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Santos FDS, Ramasamy E, da Luz LC, Ramamurthy V, Rodembusch FS. Spectroscopic Insights of an Emissive Complex between 4'- N, N-Diethylaminoflavonol in Octa-Acid Deep-Cavity Cavitand and Rhodamine 6G. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114260. [PMID: 37298739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excited-state chemistry relies on the communication between molecules, making it a crucial aspect of the field. One important question that arises is whether intermolecular communication and its rate can be modified when a molecule is confined. To explore the interaction in such systems, we investigated the ground and excited states of 4'-N,N-diethylaminoflavonol (DEA3HF) in an octa acid-based (OA) confined medium and in ethanolic solution, both in the presence of Rhodamine 6G (R6G). Despite the observed spectral overlap between the flavonol emission and the R6G absorption, as well as the fluorescence quenching of the flavonol in the presence of R6G, the almost constant fluorescence lifetime at different amounts of R6G discards the presence of FRET in the studied systems. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence indicate the formation of an emissive complex between the proton transfer dye encapsulated within water-soluble supramolecular host octa acid (DEA3HF@(OA)2) and R6G. A similar result was observed between DEA3HF:R6G in ethanolic solution. The respective Stern-Volmer plots corroborate with these observations, suggesting a static quenching mechanism for both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano da Silveira Santos
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fotoquímica Orgânica Aplicada, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Lilian Camargo da Luz
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fotoquímica Orgânica Aplicada, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Severo Rodembusch
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Fotoquímica Orgânica Aplicada, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, Brazil
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2
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Pradeep A, Varadharajan R, Ramamurthy V. Reversible Photoisomerization of Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane within a Confined Capsule. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:624-636. [PMID: 35977794 DOI: 10.1111/php.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the desire to develop a sustainable green method to store and release solar energy via a chemical reaction we have examined the well investigated norbornadiene-quadricyclane (NBD-QC) system in water. In this context, we have employed octa acid (OA) as the host that forms a capsule in water. According to 1 H NMR spectra and diffusion constants OA forms a stable 2:2 complex with both NBD and QC and 1:1:2 mixed complex in presence of equal amounts of both NBD and QC. The photoconversion of NBD to QC within the OA capsule is clean without side reactions. In this case OA itself acts as a triplet sensitizer. Recognizing the disadvantage of this supramolecular approach, in the future we plan to look for visible light absorbing sensitizers to perform this conversion. The reverse reaction (QC to NBD) is achieved via electron transfer process with methylene blue as the sensitizer. This reverse reaction is also clean and no side products were detected. The preliminary results reported here provides 'proof of principle' for combining green, sustainable and supramolecular chemistries in the context of solar energy capture and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Pradeep
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Ramkumar Varadharajan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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3
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Ramamurthy V, Sen P, Elles CG. Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of Spatially Confined Organic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4681-4699. [PMID: 35786917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article highlights the role of spatial confinement in controlling the fundamental behavior of molecules. Select examples illustrate the value of using space as a tool to control and understand excited-state dynamics through a combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and conventional steady-state methods. Molecules of interest were confined within a closed molecular capsule, derived from a cavitand known as octa acid (OA), whose internal void space is sufficient to accommodate molecules as long as tetracene and as wide as pyrene. The free space, i.e., the space that is left following the occupation of the guest within the host, is shown to play a significant role in altering the behavior of guest molecules in the excited state. The results reported here suggest that in addition to weak interactions that are commonly emphasized in supramolecular chemistry, the extent of empty space (i.e., the remaining void space within the capsule) is important in controlling the excited-state behavior of confined molecules on ultrafast time scales. For example, the role of free space in controlling the excited-state dynamics of guest molecules is highlighted by probing the cis-trans isomerization of stilbenes and azobenzenes within the OA capsule. Isomerization of both types of molecule are slowed when they are confined within a small space, with encapsulated azobenzenes taking a different reaction pathway compared to that in solution upon excitation to S2. In addition to steric constraints, confinement of reactive molecules in a small space helps to override the need for diffusion to bring the reactants together, thus enabling the measurement of processes that occur faster than the time scale for diffusion. The advantages of reducing free space and confining reactive molecules are illustrated by recording unprecedented excimer emission from anthracene and by measuring ultrafast electron transfer rates across the organic molecular wall. By monitoring the translational motion of anthracene pairs in a restricted space, it has been possible to document the pathway undertaken by excited anthracene from inception to the formation of the excimer on the excited-state surface. Similarly, ultrafast electron transfer experiments pursued here have established that the process is not hindered by a molecular wall. Apparently, the electron can cross the OA capsule wall provided the donor and acceptor are in close proximity. Measurements on the ultrafast time scale provide crucial insights for each of the examples presented here, emphasizing the value of both "space" and "time" in controlling and understanding the dynamics of excited molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208 016, India
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Ramamurthy V. Photochemistry in a capsule: controlling excited state dynamics via confinement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6571-6585. [PMID: 35611956 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01758j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exerting control on excited state processes has been a long-held goal in photochemistry. One approach to achieve control has been to mimic biological systems in Nature (e.g., photosynthesis) that has perfected it over millions of years by performing the reactions in highly organized assemblies such as membranes and proteins by restricting the freedom of reactants and directing them to pursue a select pathway. The duplication of this concept at a smaller scale in the laboratory involves the use of highly confined and organized assemblies as reaction containers. This article summarizes the studies in the author's laboratory using a synthetic, well-defined reaction container known as octa acid (OA). OA, unlike most commonly known cavitands, forms a capsule in water and remains closed during the lifetime of the excited states of included molecules. Thus, the described excited state chemistry occurs in a small space with hydrophobic characteristics. Examples where the photophysical and photochemical properties are dramatically altered, compared to that in organic solvents wherein the molecules are freely soluble, are presented to illustrate the value of a restricted environment in controlling the dynamics of molecules on an excited state surface. While the ground state complexation of the guest and host is controlled by well-known concepts of tight-fit, lock and key, complementarity, etc., free space around the guest is necessary for it to be able to undergo structural transformations in the excited state, where the time is short. This article highlights the role of free space during the dynamics of molecules within a confined, inflexible reaction cavity.
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Frydrych R, Lis T, Bury W, Cybińska J, Stępień M. Feeding a Molecular Squid: A Pliable Nanocarbon Receptor for Electron-Poor Aromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15604-15613. [PMID: 32815367 PMCID: PMC7498155 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid nanocarbon receptor consisting of a calix[4]arene and a bent oligophenylene loop ("molecular squid"), was obtained in an efficient, scalable synthesis. The system contains an electron-rich cavity with an adaptable shape, which can serve as a host for electron deficient guests, such as diquat, 10-methylacridinium, and anthraquinone. The new receptor forms inclusion complexes in the solid state and in solution, showing a dependence of the observed binding strength on the shape of the guest species and its charge. The interaction with the methylacridinium cation in solution was interpreted in terms of a 2:1 binding model, with K11 = 5.92(7) × 103 M-1. The solid receptor is porous to gases and vapors, yielding an uptake of ca. 4 mmol/g for methanol at 293 K. In solution, the receptor shows cyan fluorescence (λmaxem = 485 nm, ΦF = 33%), which is partly quenched upon binding of guests. Methylacridinium and anthraquinone adducts show red-shifted emission in the solid state, attributable to the charge-transfer character of these inclusion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frydrych
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bury
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.,PORT-Polski Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii, ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Das A, Kamatham N, Mohan Raj A, Sen P, Ramamurthy V. Marcus Relationship Maintained During Ultrafast Electron Transfer Across a Supramolecular Capsular Wall. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5297-5305. [PMID: 32520543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer across an organic capsular wall between excited donors and ground-state acceptors is established to occur with rate constants varying in the range 0.32-4.0 × 1011 s-1 in aqueous buffer solution. The donor is encapsulated within an anionic supramolecular capsular host, and the cationic acceptor remains closer to the donor separated by the organic frame through Coulombic attraction. Such an arrangement results in electron transfer proceeding without diffusion. Free energy of the reaction (ΔG°) and the rate of electron transfer show Marcus relation with inversion. From the plot, λ and Vel were estimated to be 1.918 and 0.0058 eV, respectively. Given that the donor remains within the nonpolar solvent-free confined space, and there is not much change in the environment around the acceptor, the observed λ is believed to be because of "internal" reorganization rather than "solvent" reorganization. A similarity exists between the capsular assembly investigated here and glass and crystals at low temperature where the medium is rigid. The estimated electronic coupling (Vel) implies the existence of interaction between the donor and the acceptor through the capsular wall. Existence of such an interaction is also suggested by 1H NMR spectra. Results of this study suggest that molecules present within a confined space could be activated from outside. This provides an opportunity to probe the reactivity and dynamics of radical ions within an organic capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nareshbabu Kamatham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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7
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Varadharajan R, Raj AM, Ramamurthy V. Remote electron and energy transfer sensitized photoisomerization of encapsulated stilbenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:976-986. [PMID: 32582889 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excited state chemistry and physics of molecules, in addition to their inherent electronic and steric features, depend on their immediate microenvironments. This study explores the influence of an organic capsule, slightly larger than the reactant molecule itself, on the excited state chemistry of the encapsulated molecule. Results presented here show that the confined molecule, in fact, is not isolated and can be manipulated from outside even without direct physical interaction. Examples where communication between a confined molecule and a free molecule present outside is brought about through electronic and energy transfer processes are presented. Geometric isomerization of octa acid encapsulated stilbenes induced by energy and electron transfer by cationic sensitizers that attach themselves to the anionic capsule is examined. The fact that isomerization occurs when the sensitizer present outside is excited illustrates that the reactant and sensitizer are communicating across the molecular wall of the capsule. Ability to remotely activate a confined molecule opens up new opportunities to bring about reactions of confined radical ions and triplet excited molecules generated via long distance energy and electron transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 33146, Coral GablesMiami, FL, USA
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 33146, Coral GablesMiami, FL, USA.
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Kamatham N, Raj AM, Givens RS, Da Silva JP, Ramamurthy V. Supramolecular photochemistry of encapsulated caged ortho-nitrobenzyl triggers. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2411-2420. [PMID: 31347647 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00260j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ortho-Nitrobenzyl (oNB) triggers have been extensively used to release various molecules of interest. However, the toxicity and reactivity of the spent chromophore, o-nitrosobenzaldehyde, remains an unaddressed difficulty. In this study we have applied the well-established supramolecular photochemical concepts to retain the spent trigger o-nitrosobenzaldehyde within the organic capsule after release of water-soluble acids and alcohols. The sequestering power of organic capsules for spent chromophores during photorelease from ortho-nitrobenzyl esters, ethers and alcohols is demonstrated with several examples.
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9
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Du J, Deng Y, He Y. A single 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion as a solvatochromic sensor array for multicolor visual discrimination of solvents. Analyst 2019; 144:5420-5424. [PMID: 31380527 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01225g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a single 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium ion (Acr+-Mes) as a solvatochromic sensor array for multicolor visual discrimination of solvents. The composite fluorescent response of Acr+-Mes to polarity, dispersed state, and lone-pair-π interactions produces different colors when it is dissolved in various solvents. The corresponding RGB values as sensing elements are extracted to create distinct fluorescence response patterns for each solvent. With the help of principal component analysis, common solvents, such as water (H2O), absolute ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (MeCN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), acetone (CO(Me)2), dichloromethane (DCM), trichloromethane (TCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene (PhMe), and tetrachloromethane (CCl4), are successfully discriminated and identified with an accuracy of 100%. What's more, this sensor array can also discriminate binary solvent mixtures and quantitatively detect DMSO in organic and inorganic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, P. R. China
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10
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Raj AM, Sharma G, Prabhakar R, Ramamurthy V. Space Constrained Stereoselective Geometric Isomerization of 1,2-Diphenylcyclopropane and Stilbenes in an Aqueous Medium. Org Lett 2019; 21:5243-5247. [PMID: 31247756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Confinement provided by the reaction space alters the photostationary state isomer distribution during the geometric isomerization of excited 1,2-diphenylcyclopropane and stilbenes. The selectivity in 1,2-diphenylcyclopropane is suggested to result from the supramolecular steric hindrance exerted by the medium for the rotational motion. The alteration in the selectivity between a dimethyl and n-propyl substituted stilbenes is attributed to the medium influence on the location of the transition state on the ground state surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Cables , Florida 33124 , United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Cables , Florida 33124 , United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Cables , Florida 33124 , United States
| | - V Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Cables , Florida 33124 , United States
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11
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Angamuthu V, Rahman FU, Petroselli M, Li Y, Yu Y, Rebek J. Mono epoxidation of α,ω-dienes using NBS in a water-soluble cavitand. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cavitand induced “yo-yo” motion was applied to mono-epoxidation reaction of α,ω-dienes using N-bromosuccinamide and K2CO3 in D2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatachalam Angamuthu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Manuel Petroselli
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry
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12
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Angamuthu V, Petroselli M, Rahman FU, Yu Y, Rebek J. Binding orientation and reactivity of alkyl α,ω-dibromides in water-soluble cavitands. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5279-5282. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Host–guest complexation of α,ω-dibromides showed rabid tumbling conformation on NMR timescales and afforded mono hydroxyl bromides after hydrolysis in D2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatachalam Angamuthu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Manuel Petroselli
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry
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13
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Wang H, Li L, Li X, He C. Encapsulation of Organic Dyes within an Electron‐Deficient Redox Metal‐Organic Tetrahedron for Photocatalytic Proton Reduction. Isr J Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Lili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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14
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Wu N, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Yu Y, Rebek J. Cavitands as Containers for α,ω‐Dienes and Chaperones for Olefin Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15091-15095. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201808265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai‐Wei Wu
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Ioannis D. Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave. Athens 116 35 Greece
| | - Giannoula Theodorakopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave. Athens 116 35 Greece
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
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15
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Wu N, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Yu Y, Rebek J. Cavitands as Containers for α,ω‐Dienes and Chaperones for Olefin Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201808265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai‐Wei Wu
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Ioannis D. Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave. Athens 116 35 Greece
| | - Giannoula Theodorakopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry InstituteNational Hellenic Research Foundation 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave. Athens 116 35 Greece
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of ChemistryShanghai University 99 Shang-Da Road Shanghai 200444 China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla California 92037 USA
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16
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Yu Y, Zhang KD, Petsalakis ID, Theodorakopoulos G, Rebek J. Asymmetric binding of symmetric guests in a water-soluble cavitand. Supramol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2017.1422868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kang-da Zhang
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ioannis D. Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Julius Rebek
- Center for Supramolecular and Catalytic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chuang CH, Porel M, Choudhury R, Burda C, Ramamurthy V. Ultrafast Electron Transfer across a Nanocapsular Wall: Coumarins as Donors, Viologen as Acceptor, and Octa Acid Capsule as the Mediator. J Phys Chem B 2017; 122:328-337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b11306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Chuang
- Center
for Chemical Dynamics and Nanomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Mintu Porel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
| | - Rajib Choudhury
- Department
of Physical Sciences, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas 72801, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Center
for Chemical Dynamics and Nanomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States
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Zhao L, Wang J, Wu P, He C, Guo X, Duan C. DHPA-Containing Cobalt-Based Redox Metal-Organic Cyclohelicates as Enzymatic Molecular Flasks for Light-Driven H 2 Production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14347. [PMID: 29085048 PMCID: PMC5662590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The supramolecular assembly of predesigned organic and inorganic building blocks is an excellent tool for constructing well-defined nanosized molecular cavities that catalyse specific chemical transformations. By incorporating a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) mimic within the ligand backbone, a redox-active cobalt-based macrocycle was developed as a redox vehicle for the construction of an artificial photosynthesis (AP) system. The cyclohelicate can encapsulate fluorescein within its cavity for light-driven H2 evolution, with the turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) reaching 400 and 100 moles H2 per mole redox catalyst per hour, respectively. Control experiments demonstrated that the reactions were potentially occurred within the cavity of the cyclohelicates which were inhibited in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the redox-active NADH mimic dihydropyridine amido moieties within the ligands played an important role in photocatalytic proton reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Pengyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.
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19
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Jagadesan P, Samanta SR, Choudhury R, Ramamurthy V. Container Chemistry: Manipulating excited state behavior of organic guests within cavitands that form capsules in water. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Mosca S, Yu Y, Rebek J. Preparative scale and convenient synthesis of a water-soluble, deep cavitand. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1371-87. [PMID: 27388554 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cavitands are established tools of supramolecular chemistry and molecular recognition, and they are finding increasing application in sensing and sequestration of physiologically relevant molecules in aqueous solution. The synthesis of a water-soluble, deep cavitand is described. The route comprises six (linear) steps from commercially available precursors, and it relies on the fourfold oligomeric cyclization reaction of resorcinol with 2,3-dihydrofuran that leads to the formation of a shallow resorcinarene framework; condensation with aromatic panels, which deepens the hydrophobic binding cavity; construction of rigid urea functionalities on the upper rim; and the introduction of the water-solubilizing methylimidazolium groups on the lower rim. Late intermediates of the synthesis can be used in the preparation of congener cavitands with different properties and applications, and a sample of such a synthetic procedure is included in this protocol. Emphasis is placed on scaled-up reactions and on purification procedures that afford materials in high yield and avoid chromatographic purification. This protocol provides improvements over previously described procedures, and it enables the preparation of sizable amounts of deep cavitands: 7 g of a water-soluble cavitand can be prepared from resorcinol in 13 working days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mosca
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Yang Yu
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julius Rebek
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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22
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Wu NW, Rebek J. Cavitands as Chaperones for Monofunctional and Ring-Forming Reactions in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7512-5. [PMID: 27259017 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic processes involving medium-sized rings show low rates because internal strains-torsions and transannular interactions-are created during the reactions. High dilution is often used to slow the competing bi- and higher-molecular processes but cannot accelerate the desired cyclization reaction. Here we apply cavitands to the formation of medium- to large-sized rings through conversion of long-chain diisocyanates to cyclic ureas. The reactions take place in aqueous (D2O) solution, where hydrophobic forces drive the starting materials into the cavitands in folded conformations. The guest assumes the shape to fill the space properly, which brings the reacting ends closer together than they are in bulk solvent. Complexation overcomes some of the internal strains involved in precyclization shapes of the guest molecules and accelerates the cyclization. The results augur well for applications of water-soluble cavitands to related processes such as remote functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Julius Rebek
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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Parthasarathy A, Ramamurthy V. Water-soluble octa acid capsule as a reaction container: Templated photodimerization of indene in water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Photochemistry along with life as we know it originated on earth billions of years ago. Supramolecular Photochemistry had its beginning when plants that sustain life began transforming water into oxygen by carrying out light initiated reactions within highly organized assemblies. Prompted by the efforts of J. Priestly (photosynthesis), F. Sestini, S. Cannizaro, and C. Liebermann (solid-state photochemistry of santonin, quinones, and cinnamic acid), orderly scientific investigations of the link between light absorption by matter and molecules and the chemical and physical consequences began in the mid-1700s. By 1970 when Molecular Photochemistry had matured, it was clear that controlling photochemical reactions by conventional methods of varying reaction parameters like temperature and pressure would be futile due to the photoreactions' very low activation energies and enthalpies. During the last 50 years, the excited state behavior of molecules has been successfully manipulated with the use of confining media and weak interactions between the medium and the reactant molecule. In this context, with our knowledge from experimentation with micelles, cyclodextrins (CD), cucurbitruils (CB), calixarenes (CA), Pd nanocage, crystals, and zeolites as media, we began about a decade ago to explore the use of a new water-soluble synthetic organic cavitand, octa acid (OA) as a reaction container. The uniqueness of OA as an organic cavitand lies in that two OA molecules form a closed hydrophobic capsule to encapsulate water-insoluble guest molecule(s). The ability to include a large number of guest molecules in OA has provided an opportunity to examine the excited state chemistry of organic molecules in a hydrophobic, confined environment. OA distinguishes itself from the well-known cavitands CD and CB by its active reaction cavity absorbing UV-radiation between 200 and 300 nm and serving as energy, electron, and hydrogen donor. The freedom of guest molecules in OA, between that in crystals and isotropic solution can be transformed into photoproducts selectivity. The results of our photochemical investigations elaborated in this Account demonstrate that OA with a medium sized cavity exerts better control on excited state processes than the more common and familiar organic hosts such as CD, CB, CA, and micelles. By examining the photochemistry of a number of molecules (olefins, carbonyls, aromatics and singlet oxygen) that undergo varied reactions (cleavage, cycloaddition, cis-trans isomerization, oxidation and cyclization) within OA capsule, we have demonstrated that the free space within the container, the capsule influenced conformation and preorientation of guest molecules, supramolecular steric control, and capsular dynamics contribute to the altered excited state behavior. In this Account, we have shown that photochemistry based on concepts of physical organic and supramolecular chemistry continues to be a discipline with unlimited potential. The future of supramolecular photochemistry lies in synthetic, materials, medicinal, and biological chemistries. Success in these areas depends on synthesizing well-designed water-soluble hosts that can emulate complex biological assemblies, organizing and examining the behavior of supramolecular assemblies on solid surfaces, rendering the photoreactions catalytic, and delivering encapsulated drugs in a targeted fashion.
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25
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Mosca S, Yu Y, Gavette JV, Zhang KD, Rebek J. A Deep Cavitand Templates Lactam Formation in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14582-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mosca
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Yang Yu
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jesse V. Gavette
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kang-Da Zhang
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Julius Rebek
- Department
of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- The
Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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26
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Ushakov EN, Gromov SP. Supramolecular methods for controlling intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of unsaturated compounds in solutions. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Dalton DM, Ellis SR, Nichols EM, Mathies RA, Toste FD, Bergman RG, Raymond KN. Supramolecular Ga4L612– Cage Photosensitizes 1,3-Rearrangement of Encapsulated Guest via Photoinduced Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10128-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Scott R. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eva M. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richard A. Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert G. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth N. Raymond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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28
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Abstract
This review focuses on molecular containers formed by assembly processes driven by the hydrophobic effect, and summarizes the progress made in the field over the last ten years. This small but growing facet of supramolecular chemistry discusses three classes of molecules used by researchers to investigate how self-assembly can be applied to form discrete, mono-dispersed, and structurally well-defined supramolecular entities. The approaches demonstrate the importance of preorganization of arrays of rigid moieties to define a specific form predisposed to bind, fold, or assemble. As the examples demonstrate, studying these systems and their properties is teaching us how to control supramolecular chemistry in water, shedding light on aspects of aqueous solutions chemistry, and illustrating novel applications that harness the unique properties of the hydrophobic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobs H Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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29
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Vallavoju N, Sivaguru J. Supramolecular photocatalysis: combining confinement and non-covalent interactions to control light initiated reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:4084-101. [PMID: 24705505 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Using non-bonding interactions to control photochemical reactions requires an understanding of not only thermodynamics and kinetics of ground state and excited state processes but also the intricate interactions that dictate the dynamics within the system of interest. This review is geared towards a conceptual understanding of how one can control the reactivity and selectivity in the excited state by employing confinement and non-covalent interactions. Photochemical reactivity of organic molecules within confined containers and organized assemblies as well as organic templates that interact through H-bonding and/or cation-carbonyl/cation-π interactions is reviewed with an eye towards understanding supramolecular effects and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
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30
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31
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Gangemi CMA, Pappalardo A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G. Applications of supramolecular capsules derived from resorcin[4]arenes, calix[n]arenes and metallo-ligands: from biology to catalysis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09364c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes supramolecular capsules based on resorcin[4]arenes, calix[n]arenes and metal–ligands, having concrete applications in biomedical field, catalysis and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
- I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania
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32
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Catti L, Tiefenbacher K. Intramolecular hydroalkoxylation catalyzed inside a self-assembled cavity of an enzyme-like host structure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:892-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled resorcin[4]arene hexamer catalyzes the intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of unsaturated alcohols to the corresponding cyclic ethers under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Catti
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
| | - K. Tiefenbacher
- Department Chemie
- Technische Universität München
- D-85747 Garching
- Germany
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33
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Zhang X, Clennan EL, Arulsamy N. Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterization of a Helical Viologen,N,N′-Dimethyl-5,10-diaza[5]helicene. Org Lett 2014; 16:4610-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502180y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Edward L. Clennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Navamoney Arulsamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
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34
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Metherell AJ, Cullen W, Stephenson A, Hunter CA, Ward MD. Fac and mer isomers of Ru(ii) tris(pyrazolyl-pyridine) complexes as models for the vertices of coordination cages: structural characterisation and hydrogen-bonding characteristics. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:71-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52479e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Bibal B, Mongin C, Bassani DM. Template effects and supramolecular control of photoreactions in solution. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4179-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Mahata K, Frischmann PD, Würthner F. Giant electroactive M4L6 tetrahedral host self-assembled with Fe(II) vertices and perylene bisimide dye edges. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15656-61. [PMID: 24059438 DOI: 10.1021/ja4083039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of octahedral Fe(II) ions and linear perylene bisimide (PBI) dyes with 2,2'-bipyridine groups covalently attached at the imide positions quantitatively yields an Fe4(PBI)6 tetrahedron by the directional bonding approach. With an edge length of 3.9 nm and estimated internal volume >950 Å(3), tetrahedron T is one of the largest M4L6 tetrahedra ever reported. Importantly, many of the desirable photo- and electroactive properties of the PBI ligands are transferred to the nanoscale metallosupramolecule. Tetrahedron T absorbs strongly across the visible spectrum out to 650 nm and exhibits a total of 7 highly reversible electrochemical oxidation and reduction waves spanning a 3.0 V range. This facile cycling of 34 electrons between +18 and -16 charged species is likely enabled due to the porous nature of the tetrahedron that allows the necessary counterions to freely flow in and out of the host. Host-guest encapsulation of C60 by T in acetonitrile was studied by (13)C NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and ESI-MS, confirming that the tetrahedron is a suitable host for large, functional guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsuk Mahata
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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37
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Jayaraj N, Jagadesan P, Samanta SR, Da Silva JP, Ramamurthy V. Release of Guests from Encapsulated Masked Hydrophobic Precursors by a Phototrigger. Org Lett 2013; 15:4374-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4019024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nithyanandhan Jayaraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States, and Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pradeepkumar Jagadesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States, and Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Shampa R. Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States, and Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José P. Da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States, and Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, United States, and Centro de Investigação em Química do Algarve, FCT, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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