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Wang B, Lu Y. Collective Molecular Machines: Multidimensionality and Reconfigurability. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:155. [PMID: 38499833 PMCID: PMC10948734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecular machines are key to cellular activity where they are involved in converting chemical and light energy into efficient mechanical work. During the last 60 years, designing molecular structures capable of generating unidirectional mechanical motion at the nanoscale has been the topic of intense research. Effective progress has been made, attributed to advances in various fields such as supramolecular chemistry, biology and nanotechnology, and informatics. However, individual molecular machines are only capable of producing nanometer work and generally have only a single functionality. In order to address these problems, collective behaviors realized by integrating several or more of these individual mechanical units in space and time have become a new paradigm. In this review, we comprehensively discuss recent developments in the collective behaviors of molecular machines. In particular, collective behavior is divided into two paradigms. One is the appropriate integration of molecular machines to efficiently amplify molecular motions and deformations to construct novel functional materials. The other is the construction of swarming modes at the supramolecular level to perform nanoscale or microscale operations. We discuss design strategies for both modes and focus on the modulation of features and properties. Subsequently, in order to address existing challenges, the idea of transferring experience gained in the field of micro/nano robotics is presented, offering prospects for future developments in the collective behavior of molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Lin B, Karki I, Pellechia PJ, Shimizu KD. Electrostatically-gated molecular rotors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5869-5872. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control molecular-scale motion using electrostatic interactions was demonstrated using an N-phenylsuccinimide molecular rotor with an electrostatic pyridyl-gate. Protonation of the pyridal-gate forms stabilizing electrostatic interactions in the...
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Woźny M, Mames A, Ratajczyk T. Triptycene Derivatives: From Their Synthesis to Their Unique Properties. Molecules 2021; 27:250. [PMID: 35011478 PMCID: PMC8746337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first preparation of triptycene, great progress has been made with respect to its synthesis and the understanding of its properties. Interest in triptycene-based systems is intense; in recent years, advances in the synthetic methodology and properties of new triptycenes have been reported by researchers from various fields of science. Here, an account of these new developments is given and placed in reference to earlier pivotal works that underpin the field. First, we discuss new approaches to the synthesis of new triptycenes. Progress in the regioselective synthesis of sterically demanding systems is discussed. The application of triptycenes in catalysis is also presented. Next, progress in the understanding of the relations between triptycene structures and their properties is discussed. The unique properties of triptycenes in the liquid and solid states are elaborated. Unique interactions, which involve triptycene molecular scaffolds, are presented. Molecular interactions within a triptycene unit, as well as between triptycenes or triptycenes and other molecules, are also evaluated. In particular, the summary of the synthesis and useful features will be helpful to researchers who are using triptycenes as building blocks in the chemical and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Woźny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Wang H, Guan Q, Wang X. Theoretical study on pentiptycene molecular brake: photoinduced isomerization and photoinduced electron transfer. J Mol Model 2021; 27:289. [PMID: 34536143 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The isomerization of the double bond plays an important role in the braking and de-braking of the light-controlled molecular brake. Therefore, the pentiptycene-type (Pp-type) light-controlled molecular brake system ((E)- and (Z)-4'-pentiptycyl vinyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carbonitrile) containing the C = C double bond was theoretically studied. Combining the 6-31G(d) basis set, the ωB97XD functional with dispersion correction was applied to implement the (E)-configuration and (Z)-configuration initial optimization. Next, using the 6-311G(d,p) basis set, the relaxed potential energy surface scans of the rotation angle were operated, and then the optimization calculations of the transition states at the extremum high points. Analyzing the stagnation points and the rotational transition states on the potential energy profiles, the rotation mechanism and basic energy parameters of the molecular brake were obtained. Then, the DFT computations at ground states and the TD-DFT computations of vertical excitation energy were put into practice at the accuracy of the def-TZVP basis set for the two configurations, and using the natural transition orbital (NTO) analyses combining the excitation energies and absorption spectra, the electronic transition characteristics and electron transfer properties of light-controlled molecular brake were studied. Afterwards, in order to investigate the photoinduced isomerization reaction, the C = C double bond was scanned on the relaxed potential energy surface, and the intermediates of the isomerization reaction were searched and analyzed; thus, the braking mechanism of the light-controlled molecular brake was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Guan
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueye Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411105, People's Republic of China.
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Komiya N, Ikeshita M, Tosaki K, Sato A, Itami N, Naota T. Catalytic Enantioselective Rotation of Watermill‐Shaped Dinuclear Pd Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naruyoshi Komiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Chemistry Laboratory The Jikei University School of Medicine Kokuryo, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8570 Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikeshita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Koichi Tosaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Nao Itami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takeshi Naota
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Senkai Han
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Xinjiekouwaidajie 19 100875 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Yingying Wu
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Xinjiekouwaidajie 19 100875 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Ran Duan
- Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Zhongguancun North First Street 2 100190 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Xinjiekouwaidajie 19 100875 Beijing P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Xinjiekouwaidajie 19 100875 Beijing P.R. China
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7
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Abstract
Despite having significant applications in building nanomachines, molecular rotors with the rotational speed modulations to multiple stages in a wide range of frequency have not yet been well established. Here, we report the discovery of a stimuli-responsive molecular rotor, the rotational speed of which in the slow-to-fast range could be modulated to at least four stages triggered by acid/base and metal cations. The rotor itself rotates rapidly at ambient or elevated temperature but displays a restricted rotation after deprotonation due to the produced intramolecular electrostatic repulsion. Subsequent addition of Li+ or Na+ cations introduces an electrostatic bridge to stabilize the transition state of the deprotonated rotor, thus giving a cation-radius-dependent acceleration of the rotation to render the rotor running at a mid-speed. All the stimuli are highly reversible. Our studies provide a conceptual approach for constructing multistage rotational-speed-changing molecular rotors, and further, the practical nanomachines. Molecular rotors with rotational speed modulation have not yet been well established. Here, the authors report a pH and metal cation triggered molecular rotor, which allows for a four stage speed modulation in the slow-to-fast frequency range.
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Yu C, Ma L, He J, Xiang J, Deng X, Wang Y, Chen X, Jiang H. Flexible, Linear Chains Act as Baffles To Inhibit the Intramolecular Rotation of Molecular Turnstiles. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15849-15852. [PMID: 27960355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In artificial molecular devices, flexible, linear chains typically exhibit very weak capability in inhibiting molecular motion. Herein, we describe the dynamic properties of a series of molecular turnstiles consisting of a rigid frame and a phenyl rotator flanked with linear alkoxymethyl substituents. The long, flexible substituents act as elastic baffles to inhibit the rotations of the rotator at medium to fast speeds on the NMR time scale. When the rotator moves slowly, the substituents become more relaxed, thus obtaining an opportunity to completely thread through the cavity of the turnstiles. These findings reveal a basic but missing correlation between steric hindrance and speed of motion for flexible, linear chains in dynamic molecular devices, thus opening up a new direction toward molecular machines with more elaborate dynamic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiaojiao He
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuebin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry and Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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Abstract
The past quarter of a century has witnessed an increasing engagement on the part of physicists and chemists in the design and synthesis of molecular machines de novo. This minireview traces the development of artificial molecular machines from their prototypes in the form of shuttles and switches to their emergence as motors and pumps where supplies of energy in the form of chemical fuel, electrochemical potential and light activation become a minimum requirement for them to function away from equilibrium. The challenge facing this rapidly growing community of scientists and engineers today is one of putting wholly synthetic molecules to work, both individually and as collections. Here, we highlight some of the recent conceptual and practical advances relating to the operation of wholly synthetic rotary and linear motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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Internal C-C Bond Rotation in Photoisomers of α-Bisimines: a Light-Responsive Two-Step Molecular Speed Regulator Based on Double Imine Photoswitching. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Moylan C, Rogers L, Shaker YM, Davis M, Eckhardt HG, Eckert R, Ryan AA, Senge MO. Preparation of Tri- and Hexasubstituted Triptycene Synthons by Transition Metal Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions for Post-Modifications. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wang G, Ma L, Xiang J, Wang Y, Chen X, Che Y, Jiang H. 2,6-Pyridodicarboxamide-Bridged Triptycene Molecular Transmission Devices: Converting Rotation to Rocking Vibration. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11302-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lishuang Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanke Che
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Key
Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry
of Education, Chemistry College, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Tan WS, Chuang PY, Chen CH, Prabhakar C, Huang SJ, Huang SL, Liu YH, Lin YC, Peng SM, Yang JS. Light-gated molecular brakes based on pentiptycene-incorporated azobenzenes. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:989-97. [PMID: 25655505 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201403233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Three azobenzene derivatives (2 R, 2 OR, and 2 NR) that differed in their terminal substituent (alkyl, alkyloxy, and dialkylamino, respectively) have been synthesized and investigated as molecular brakes, in which the rigid H-shaped pentiptycene group functioned as a rotor and the dinitrophenyl group as a "brake pad". The E and Z isomers of these compounds corresponded to the "brake-off" and "brake-on" states, respectively. The rotation rate of the rotor was evaluated by VT NMR spectroscopy for the brake-on state and by DFT calculations for the brake-off state. The difference between the rotation rates for the rotor in the two states was as large as eight orders of magnitude at ambient temperature. Photochemical switching of the azobenzene moieties afforded efficiencies of 55-67%. A combination of photochemical E→Z and thermal Z→E isomerization promoted the switching efficiency up to 78%. The terminal substituent affected both the photochemical and thermal switching efficiencies. Solvent polarity also played an important role in the lifetimes of the Z isomers. These azobenzene systems displayed similar braking powers but superior switching efficiencies to the stilbene analogue (1O R; ca. 60% vs 20%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shyang Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
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Supur M, Kawashima Y, Ma YX, Ohkubo K, Chen CF, Fukuzumi S. Long-lived charge separation in a rigid pentiptycene bis(crown ether)–Li+@C60host–guest complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15796-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sun WT, Huang GJ, Huang SL, Lin YC, Yang JS. A light-gated molecular brake with antilock and fluorescence turn-on alarm functions: application of singlet-state adiabatic cis → trans photoisomerization. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6321-5. [PMID: 24921686 DOI: 10.1021/jo5007015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A light-gated molecular brake that displays both high braking power (∼10(7)) and high switching power (∼74%) is reported. The lower rate for brake-on than for brake-off switching of the pentiptycene rotor mimics the function of an antilock braking system (ABS) for vehicles on a loose surface. The brake is also armed with a fluorescence turn-on alarm for accidental deactivation of the ABS function by acids. All of these features are associated with the highly efficient singlet-state adiabatic cis → trans photoisomerization of the phenylstilbene chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , No 1 Sec 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan 10617
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Kao CY, Lee IT, Prabhakar C, Yang JS. Light- and Redox-Gated Molecular Brakes Consisting of a Pentiptycene Rotor and an Indole Pad. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chen G, Zhao Y. Redox-Regulated Rotary Motion of a Bis(9-triptycyl)-TTFV System. Org Lett 2014; 16:668-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol403295q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
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Ma YX, Han Y, Cao J, Chen CF. Complexation of a pentiptycene-derived trans-bis(crown ether) host with different terminally functionalized paraquat derivatives in solution and the solid state: a switchable complexation process controlled by potassium ions. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8183-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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