1
|
Fan W, Xiang S, Li Y, Zhang W, Guo S, Huang D. Iodine-Mediated Pyridine Ring Expansion for the Construction of Azepines. Org Lett 2022; 24:2075-2080. [PMID: 35285653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of azepines by the expansion of pyridine rings promoted by iodine in air is reported. The scope of the method is demonstrated with 27 examples. Two iodinations are involved in the reaction, in which the second iodination leads to the opening of the six-membered ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiqun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deguang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Han H, Gu L, Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang Q. Skeletal remodeling of chalcone-based pyridinium salts to access isoindoline polycycles and their bridged derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15389-15398. [PMID: 34976360 PMCID: PMC8635221 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05741c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous deconstructive ring-opening and skeletal reconstruction of an inert, aromatic pyridinium ring is of great importance in synthetic communities. However, research in this area is still in its infancy. Here, a skeletal re-modeling strategy was developed to transform chalcone-based pyridinium salts into structurally intriguing polycyclic isoindolines through a dearomative ring-opening/ring-closing sequence. Two distinct driving forces for the deconstruction of the pyridinium core were involved in these transformations. One was the unprecedented harnessing of the instability of in situ generated cyclic β-aminoketones, and the other was the instability of the resultant N,N-ketals. The desired isoindoline polycycles could undergo the Wittig reaction with various phosphorus ylides to achieve structural diversity and complexity. Notably, by tuning the Wittig conditions by addition of one equivalent of base, an additional bridged ring was introduced. A plausible mechanism was proposed on the basis of control experiments and theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Lijie Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakaine G, Ture A, Pedroni J, Smits G. Isolation, chemistry, and biology of pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine natural products. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:5-55. [PMID: 33846985 DOI: 10.1002/med.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of the antitumor antibiotic anthramycin in the 1960s prompted extensive research into pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBD) as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cancers. Since then, nearly 60 PBD natural products have been isolated and evaluated with regard to their biological activity. Synthetic studies and total syntheses have enabled access to PBD analogues, culminating in the development of highly potent anticancer agents. This review provides a summary of the occurrence and biological activity of PBD natural products and covers the strategies employed for their total syntheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guna Sakaine
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Julia Pedroni
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gints Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sowmiah S, Esperança JMSS, Rebelo LPN, Afonso CAM. Pyridinium salts: from synthesis to reactivity and applications. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the pyridinium salts in terms of their natural occurrence, synthesis, reactivity, biological properties, and diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Sowmiah
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - José M. S. S. Esperança
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
| | - Luís P. N. Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-009 Lisboa
- Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nolsøe JMJ, Aursnes M, Tungen JE, Hansen TV. Dienals Derived from Pyridinium Salts and Their Subsequent Application in Natural Product Synthesis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5377-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. J. Nolsøe
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Aursnes
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn E. Tungen
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond V. Hansen
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cairns AG, Senn HM, Murphy MP, Hartley RC. Expanding the palette of phenanthridinium cations. Chemistry 2014; 20:3742-51. [PMID: 24677631 PMCID: PMC4164275 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
5,6-Disubstituted phenanthridinium cations have a range of redox, fluorescence and biological properties. Some properties rely on phenanthridiniums intercalating into DNA, but the use of these cations as exomarkers for the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide, and as inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) do not require intercalation. A versatile modular synthesis of 5,6-disubstituted phenanthridiniums that introduces diversity by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, imine formation and microwave-assisted cyclisation is presented. Computational modelling at the density functional theory (DFT) level reveals that the novel displacement of the aryl halide by an acyclic N-alkylimine proceeds by an S(N)Ar mechanism rather than electrocyclisation. It is found that the displacement of halide is concerted and there is no stable Meisenheimer intermediate, provided the calculations consistently use a polarisable solvent model and a diffuse basis set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Cairns
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of GlasgowGlasgow, G12 8QQ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Hans Martin Senn
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of GlasgowGlasgow, G12 8QQ (UK) E-mail:
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC BuildingCambridge, CB2 0XY (UK)
| | - Richard C Hartley
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of GlasgowGlasgow, G12 8QQ (UK) E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Formation and Reactivity of 5-Aminopenta-2,4-Dienals. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420160-6.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
8
|
Cannon JS, Overman LE. Is there no end to the total syntheses of strychnine? Lessons learned in strategy and tactics in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4288-311. [PMID: 22431197 PMCID: PMC3804246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
From the 19th century to the present, the complex indole alkaloid strychnine has engaged the chemical community. In this Review, we examine why strychnine has been and remains today an important target for directed synthesis efforts. A selection of the diverse syntheses of strychnine is discussed with the aim of identifying their influence on the evolution of the strategy and tactics of organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Cannon
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou S, Sánchez-Larios E, Gravel M. Scalable synthesis of highly reactive 1,3-diamino dienes from vinamidinium salts and their use in Diels-Alder reactions. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3576-82. [PMID: 22397369 DOI: 10.1021/jo202655h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A practical and chromatography-free synthesis of vinamidinium salts and their use as diene precursors in Diels-Alder reactions is reported. Additionally, 1,3-dipyrrolidino-1,3-butadiene was shown to be significantly more reactive than Rawal's diene in a competition experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sida Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cannon JS, Overman LE. Kein Ende für Totalsynthesen von Strychnin in Sicht? Lektionen für Strategien und Methoden in der Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
11
|
Yan LH, Nuhant P, Sinigaglia I, Fromentin Y, Marazano C, Delpech B, Poupon E. Synthesis of the Indolic Pentacyclic Core of Manadomanzamine A Following Biogenetically Based Strategies. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
12
|
De Paolis M, Chataigner I, Maddaluno J. Recent advances in stereoselective synthesis of 1,3-dienes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 327:87-146. [PMID: 22527407 DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the latest developments in the stereoselective synthesis of conjugated dienes, covering the period 2005-2010. Since the use of this class of compounds is linked to the nature of their appendages (aryls, alkyls, electron-withdrawing, and heterosubstituted groups), the review has been categorized accordingly and illustrates the most representative strategies and mechanisms to access these targets.
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin DBC, Nguyen LQ, Vanderwal CD. Syntheses of Strychnine, Norfluorocurarine, Dehydrodesacetylretuline, and Valparicine Enabled by Intramolecular Cycloadditions of Zincke Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2011; 77:17-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. C. Martin
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| | - Lucas Q. Nguyen
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vanderwal CD. Reactivity and Synthesis Inspired by the Zincke Ring-Opening of Pyridines. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9555-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Vanderwal
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Paton RS, Steinhardt SE, Vanderwal CD, Houk KN. Unraveling the mechanism of cascade reactions of zincke aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3895-905. [PMID: 21351736 DOI: 10.1021/ja107988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal pericyclic cascade rearrangement of Zincke aldehydes (5-(dialkylamino)-2,4-pentadienals) to afford Z-α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated amides discovered by the Vanderwal group has been studied in depth using quantum mechanical methods. Two mechanistic possibilities that had previously been put forth to explain this internal redox process, one that had been discounted by experiment and the other that had withstood experimental scrutiny, were evaluated. Both of these mechanisms suffered from energetic barriers that appeared too high to allow rearrangement to proceed under the conditions used; however, computational study of a third possibility that implicates the intermediacy of vinylketenes revealed that it is the most likely pathway of rearrangement. Further computational studies accounted for the relative rates of rearrangement in substituted Zincke aldehydes, predicted the feasibility of related processes for other donor-acceptor dienes, and provided insight into the rearrangement of allylamine-derived Zincke aldehydes that provide either dihydropyridones or polycyclic lactams by further pericyclic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wisniewska HM, Jarvo ER. Enantioselective silver-catalyzed propargylation of imines. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00613k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
17
|
Martin DBC, Vanderwal CD. A synthesis of strychnine by a longest linear sequence of six steps. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
18
|
Peixoto S, Nguyen TM, Crich D, Delpech B, Marazano C. One-Pot Formation of Piperidine- and Pyrrolidine-Substituted Pyridinium Salts via Addition of 5-Alkylaminopenta-2,4-dienals to N-Acyliminium Ions: Application to the Synthesis of (±)-Nicotine and Analogs. Org Lett 2010; 12:4760-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101783c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Peixoto
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Tuan Minh Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David Crich
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Delpech
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Christian Marazano
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|