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Saridakis I, Kaiser D, Maulide N. Unconventional Macrocyclizations in Natural Product Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1869-1889. [PMID: 33274267 PMCID: PMC7706100 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, macrocyclic compounds have emerged as increasingly significant therapeutic candidates in drug discovery. Their pharmacological activity hinges on their rotationally restricted three-dimensional orientation, resulting in a unique conformational preorganization and a high enthalpic gain as a consequence of high-affinity macrocycle-protein binding interactions. Synthetic access to macrocyclic drug candidates is therefore crucial. From a synthetic point of view, the efficiency of macrocyclization events commonly suffers from entropic penalties as well as undesired intermolecular couplings (oligomerization). Although over the past several decades ring-closing metathesis, macrolactonization, or macrolactamization have become strategies of choice, the toolbox of organic synthesis provides a great number of versatile transformations beyond the aforementioned. This Outlook focuses on a selection of examples employing what we term unconventional macrocyclizations toward the synthesis of natural products or analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakovos Saridakis
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform for Next Generation Macrocycles, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Leger PR, Kuroda Y, Chang S, Jurczyk J, Sarpong R. C-C Bond Cleavage Approach to Complex Terpenoids: Development of a Unified Total Synthesis of the Phomactins. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15536-15547. [PMID: 32799452 PMCID: PMC7771649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of carbon-carbon (C-C) single bonds in readily available carbocyclic scaffolds can yield uniquely substituted carbocycles that would be challenging to construct otherwise. This is a powerful and often non-intuitive approach for complex molecule synthesis. The transition-metal-mediated cleavage of C-C bonds has the potential to broaden the scope of this type of skeletal remodeling by providing orthogonal selectivities compared to more traditional pericyclic and carbocation-based rearrangements. To highlight this emerging technology, a unified, asymmetric, total synthesis of the phomactin terpenoids was developed, enabled by the selective C-C bond cleavage of hydroxylated pinene derivatives obtained from carvone. In this full account, the challenges, solutions, and intricacies of Rh(I)-catalyzed cyclobutanol C-C cleavage in a complex molecule setting are described. In addition, details of the evolution of strategies that ultimately led to the total synthesis of phomactins A, K, P, R, and T, as well as the synthesis and structural reassignment of Sch 49027, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Leger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yusuke Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stanley Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Blackburn TJ, Thomas EJ. Synthetic approaches to phomactins: Novel oxidation of homoallylic alcohols using tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hachiya I, Mizota I, Shimizu M. New Synthetic Reactions Using the Iodotitanation Ability of Titanium Tetraiodide. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Makoto Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University
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Yashiro K, Ito S, Kayaki S, Sakata K, Mizota I, Hachiya I, Shimizu M. Titanium tetraiodide-mediated diastereoselective iodo-aldol and Mannich reactions of γ-alkoxy-α,β-alkynyl ketone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Quan X, Liu J, Rabten W, Diomedi S, Singh T, Andersson PG. Thiazole, Imidazole and Oxazoline Based N,P-Ligands for Palladium-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 1,6-Enynes. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Quan
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Stockholm University; The Arrhenius Laboratory; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Stockholm University; The Arrhenius Laboratory; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Wangchuk Rabten
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Stockholm University; The Arrhenius Laboratory; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Simone Diomedi
- School of Science and Technology; Chemistry Division; University of Camerino; Via S. Agostino 1 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Thishana Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Division; Durban University of Technology; P. O. Box 1334 4000 Durban South Africa
| | - Pher G. Andersson
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Stockholm University; The Arrhenius Laboratory; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
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Blackburn TJ, Kilner MJ, Thomas EJ. Synthetic approaches to phomactins: on the stereoselectivity of some [2,3]-Wittig rearrangements. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Du G, Bao W, Huang J, Huang S, Yue H, Yang W, Zhu L, Liang Z, Lee CS. Enantioselective Synthesis of the ABC-Tricyclic Core of Phomactin A by a γ-Hydroxylation Strategy. Org Lett 2015; 17:2062-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Du
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenli Bao
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junrong Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuangping Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong Yue
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenhao Liang
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chi-Sing Lee
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics,
School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen
Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Xili, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Ma J, Vannam R, Terwilliger DW, Peczuh MW. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of a macrocyclic imine: aza-[13]-macrodiolides. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ciesielski J, Frontier A. The Phomactin Natural Products from Isolation to Total Synthesis: A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2014.903142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hachiya I, Shimizu M. Chemoselective reductions and iodinations using titanium tetraiodide. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hachiya I, Ito S, Kayaki S, Shimizu M. Diastereoselective Iodoaldol Reaction of γ-Alkoxy-α,β-Alkynyl Ketone Derivatives Promoted by Titanium Tetraiodide. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ciesielski J, Gandon V, Frontier AJ. Cascade cyclizations of acyclic and macrocyclic alkynones: studies toward the synthesis of phomactin A. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9541-52. [PMID: 23724905 DOI: 10.1021/jo4007514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study of the reactivity and diastereoselectivity of the Lewis acid promoted cascade cyclizations of both acyclic and macrocyclic alkynones is described. In these reactions, a β-iodoallenolate intermediate is generated via conjugate addition of iodide to an alkynone followed by an intramolecular aldol reaction with a tethered aldehyde to afford a cyclohexenyl alcohol. The Lewis acid magnesium iodide (MgI2) was found to promote irreversible ring closure, while cyclizations using BF3·OEt2 as promoter occurred reversibly. For both acyclic and macrocyclic alkynones, high diastereoselectivity was observed in the intramolecular aldol reaction. The MgI2 protocol for cyclization was applied to the synthesis of advanced intermediates relevant to the synthesis of phomactin natural products, during which a novel transannular cation-olefin cyclization was observed. DFT calculations were conducted to analyze the mechanism of this unusual MgI2-promoted process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ciesielski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester , Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Ciesielski J, Lebœuf D, Stern HA, Frontier AJ. Gold (III) Chloride-Catalyzed 6- endo- trig Oxa-Michael Addition Reactions for Diastereoselective Synthesis of Fused Tetrahydropyranones. Adv Synth Catal 2013; 355:2077-2082. [PMID: 24032002 PMCID: PMC3767299 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alkynones were treated with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate to generate β-iodoallenolates, which underwent intramolecular aldol reactions to produce cycloalkenyl alcohols. Diastereoselective oxa-Michael ring closure could then be induced by treatment with a catalytic amount of gold(III) chloride, affording highly functionalized tetrahydropyran-containing ring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Thomas T. Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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