1
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Shi Y, Derasp JS, Maschmeyer T, Hein JE. Phase transfer catalysts shift the pathway to transmetalation in biphasic Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5436. [PMID: 38937470 PMCID: PMC11211432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Suzuki-Miyaura coupling is a widely used C-C bond forming reaction. Numerous mechanistic studies have enabled the use of low catalyst loadings and broad functional group tolerance. However, the dominant mode of transmetalation remains controversial and likely depends on the conditions employed. Herein we detail a mechanistic study of the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling under biphasic conditions. The use of phase transfer catalysts results in a remarkable 12-fold rate enhancement in the targeted system. A shift from an oxo-palladium based transmetalation to a boronate-based pathway lies at the root of this activity. Furthermore, a study of the impact of different water loadings reveals reducing the proportion of the aqueous phase increases the reaction rate, contrary to reaction conditions typically employed in the literature. The importance of these findings is highlighted by achieving an exceptionally broad substrate scope with benzylic electrophiles using a 10-fold reduction in catalyst loading relative to literature precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Joshua S Derasp
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Tristan Maschmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- Acceleration Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Huang S, Li X, Cai Y, Feng W, Yuan L. Construction of Oligorotaxanes with Hydrogen-Bonded Aramide Macrocycles through Threaded Host-Guest Complexation. Chemistry 2023:e202303394. [PMID: 38116992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient and selective organic synthetic approaches for complex molecules has garnered significant attention due to the need for precise control over molecular structures and functions. Rotaxanes, a type of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), have shown promising applications in various fields including sensing, catalysis, and material science. However, the highly selective synthesis of oligo[n]rotaxanes (mostly n≥3) through controlling host-guest complexation and supramolecular threading assembly process still remains an ongoing challenge. In particular, the utilization of two-dimensional (2D) macrocycles with structural shape-persistency for the synthesis of oligo[n]rotaxanes is rare. In this concept, research on cooperatively threaded host-guest complexation with hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) aramide macrocycles and selective synthetic protocols of oligo[n]rotaxanes has been summarized. The high efficiency and selectivity in synthesis are ascribed to the synergistic interplay of multiple non-covalent bonding interactions such as hydrogen bonding and intermolecular π-π stacking of macrocycles within the unique supramolecular structure of threaded host-guest complexes. This review focuses on the latest progress in the concepts, synthesis, and properties of H-bonded aramide macrocycle-based oligorotaxanes, and presents an in-depth outlook on challenges in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Huang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yimin Cai
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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3
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Liu Z, Xu W, Liu M, Jia A, Liu Y, Xiao X, Li X, Yuan L. Threading of three rings on two stations: a convergent approach to [4]rotaxane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13506-13509. [PMID: 34816822 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach to efficient and selective construction of [4]rotaxane was proposed to demonstrate the superiority of H-bonded azo-macrocycles in forging higher order rotaxanes. The single crystal structure reveals the importance of the interplay of multiple non-covalent bonding interactions, particularly π-stacking interactions, in stabilizing the host-guest complex. This may open an avenue to the synthesis of oligomeric mechanically interlocked molecules containing fewer stations but more rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinyang Wu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zejiang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Weitao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Menglong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Along Jia
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuchen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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4
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Chan SM, Tang FK, Lam CY, Kwan CS, Hau SCK, Leung KCF. π-Stacking Stopper-Macrocycle Stabilized Dynamically Interlocked [2]Rotaxanes. Molecules 2021; 26:4704. [PMID: 34361858 PMCID: PMC8347712 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecules is valuable due to their unique topologies. With π-stacking intercomponent interaction, e.g., phenanthroline and anthracene, novel [2]rotaxanes have been synthesized by dynamic imine clipping reaction. Their X-ray crystal structures indicate the π-stackings between the anthracene moiety (stopper) on the thread and the (hetero)aromatic rings at the macrocycle of the rotaxanes. Moreover, the length of glycol chains affects the extra π-stacking intercomponent interactions between the phenyl groups and the dimethoxy phenyl groups on the thread. Dynamic combinatorial library has shown at best 84% distribution of anthracene-threaded phenanthroline-based rotaxane, coinciding with the crystallography in that the additional π-stacking intercomponent interactions could increase the thermodynamic stability and selectivity of the rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Ming Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Fung-Kit Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Ching-Yau Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
| | - Sam C. K. Hau
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; (S.-M.C.); (F.-K.T.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-S.K.)
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5
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Zhang Z, Shao L, Yang J. A phosphonated copillar[5]arene: Synthesis and application in the construction of pH-responsive supramolecular polymer in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Xing LB, Wang XJ, Zhang JL, Zhou Z, Zhuo S. Tetraphenylethene-containing supramolecular hyperbranched polymers: aggregation-induced emission by supramolecular polymerization in aqueous solution. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular hyperbranched polymers have been constructed, by using host-enhanced π–π interactions between CB[8] and a TPE derivative, with aggregation-induced emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou 221116
- P.R. China
| | - Jing-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
| | - Shuping Zhuo
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University of Technology
- Zibo 255049
- P. R. China
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7
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Zhan TG, Zhou TY, Lin F, Zhang L, Zhou C, Qi QY, Li ZT, Zhao X. Supramolecular radical polymers self-assembled from the stacking of radical cations of rod-like viologen di- and trimers. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00298f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of π-conjugated oligomeric viologens have been synthesized, from which supramolecular radical polymers were constructed through the stacking of their radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Guang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Tian-You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Cen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Qiao-Yan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
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8
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Chen L, Willcock H, Wedge CJ, Hartl F, Colquhoun HM, Greenland BW. Efficient access to conjugated 4,4'-bipyridinium oligomers using the Zincke reaction: synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 14:980-8. [PMID: 26626110 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclocondensation reaction between rigid, electron-rich aromatic diamines and 1,1'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium (Zincke) salts has been harnessed to produce a series of conjugated oligomers containing up to twelve aromatic/heterocyclic residues. These oligomers exhibit discrete, multiple redox processes accompanied by dramatic changes in electronic absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK.
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9
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Lin F, Zhao X. A series of polyaromatic hydrocarbons conjugated viologens: synthesis, supramolecular structures in solid state, and electrochemical and photophysical properties. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Zhan TG, Lu BY, Lin F, Zhou TY, Zhao X, Li ZT. Donor–acceptor interaction-driven folding of linear naphthalene–glycol oligomers templated by a rigid bipyridinium rod. Org Chem Front 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The construction of folded and helical supramolecular structures through the self-assembly of a series of flexible linear oligomers induced by a rigid rod-like template has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Guang Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Ben-Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Feng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Tian-You Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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11
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Sun J, Frasconi M, Liu Z, Barnes JC, Wang Y, Chen D, Stern CL, Fraser Stoddart J. Formation of ring-in-ring complexes between crown ethers and rigid TVBox8+. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1432-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08053j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An octacationic tetraviologen-based cyclophane—so called TVBox8+—can form a ring-in-ring complex with bis-1,5-dinaphtho[50]crown-14, which represents a key intermediate for constructing molecular Borromean rings in a stepwise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Marco Frasconi
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | | | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Dongyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
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12
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Zhou W, Wu Y, Zhai BQ, Wang QC, Qu DH. An anthracene-containing bistable [2]rotaxane featuring color and fluorescence changes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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13
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Meng Z, Xiang JF, Chen CF. Tristable [n]rotaxanes: from molecular shuttle to molecular cable car. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53295j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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14
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Kuwabara T, Sugiyama M, Takeuchi K, Sakane H. Catenane and inclusion complex as photochromic compounds involving viologen units. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Lopez-Lopez M, Montilla F, Olivares M, Lebron JA, Moya ML, Lopez-Cornejo P. Interaction between monomers of two surfactants derived from the [Ru(2,2'-bpy)(3)](2+) complex and α, β and γ-cyclodextrins: formation of [2]- and [3]-pseudorotaxanes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:6171-81. [PMID: 23525374 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32197e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new surfactants derived from the tris(2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) complex, [Ru(2,2'-bpy)(3)](2+), were synthesized and characterized: the double-tailed [Ru(2,2'-bipy)2(4,4'-(C(11)H(23))(2)-2,2'-bipy)](2+) surfactant (RuC11) and the mono-tailed [Ru(2,2'-bipy)(2)(4-(CH(3))-4'-(C(13)H(27))-2,2'-bipy)](2+) surfactant (RuC13). The main characteristic of these species is the presence of an inorganic complex as the polar head of the surfactant with interesting luminescence properties, which were used to study the interaction of these cationic surfactants with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins (CD). The results showed the formation of [2]- and [3]-pseudorotaxanes. The binding constant values as well as the stoichiometry of the complexes formed were obtained; the results were confirmed, from a qualitative point of view, with NMR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lopez-Lopez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Química Física y Química, Orgánica, Universidad de Huelva, Campus El Carmen, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, E-21071, Spain
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