, lincitol B, uvacalol I, uvacalol J, and uvacalol K. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7279-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01329h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First total syntheses of lincitol A, lincitol B, uvacalol I, uvacalol J and uvacalol K were achieved in racemic form, validating their structure from a common intermediate, which was synthesized in six steps from low-cost and extensively available myo-inositol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Mondal
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Thiruvananthapuram 695016, India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research
- Thiruvananthapuram 695016, India
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Tanaka H, Ohira S, Yamaguchi Y, Takahashi T. Synthesis of a Phosphatidylinositol Dimannoside Using 2-(Azidomethyl)benzoate Mannosyl Donors. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Mondal S, Prathap A, Sureshan KM. Vinylogy in Orthoester Hydrolysis: Total Syntheses of Cyclophellitol, Valienamine, Gabosine K, Valienone, Gabosine G, 1-epi-Streptol, Streptol, and Uvamalol A. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7690-700. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401272j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Mondal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
| | - Annamalai Prathap
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
| | - Kana M. Sureshan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695016, India
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Patil PS, Lee CC, Huang YW, Zulueta MML, Hung SC. Regioselective and stereoselective benzylidene installation and one-pot protection of d-mannose. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:2605-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rankin GM, Compton BJ, Johnston KA, Hayman CM, Painter GF, Larsen DS. Synthesis and Mass Spectral Characterization of Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol and Its Dimannosides. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6743-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301189y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin J. Compton
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Karen A. Johnston
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Colin M. Hayman
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Limited, P.O. Box 31310, Lower
Hutt, New Zealand
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Yamamoto K, Davis BG. Creation of an α-mannosynthase from a broad glycosidase scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7449-53. [PMID: 22696205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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Yamamoto K, Davis BG. Creation of an α-Mannosynthase from a Broad Glycosidase Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Manoel EA, Pais KC, Cunha AG, Coelho MAZ, Freire DM, Simas AB. On the kinetic resolution of sterically hindered myo-inositol derivatives in organic media by lipases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chung CC, Zulueta MML, Padiyar LT, Hung SC. Desymmetrization of 2,4,5,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-d-myo-inositol for the Synthesis of Mycothiol. Org Lett 2011; 13:5496-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202218n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chung Chung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L. Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Laxmansingh T. Padiyar
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec.2 Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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The flow synthesis of heterocycles for natural product and medicinal chemistry applications. Mol Divers 2010; 15:613-30. [PMID: 20960230 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article represents an overview of recent research from the Innovative Technology Centre in the field of flow chemistry which was presented at the FROST2 meeting in Budapest in October 2009. After a short introduction of this rapidly expanding field, we discuss some of our results with a main focus on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds which we use in various natural product and medicinal chemistry programmes.
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