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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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2
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Sharma MK, Acharya RB, Shukla CA, Kulkarni AA. Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1917-1936. [PMID: 30112097 PMCID: PMC6071694 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The multistep flow synthesis of complex molecules has gained momentum over the last few years. A wide range of reaction types and conditions have been integrated seamlessly on a single platform including in-line separation as well as monitoring. Beyond merely getting considered as 'flow version' of conventional 'one-pot synthesis', multistep flow synthesis has become the next generation tool for creating libraries of new molecules. Here we give a more 'engineering' look at the possibility of developing a 'unified multistep flow synthesis platform'. A detailed analysis of various scenarios is presented considering 4 different classes of drugs already reported in the literature. The possible complexities that an automated and controlled platform needs to handle are also discussed in detail. Three different design approaches are proposed: (i) one molecule at a time, (ii) many molecules at a time and (iii) cybernetic approach. Each approach would lead to the effortless integration of different synthesis stages and also at different synthesis scales. While one may expect such a platform to operate like a 'driverless car' or a 'robo chemist' or a 'transformer', in reality, such an envisaged system would be much more complex than these examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjay K Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Roopashri B Acharya
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Chinmay A Shukla
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Campus, Pune 411008, India
- Chem. Eng. & Proc. Dev. Div., CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhaba Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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3
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Mild and selective reduction of aldehydes utilising sodium dithionite under flow conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1529-1536. [PMID: 30013679 PMCID: PMC6036987 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a novel hybrid batch–flow synthesis of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in which the reduction of a nitroaryl group is described under flow conditions using sodium dithionite. We now report the expansion of this method to include the reduction of aldehydes. The method developed affords yields which are comparable to those under batch conditions, has a reduced reaction time and improved space-time productivity. Furthermore, the approach allows the selective reduction of aldehydes in the presence of ketones and has been demonstrated as a continuous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Neyt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Darren L Riley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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4
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Abstract
Organic chemistry is continually evolving to improve the syntheses of value added and bioactive compounds. Through this progression, a concomitant advancement in laboratory technology has occurred. Many researchers now choose to mediate transformations in continuous-flow systems given the many benefits over round bottom flasks. Furthermore, reaction scale up is often less problematic as this is addressed at the inception of the science. Although single-step transformations in continuous-flow systems are common, multi-step transformations are more valuable. In these systems, molecular complexity is accrued through sequential transformations to a mobile scaffold, much like an in vitro version of Nature's polyketide synthases. Utilizing this methodology, multi-step continuous-flow systems have improved the syntheses of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), natural products, and commodity chemicals. This Review details these advancements while highlighting the rapid progress, benefits, and diversification of this expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
| | - Colin L Raston
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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5
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Rachel L. Beingessner
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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8
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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9
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ghislieri D, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. Chemische Fertigungssysteme: Kontrolle auf mehreren Ebenen für die divergente, kontinuierliche und vielstufige Synthese von pharmazeutisch aktiven Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Ghislieri D, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. Chemical Assembly Systems: Layered Control for Divergent, Continuous, Multistep Syntheses of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:678-82. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Gilmore K, Vukelić S, McQuade DT, Koksch B, Seeberger PH. Continuous Reductions and Reductive Aminations Using Solid NaBH4. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500310s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Gilmore
- Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stella Vukelić
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe
3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Tyler McQuade
- Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 United States
| | - Beate Koksch
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe
3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute
of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg
1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraβe
3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Newby JA, Blaylock DW, Witt PM, Pastre JC, Zacharova MK, Ley SV, Browne DL. Design and Application of a Low-Temperature Continuous Flow Chemistry Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Newby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Paul M. Witt
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marija K. Zacharova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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14
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Hamlin TA, Lazarus GML, Kelly CB, Leadbeater NE. A Continuous-Flow Approach to 3,3,3-Trifluoromethylpropenes: Bringing Together Grignard Addition, Peterson Elimination, Inline Extraction, and Solvent Switching. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500190j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Gillian M. L. Lazarus
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christopher B. Kelly
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Leadbeater
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
- Department of Community Medicine & Health Care, University of Connecticut Health Center, The Exchange, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, United States
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Yoshida M, Otaka H, Doi T. An Efficient Partial Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Esters Using DIBAL-H in Flow. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Asadi M, Bonke S, Polyzos A, Lupton DW. Fukuyama Reduction and Integrated Thioesterification/Fukuyama Reduction of Thioesters and Acyl Chlorides Using Continuous Flow. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5004917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Asadi
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shannon Bonke
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - David W. Lupton
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Murray PRD, Browne DL, Pastre JC, Butters C, Guthrie D, Ley SV. Continuous Flow-Processing of Organometallic Reagents Using an Advanced Peristaltic Pumping System and the Telescoped Flow Synthesis of (E/Z)-Tamoxifen. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Instituto
de Química, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chris Butters
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Guthrie
- Vapourtec Ltd., Park Farm Business
Centre, Bury St. Edmunds IP28 6TS, United Kingdom
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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McQuade DT, Seeberger PH. Applying flow chemistry: methods, materials, and multistep synthesis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6384-9. [PMID: 23750988 DOI: 10.1021/jo400583m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex molecules requires control over both chemical reactivity and reaction conditions. While reactivity drives the majority of chemical discovery, advances in reaction condition control have accelerated method development/discovery. Recent tools include automated synthesizers and flow reactors. In this Synopsis, we describe how flow reactors have enabled chemical advances in our groups in the areas of single-stage reactions, materials synthesis, and multistep reactions. In each section, we detail the lessons learned and propose future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tyler McQuade
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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