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Zhao F, Lauder K, Liu S, Finnigan JD, Charnock SBR, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Chemoenzymatic Cascades for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxysulfides Bearing a Stereocentre at the C-O or C-S Bond by Ketoreductases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202363. [PMID: 35576553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chiral β-hydroxysulfides are an important class of organic compounds which find broad application in organic and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herein we describe the development of novel biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic methods for the enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides by exploiting ketoreductase (KRED) enzymes. Four KREDs were discovered from a pool of 384 enzymes identified and isolated through a metagenomic approach. KRED311 and KRED349 catalysed the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides bearing a stereocentre at the C-O bond with opposite absolute configurations and excellent ee values by novel chemoenzymatic and biocatalytic-chemical-biocatalytic (bio-chem-bio) cascades starting from commercially available thiophenols/thiols and α-haloketones/alcohols. KRED253 and KRED384 catalysed the enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxysulfides bearing a stereocentre at the C-S bond with opposite enantioselectivities by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of racemic α-thioaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kate Lauder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - James D Finnigan
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon B R Charnock
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Simon J Charnock
- Prozomix Limited, West End Ind. Estate, Haltwhistle, Northumberland, NE49 9HA, UK
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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2
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Wales SM, Saunthwal RK, Clayden J. C(sp 3)-Arylation by Conformationally Accelerated Intramolecular Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr). Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1731-1747. [PMID: 35620846 PMCID: PMC9219115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The asymmetric synthesis of heavily substituted benzylic stereogenic
centers, prevalent in natural products, therapeutics, agrochemicals,
and catalysts, is an ongoing challenge. In this Account, we outline
our contribution to this endeavor, describing our discovery of a series
of new reactions that not only have synthetic applicability but also
present significant mechanistic intrigue. The story originated from
our longstanding interest in the stereochemistry and reactivity of
functionalized organolithiums. While investigating the lithiation
chemistry of ureas (a “Cinderella” sister of the more
established amides and carbamates), we noted an unexpected Truce–Smiles
(T-S) rearrangement involving the 1,4-N → C transposition of
a urea N′-aryl group to the α-carbanion
of an adjacent N-benzyl group. Despite this reaction
formally constituting an SNAr substitution, we found it
to be remarkably tolerant of the electronic properties of the migrating
aryl substituent and the degree of substitution at the carbanion.
Moreover, in contrast to classical SNAr reactions, the
rearrangement was sufficiently rapid that it took place under conditions
compatible with configurational stability in an organolithium intermediate,
enabling enantiospecific arylation at benzylic stereogenic centers.
Experimental and computational studies confirmed a low kinetic barrier
to the aryl migration arising from the strong preference for a trans arrangement of the urea N′-aryl
and carbonyl groups, populating a reactive conformer in which spatial
proximity was enforced between the carbanion and N′-aryl group, hugely accelerating ipso-substitution. This discovery led us to uncover a whole series of conformationally
accelerated intramolecular N → C aryl transfers using different
anilide-based functional groups, including a diverse range of urea,
carbamate, and thiocarbamate-substituted anions. Products included
enantioenriched α-tertiary amines (including α-arylated
N-heterocycles) and alcohols, as well as rare α-tertiary thiols.
Synthetically challenging diarylated centers with differentiated aryl
groups featured heavily in all product sets. The absolute enantiospecificity
(retention versus inversion) of the reaction was dependent on the
heteroatom α to the lithiation site: the origin of this stereodivergence
was probed both experimentally and computationally. Asymmetric variants
of the rearrangement were realized by enantioselective deprotonation,
and connective strategies were developed in which an intermolecular
C–C bond-forming event preceded the anionic rearrangement.
Substrates where the N′-nucleofuge (at the
aryl ipso position) was tethered to the migrating
arene allowed us to use the rearrangement as a ring expansion method
to generate 8- to 12-membered medium-ring N-heterocycles from very
simple precursors. Stabilized carbon nucleophiles such as alkali metal
enolates also readily promoted intramolecular N → C aryl transfer
in N′-arylureas, opening up access to biologically
relevant hydantoins, and enabling a “chiral memory”
approach for the (hetero)arylation of chiral α-amino acids with
programmable retention or inversion of configuration. Collectively,
our studies of electronically versatile T-S rearrangements in anilide-based
systems have culminated in a practical and general strategy for transition
metal-free C(sp3)-arylation. More broadly, our results
highlight the power of conformational activation to achieve unprecedented
reactivity in the construction of challenging C–C bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Wales
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Rakesh K. Saunthwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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3
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Zhao F, Lauder K, Liu S, Finnigan JD, Charnock SBR, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Chemoenzymatic Cascades for the Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Hydroxysulfides Bearing a Stereocentre at C− O or C − S Bonds by Ketoreductases (KREDs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- University College London Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Kate Lauder
- King's College London Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Siyu Liu
- King's College London Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Castagnolo
- University College London Chemistry 20 Gordon Street WC1H 0AJ London UNITED KINGDOM
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4
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Marsico G, Scafato P, Belviso S, Superchi S. Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular carbolithiation reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32581-32601. [PMID: 35516521 PMCID: PMC9056694 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06101h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbolithiation of alkenes provides a powerful tool for the construction of up to two novel carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatoms bonds in a regio- and stereo-controlled manner. The synthetic potentiality of this reaction is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Marsico
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| | - P. Scafato
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| | - S. Belviso
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
| | - S. Superchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- Potenza
- Italy
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5
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Shterenberg A, Haimov E, Smirnov P, Marek I. Convergent and flexible approach to stereodefined polyhydroxylated fragments. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Mahy W, Cabezas-Hayes S, Kociok-Köhn G, Frost CG. A Highly Regioselective Palladium-Catalyzed O,S Rearrangement of Cyclic Thiocarbonates. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Mahy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Bath; BA2 7AY Bath UK
| | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Chemical Characterisation and Analysis Facility; University of Bath; BA2 7AY Bath UK
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7
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Intramolecular vinylation of carbanions using N -acyl benzomorpholines as masked vinylureas and vinylcarbamates. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Holden CM, Greaney MF. Modern Aspects of the Smiles Rearrangement. Chemistry 2017; 23:8992-9008. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Holden
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Michael F. Greaney
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Rd Manchester M13 9PL UK
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9
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Haimov E, Nairoukh Z, Shterenberg A, Berkovitz T, Jamison TF, Marek I. Stereoselective Formation of Fully Substituted Ketone Enolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Haimov
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 3200009 Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 3200009 Israel
| | - Alexander Shterenberg
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 3200009 Israel
| | - Tiran Berkovitz
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 3200009 Israel
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Chemistry 77 Massachusetts Ave., Bldg 18–590 Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Technion City Haifa 3200009 Israel
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10
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Haimov E, Nairoukh Z, Shterenberg A, Berkovitz T, Jamison TF, Marek I. Stereoselective Formation of Fully Substituted Ketone Enolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5517-20. [PMID: 27027778 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The application of stereochemically defined acyclic fully substituted enolates of ketones to the enantioselective synthesis of quaternary carbon stereocenters would be highly valuable. Herein, we describe an approach leading to the formation of several new stereogenic centers through a combined metalation-addition of a carbonyl-carbamoyl transfer to reveal in situ stereodefined α,α-disubstituted enolates of ketone as a single stereoisomer. This approach could produce a series of aldol and Mannich products from enol carbamate with excellent diastereomeric ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Haimov
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
| | - Alexander Shterenberg
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
| | - Tiran Berkovitz
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200009, Israel
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Bldg 18-590, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ilan Marek
- The Mallat Family Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200009, Israel.
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11
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Egami H, Usui Y, Kawamura S, Shimizu R, Nagashima S, Sodeoka M. Mechanistic study on a unique SN2′-type reaction of allylic alcohols with organolithium reagent accelerated by a proximal trifluoromethyl group. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Castagnolo D, Degennaro L, Luisi R, Clayden J. Enantioselective carbolithiation of S-alkenyl-N-aryl thiocarbamates: kinetic and thermodynamic control. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:2330-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02329c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbolithiation of vinyl thiocarbamates may proceed with the same sense of enantioselectivity with either (−)-sparteine and (+)-sparteine surrogate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences University of Bari “A. Moro”
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
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13
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Vincent MA, Maury J, Hillier IH, Clayden J. Lithium Choreography Determines Contrasting Stereochemical Outcomes of Aryl Migrations in Benzylic Carbamates, Ureas and Thiocarbamates. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Tait MB, Ottersbach PA, Tetlow DJ, Clayden J. Synthesis of 1-Arylcycloalkenamines by Intramolecular Arylation of Lithiated Ureas. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500173q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Tait
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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15
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Mingat G, MacLellan P, Laars M, Clayden J. Tertiary Thiols from Allylic Thiocarbamates by Tandem Enantioselective [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement and Stereospecific Arylation. Org Lett 2014; 16:1252-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mingat
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Paul MacLellan
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Marju Laars
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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16
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Mingat G, McDouall JJW, Clayden J. Dihydrothiophenes containing quaternary stereogenic centres by sequential stereospecific rearrangements and ring-closing metathesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:6754-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02596b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tandem stereospecific rearrangements by [3,3]-sigmatropic shift and N to C aryl migration give tertiary thiols that undergo ring closing metathesis to dihydrothiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Mingat
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry
- University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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