Oxidative condensations to form benzimidazole-substituted potassium organotrifluoroborates

Recent achievements in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives

Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds in which a benzene ring is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole refers to the parent compound, while benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having similar ring structures, but different substituents. Benzimidazole derivatives possess a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiviral, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. Many compounds possessing a benzimidazole skeleton have been employed as drugs in the market. The application of benzimidazoles in other fields has also been documented. The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has attracted much attention from chemists and numerous articles on the synthesis of this class of heterocyclic compound have been reported over the years. The condensation between 1,2-benzenediamine and aldehydes has received intensive interest, while many novel methods have been developed. In this article, we will give a comprehensive review of studies on the synthesis of benzimidazole, which date back to 2013. We have also tried to describe reaction mechanisms as much as we can. The work might be useful for chemists who work in the synthesis of heterocycles or drug chemistry.

Bronsted acidic surfactants: efficient organocatalysts for diverse organic transformations

Organic transformations using efficient, atom-economical, cost-effective and environmentally benign strategies for the construction of diversified molecules have attracted synthetic chemists worldwide in recent years. These processes often minimize the waste production and avoid the use of hazardous flammable organic solvents. Among various green protocols, the procedures using surfactant-based catalytic systems have received a considerable attention in organic synthesis. In this context, Bronsted acidic surfactants have emerged as efficient catalysts for various C–C, C–O, C–N and C–S bond forming reactions. Many of these reactions occur in water, as Bronsted acidic surfactants have a unique ability of creating hydrophobic pocket through micelle formation in aqueous medium and the substrate molecules react efficiently to afford the targeted products in good yields. In the past, Bronsted acidic surfactant combined catalysts successfully displayed their potential to accelerate the reaction rates of diverse organic transformations. This chapter presents a complete overview on Bronsted acidic surfactants catalyzed organic reactions to construct a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic molecular frameworks.

Synthesis of ortho-Diamino-Functionalized 1-Arylnaphthalenes through Nickel-Catalyzed Cyclization of Ynamide-Benzylnitriles with Organoboronic Acids

A nickel-catalyzed highly regioselective addition/cyclization of ynamide-benzylnitriles with organoboronic acids has been developed. The reaction offers an attractive route for the construction of diamino-functionalized 1-arylnaphthalenes, which is difficult to synthesize by other methods. In addition, a wide range of functional groups are tolerated in this reaction.

Natural dolomitic limestone-catalyzed synthesis of benzimidazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, and highly substituted pyridines under ultrasound irradiation

Natural dolomitic limestone (NDL) is employed as a heterogeneous green catalyst for the synthesis of medicinally valuable benzimidazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, and highly functionalized pyridines via C–N, C–C, and C–S bond formations in a mixture of ethanol and H₂O under ultrasound irradiation. The catalyst is characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and EDAX analysis. The main advantages of this methodology include the wide substrate scope, cleaner reaction profile, short reaction times, and excellent isolated yields. The products do not require chromatographic purification, and the catalyst can be reused seven times. Therefore, the catalyst is a greener alternative for the synthesis of the above N-heterocycles compared to the existing reported catalysts.

Functionalized Benzimidazole Scaffolds: Privileged Heterocycle for Drug Design in Therapeutic Medicine

Benzimidazole derivatives are crucial structural scaffolds found in diverse libraries of biologically active compounds which are therapeutically useful agents in drug discovery and medicinal research. They are structural isosteres of naturally occurring nucleotides, which allows them to interact with the biopolymers of living systems. Hence, there is a need to couple the latest information with the earlier documentations to understand the current status of the benzimidazole nucleus in medicinal chemistry research. This present work unveils the benzimidazole core as a multifunctional nucleus that serves as a resourceful tool of information for synthetic modifications of old existing candidates in order to tackle drug resistance bottlenecks in therapeutic medicine. This manuscript deals with the recent advances in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives, the widespread biological activities as well as pharmacokinetic reports. These present them as a toolbox for fighting infectious diseases and also make them excellent candidates for future drug design.

ZrO2-β-cyclodextrin catalyzed synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles under solvent free conditions and evaluation of their antibacterial study

A series of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles catalyzed by ZrO₂-supported-β-cyclodextrin (ZrO₂-β-CD) under solvent free conditions have been synthesized and characterized by spectral methods.

Iron(ii) bromide-catalyzed oxidative coupling of benzylamines with ortho-substituted anilines: synthesis of 1,3-benzazoles

An iron(ii) bromide-catalyzed oxidative coupling of benzylamines with 2-amino/hydroxy/mercapto-anilines has been developed, allowing the synthesis of a diversity of substituted 1,3-benzazoles in good to excellent yields.

A simple and efficient mechanochemical route for the synthesis of 2-aryl benzothiazoles and substituted benzimidazoles

An efficient, catalyst free mechanochemical route to 2-aryl benzothiazoles and both 2- and 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles has been developed via a simple mortar–pestle grinding method.

Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of unprotected, nitrogen-rich heterocycles: substrate scope and mechanistic investigation

The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of unprotected, nitrogen-rich heterocycles using precatalysts P1 or P2 is reported. The procedure allows for the reaction of variously substituted indazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, indole, oxindole, and azaindole halides under mild conditions in good to excellent yields. Additionally, the mechanism behind the inhibitory effect of unprotected azoles on Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions is described based on evidence gained through experimental, crystallographic, and theoretical investigations.

Zirconyl (IV) Nitrate as Efficient and Reusable Solid Lewis Acid Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives

The present paper introduces a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of substituted benzimidazoles by heterocyclization of differento-phenylenediamines and substituted aromatic carboxylic acid/aldehyde in the presence of zirconyl nitrate as catalyst in ethanol under reflux, which produced excellent yield of corresponding benzimidazoles in a short reaction time with reusability of catalyst.