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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Vigier C, Fossé P, Fabis F, Cailly T, Dubost E. Controlled Access to
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‐Symmetrical Cyclotriveratrylenes (CTVs) by Using a Sequential Barluenga Boronic Coupling (BBC) Approach. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vigier
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN) 14000 Caen France
- Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie (BB@C) Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14074 Caen France
| | - Pierre Fossé
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN) 14000 Caen France
- Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie (BB@C) Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14074 Caen France
| | - Frédéric Fabis
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN) 14000 Caen France
- Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie (BB@C) Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14074 Caen France
| | - Thomas Cailly
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN) 14000 Caen France
- Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie (BB@C) Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14074 Caen France
- CHU Côte de Nacre Department of Nuclear Medicine 14000 Caen France
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, IMOGERE 14000 Caen France
| | - Emmanuelle Dubost
- Normandie Univ UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN) 14000 Caen France
- Institut Blood and Brain@Caen-Normandie (BB@C) Boulevard Henri Becquerel 14074 Caen France
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Schaly A, Rousselin Y, Chambron JC, Aubert E, Espinosa E. The Stereoselective Self-Assembly of Chiral Metallo-Organic Cryptophanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Huang SL, Jin GX, Luo HK, Hor TSA. Engineering Organic Macrocycles and Cages: Versatile Bonding Approaches. Chem Asian J 2014; 10:24-42. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Genetically encoded reporters for hyperpolarized xenon magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Chem 2014; 6:629-34. [PMID: 24950334 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables high-resolution non-invasive observation of the anatomy and function of intact organisms. However, previous MRI reporters of key biological processes tied to gene expression have been limited by the inherently low molecular sensitivity of conventional (1)H MRI. This limitation could be overcome through the use of hyperpolarized nuclei, such as in the noble gas xenon, but previous reporters acting on such nuclei have been synthetic. Here, we introduce the first genetically encoded reporters for hyperpolarized (129)Xe MRI. These expressible reporters are based on gas vesicles (GVs), gas-binding protein nanostructures expressed by certain buoyant microorganisms. We show that GVs are capable of chemical exchange saturation transfer interactions with xenon, which enables chemically amplified GV detection at picomolar concentrations (a 100- to 10,000-fold improvement over comparable constructs for (1)H MRI). We demonstrate the use of GVs as heterologously expressed indicators of gene expression and chemically targeted exogenous labels in MRI experiments performed on living cells.
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Tapaswi PK, Moorthy MS, Park SS, Ha CS. Fast, selective adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous mixed metal ions solution using 1,4,7-triazacyclononane modified SBA-15 silica adsorbent (SBA-TACN). J SOLID STATE CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang X, Li Y, Deuther-Conrad W, Xie F, Chen X, Cui MC, Zhang XJ, Zhang JM, Steinbach J, Brust P, Liu BL, Jia HM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of ¹⁸F labeled fluoro-oligo-ethoxylated 4-benzylpiperazine derivatives for sigma-1 receptor imaging. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:215-22. [PMID: 23199475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and evaluation of a series of fluoro-oligo-ethoxylated 4-benzylpiperazine derivatives as potential σ(1) receptor ligands. In vitro competition binding assays showed that 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)piperazine (6) exhibits low nanomolar affinity for σ(1) receptors (K(i)=1.85 ± 1.59 nM) and high subtype selectivity (σ(2) receptor: K(i)=291 ± 111 nM; K(i)σ(2)/K(i)σ(1)=157). [(18)F]6 was prepared in 30-50% isolated radiochemical yield, with radiochemical purity of >99% by HPLC analysis after purification, via nucleophilic (18)F(-) substitution of the corresponding tosylate precursor. The logD(pH 7.4) value of [(18)F]6 was found to be 2.57 ± 0.10, which is within the range expected to give high brain uptake. Biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated relatively high concentration of radiotracers in organs known to contain σ(1) receptors, including the brain, lungs, kidneys, heart, and spleen. Administration of haloperidol 5 min prior to injection of [(18)F]6 significantly reduced the concentration of radiotracers in the above-mentioned organs. The accumulation of radiotracers in the bone was quite low suggesting that [(18)F]6 is relatively stable to in vivo defluorination. The ex vivo autoradiography in rat brain showed high accumulation of radiotracers in the brain areas known to possess high expression of σ(1) receptors. These findings suggest that [(18)F]6 is a suitable radiotracer for imaging σ(1) receptors with PET in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Traoré T, Clavé G, Delacour L, Kotera N, Renard PY, Romieu A, Berthault P, Boutin C, Tassali N, Rousseau B. The first metal-free water-soluble cryptophane-111. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9702-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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