1
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Tuck JR, Dunlap LE, Olson DE. Synthetic Strategies toward Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Ergoline Synthesis via α-Arylation, Borrowing Hydrogen Alkylation, and C-H Insertion. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13712-13719. [PMID: 37697477 PMCID: PMC10591856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a semisynthetic ergoline alkaloid analogue and hallucinogen, is a potent psychoplastogen with promising therapeutic potential. While a variety of synthetic strategies for accessing ergoline alkaloids have emerged, the complexity of the tetracyclic ring system results in distinct challenges in preparing analogues with novel substitution patterns. Methods of modulating the hallucinogenic activity of LSD by functionalization at previously inaccessible positions are of continued interest, and efficient syntheses of the ergoline scaffold are integral toward this purpose. Here, we report novel C-C bond forming strategies for preparing the ergoline tetracyclic core, focusing on the relatively unexplored strategy of bridging the B- and D-ring systems last. Following cross-coupling to first join the A- and D-rings, we explored a variety of methods for establishing the C-ring, including intramolecular α-arylation, borrowing hydrogen alkylation, and rhodium-catalyzed C-H insertion. Our results led to a seven-step formal synthesis of LSD and the first methods for readily introducing substitution on the C-ring. These strategies are efficient for forming ergoline-like tetracyclic compounds and analogues, though they each face unique challenges associated with elaboration to ergoline natural products. Taken together, these studies provide important insights that will guide future synthetic strategies toward ergolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Tuck
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Lee E. Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Institute for Psychedelics and Neurotherapeutics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
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2
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Ramachanderan R, Schramm S, Schaefer B. Migraine drugs. CHEMTEXTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s40828-023-00178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAccording to recent studies, migraine affects more than 1 billion people worldwide, making it one of the world’s most prevalent diseases. Although this highly debilitating illness has been known since ancient times, the first therapeutic drugs to treat migraine, ergotamine (Gynergen) and dihydroergotamine (Dihydergot), did not appear on the market until 1921 and 1946, respectively. Both drugs originated from Sandoz, the world’s leading pharmaceutical company in ergot alkaloid research at the time. Historically, ergot alkaloids had been primarily used in obstetrics, but with methysergide (1-methyl-lysergic acid 1′-hydroxy-butyl-(2S)-amide), it became apparent that they also held some potential in migraine treatment. Methysergide was the first effective prophylactic drug developed specifically to prevent migraine attacks in 1959. On the basis of significantly improved knowledge of migraine pathophysiology and the discovery of serotonin and its receptors, Glaxo was able to launch sumatriptan in 1992. It was the first member from the class of triptans, which are selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists. Recent innovations in acute and preventive migraine therapy include lasmiditan, a selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist from Eli Lilly, the gepants, which are calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists discovered at Merck & Co and BMS, and anti-CGRP/receptor monoclonal antibodies from Amgen, Pfizer, Eli Lilly, and others.
Graphical abstract
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3
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Abaev VT, Aksenov NA, Aksenov DA, Aleksandrova EV, Akulova AS, Kurenkov IA, Leontiev AV, Aksenov AV. One-Pot Synthesis of Polynuclear Indole Derivatives by Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of γ-Hydroxybutyrolactams. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073162. [PMID: 37049924 PMCID: PMC10095734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Friedel–Crafts reaction of novel 3,5-diarylsubstituted 5-hydroxy-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-ones was used for low cost, one-pot preparation of polycyclic indole derivatives structurally similar to Ergot alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir T. Abaev
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, North-Ossetian State University Named after K. L. Khetagurov, 46 Vatutin St., Vladikavkaz 362025, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Nicolai A. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Dmitrii A. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Elena V. Aleksandrova
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alesia S. Akulova
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Igor A. Kurenkov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Leontiev
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Aksenov
- Department of Chemistry, North Caucasus Federal University, 1a Pushkin St., Stavropol 355009, Russia
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4
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Knight BJ, Harbit RC, Smith JM. Six-Step Synthesis of (±)-Lysergic Acid. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2158-2165. [PMID: 36716216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a concise synthesis of lysergic acid from simple aromatic precursors. The successful strategy relies on the coupling, dearomatization, and cyclization of a halopyridine with a 4-haloindole derivative in 6 total synthetic steps from commercial starting materials. In addition to highlighting the advantages of employing dearomative retrosynthetic analysis, the design is practical and anticipated to enable the synthesis of novel neuroactive compounds as exemplified by the synthesis of a novel natural product derivative, 12-chlorolysergic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ryan C Harbit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Joel M Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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5
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Methods of Lysergic Acid Synthesis—The Key Ergot Alkaloid. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217322. [PMID: 36364148 PMCID: PMC9654825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot is the spore form of the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Ergot alkaloids are indole compounds that are biosynthetically derived from L-tryptophan and represent the largest group of fungal nitrogen metabolites found in nature. The common part of ergot alkaloids is lysergic acid. This review shows the importance of lysergic acid as a representative of ergot alkaloids. The subject of ergot and its alkaloids is presented, with a particular focus on lysergic acid. All methods of total lysergic acid synthesis—through Woodward, Hendrickson, and Szantay intermediates and Heck coupling methods—are presented. The topic of biosynthesis is also discussed.
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6
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Tasker NR, Wipf P. A Short Synthesis of Ergot Alkaloids and Evaluation of the 5-HT 1/2 Receptor Selectivity of Lysergols and Isolysergols. Org Lett 2022; 24:7255-7259. [PMID: 35993579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Key transformations in a four-step synthesis of the ergot alkaloid scaffold include a novel cesium carbonate-mediated hydrogen autotransfer alkylation to generate the C(3)-C(4) bond and an intramolecular Heck reaction that directly establishes the C(9)-C(10) alkene of methyl lysergate. An ester reduction and a streamlined experimental procedure establish a readily scalable, expedient total synthesis of all four stereoisomers of lysergol and isolysergol, including the previously unknown (-)-lysergol, for pharmacological evaluation at 5-HT1A and 5HT2A,B,C receptors. A bicyclic scaffold is also characterized for the first time in the intramolecular Heck coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R Tasker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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7
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Singh A, Dey A, Pal K, Dash OP, Volla CMR. Pd(II)-Catalyzed Transient Directing Group-Assisted Regioselective Diverse C4-H Functionalizations of Indoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:1941-1946. [PMID: 35261251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a rational strategy for achieving site-selective C4-H halogenation of indoles is an appealing yet challenging task. Herein, we disclose a Pd(II)-catalyzed transient directing group (TDG)-assisted methodology for realizing C4 chlorination/bromination of indoles employing glycine as the TDG and NFSI as a bystanding oxidant. The use of inexpensive and commercially available CuX2 as the halide source is the key highlight of this protocol. Furthermore, the TDG methodology was also extended to accessing C4 acetoxylated indoles employing acetic acid as the acetate source and 1-fluoro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium triflate as the oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Arnab Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Kuntal Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Om Prakash Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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8
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Wong G, Lim LR, Tan YQ, Go MK, Bell DJ, Freemont PS, Yew WS. Reconstituting the complete biosynthesis of D-lysergic acid in yeast. Nat Commun 2022; 13:712. [PMID: 35132076 PMCID: PMC8821704 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ergot alkaloids are a class of natural products known for their pharmacologically privileged molecular structure that are used in the treatment of neurological ailments, such as Parkinsonism and dementia. Their synthesis via chemical and biological routes are therefore of industrial relevance, but suffer from several challenges. Current chemical synthesis methods involve long, multi-step reactions with harsh conditions and are not enantioselective; biological methods utilizing ergot fungi, produce an assortment of products that complicate product recovery, and are susceptible to strain degradation. Reconstituting the ergot alkaloid pathway in a strain strongly amenable for liquid fermentation, could potentially resolve these issues. In this work, we report the production of the main ergoline therapeutic precursor, D-lysergic acid, to a titre of 1.7 mg L−1 in a 1 L bioreactor. Our work demonstrates the proof-of-concept for the biological production of ergoline-derived compounds from sugar in an engineered yeast chassis. The ergot alkaloids are a class of natural products known for their pharmacologically privileged molecular structure that are used in the treatment of neurological ailments. Here the authors report on the production of the ergot (fungus)-derived therapeutic precursor, D-lysergic acid (DLA), in baker’s yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Wong
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Li Rong Lim
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Yong Quan Tan
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Maybelle Kho Go
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - David J Bell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. .,London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation & Innovation Hub, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK. .,UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Wen Shan Yew
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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9
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Kuang G, Liu D, Chen X, Liu G, Fu Y, Peng Y, Li H, Zhou Y. Transient Directing Group Strategy as a Unified Method for Site Selective Direct C4-H Halogenation of Indoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:8402-8406. [PMID: 34664971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A unified method for direct C4-H halogenation of indoles has been accomplished with the assistance of anthranilic acids as suitable transient directing groups. Exclusive site selectivity (one out of five potential reactive sites) as well as good functional group tolerance was obtained to install three kinds of halogen atoms (Cl, Br and I, respectively) by using inexpensive N-halosuccinimides (NXS) as halogen sources under mild conditions. Taking advantage of the rich functional groups in the product, a diversity of nitrogen-containing heterocycles were facily constructed via one-step late-stage derivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Kuang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.,Chemistry and Environment Engineering College, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 475000, China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Hua Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yirong Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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10
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Rathnayake U, Garner P. Asymmetric Synthesis of Lysergic Acid via an Intramolecular (3+2) Dipolar Cycloaddition/Ring-Expansion Sequence. Org Lett 2021; 23:6756-6759. [PMID: 34382799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An effective, potentially scalable asymmetric synthesis of lysergic acid, a core component of the ergot alkaloid family, is reported. The synthesis features the strategic combination of an intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition and Cossy-Charette ring expansion to assemble the target's C- and D-rings. Simple functional group manipulation produced a compound that had been converted to lysergic acid in four steps, thus constituting a formal synthesis of the natural product. The strategy may be used to prepare novel ergot analogues that include unnatural antipodes and may be more amenable to analogue generation relative to prior approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
| | - Philip Garner
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4630, United States
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11
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Ohno H, Inuki S. Nonbiomimetic total synthesis of indole alkaloids using alkyne-based strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3551-3568. [PMID: 33908430 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic natural product synthesis is generally straightforward and efficient because of its established feasibility in nature and utility in comprehensive synthesis, and the cost-effectiveness of naturally derived starting materials. On the other hand, nonbiomimetic strategies can be an important option in natural product synthesis since (1) nonbiomimetic synthesis offers more flexibility and can demonstrate the originality of chemists, and (2) the structures of derivatives accessible by nonbiomimetic synthesis can be considerably different from those that are synthesised in nature. This review summarises nonbiomimetic total syntheses of indole alkaloids using alkyne chemistry for constructing core structures, including ergot alkaloids, monoterpene indole alkaloids (mainly corynanthe, aspidosperma, strychnos, and akuammiline), and pyrroloindole and related alkaloids. To clarify the differences between alkyne-based strategies and biosynthesis, the alkynes in nature and the biosyntheses of indole alkaloids are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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12
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Biosynthesis, total synthesis, and biological profiles of Ergot alkaloids. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2021; 85:1-112. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Luo H, Cao T, Zhu S. Divergent Synthesis of Ketone-Fused Indoles/Pyrroles via Metal-Guided Friedel-Crafts Cyclization. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Ge Y, Wang H, Wang HN, Yu SS, Yang R, Chen X, Zhao Q, Chen G. Biomimetic Total Syntheses of Ergot Alkaloids via Decarboxylative Giese Coupling. Org Lett 2020; 23:370-375. [PMID: 33356319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic total syntheses of Festuclavine and Pyroclavine were achieved by a sequential radical coupling. The key steps include intramolecular decarboxylative Giese reaction to form the central C ring and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Ns)-directed indole C4-H olefination to introduce the indole C4 component. In addition, D-ring formation was completed by decarboxylative alkenylation and intramolecular SN2 reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Nan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Sheng Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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15
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Raji Reddy C, Sathish P, Mallesh K, Lakshmi Prapurna Y. Construction of Unique Polycyclic 3, 4‐Fused Indoles
via
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Domino Annulations**. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chada Raji Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Puppala Sathish
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Kathe Mallesh
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500007 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201 002 India
| | - Y. Lakshmi Prapurna
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Hyderabad 500007 India
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16
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Pearson CM, Fyfe JWB, Snaddon TN. A Regio‐ and Stereodivergent Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines by a One‐Pot Cooperative‐Catalysis‐Based Allylic Alkylation/Hofmann Rearrangement Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin M. Pearson
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - James W. B. Fyfe
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
| | - Thomas N. Snaddon
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University 800 East Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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17
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Pearson CM, Fyfe JWB, Snaddon TN. A Regio- and Stereodivergent Synthesis of Homoallylic Amines by a One-Pot Cooperative-Catalysis-Based Allylic Alkylation/Hofmann Rearrangement Strategy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10521-10527. [PMID: 31132203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a modular synthetic route to linear and branched homoallylic amines that operates through a sequential one-pot Lewis base/transition-metal catalyzed allylic alkylation/Hofmann rearrangement strategy. This protocol is operationally trivial, proceeds from simple and easily prepared substrates and catalysts, and enables all aspects of regio- and stereoselectivity to be controlled through a conserved experimental protocol. Overall, the high levels of enantio-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity obtained, in concert with the ability to access orthogonally protected or free amines, render this a straightforward and effective approach for the preparation of useful enantioenriched homoallylic amines. We have also demonstrated the utility of the products in the context of pharmaceutical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Pearson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - James W B Fyfe
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Thomas N Snaddon
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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18
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Adouama C, Budén ME, Guerra WD, Puiatti M, Joseph B, Barolo SM, Rossi RA, Médebielle M. Room-Temperature and Transition-Metal-Free Intramolecular α-Arylation of Ketones: A Mild Access to Tetracyclic Indoles and 7-Azaindoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:320-324. [PMID: 30576154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for the synthesis of tetracyclic indoles and 7-azaindoles is reported. The strategy involves four steps, with a fast rt intramolecular α-arylation of ketones as key step. The reaction was inspected synthetically to achieve the synthesis of 11 novel tetracyclic structures with moderate to very good yields (39-85%). Theoretical combined with experimental studies led us to propose a probable polar mechanism (concerted SNAr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chérif Adouama
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 , CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 1 rue Victor Grignard , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex , France
| | - María E Budén
- INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Walter D Guerra
- INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Marcelo Puiatti
- INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Benoît Joseph
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 , CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 1 rue Victor Grignard , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex , France
| | - Silvia M Barolo
- INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Roberto A Rossi
- INFIQC, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , X5000HUA Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1 , CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, 1 rue Victor Grignard , 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex , France
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19
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Davies SG, Fletcher AM, Roberts PM, Thomson JE. SuperQuat chiral auxiliaries: design, synthesis, and utility. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1322-1335. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and outline of some of the most common synthetic applications of the SuperQuat (4-substituted 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2-one) family of chiral auxiliaries, developed to address the shortcomings of the Evans (4-substituted oxazolidin-2-one) family of chiral auxiliaries, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Davies
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Ai M. Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Paul M. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
| | - James E. Thomson
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford
- UK
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20
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Nemoto T, Harada S, Nakajima M. Synthetic Methods for 3,4-Fused Tricyclic Indoles via Indole Ring Formation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; I1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center; Chiba University; 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; I1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Masaya Nakajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University; I1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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21
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Bhunia S, Chaudhuri S, De S, Babu KN, Bisai A. An expeditious route to the synthesis of the enantioenriched tetracyclic core of ergot alkaloids via an organocatalytic aldol reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2427-2437. [PMID: 29556598 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03069j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the tetracyclic skeleton of ergot alkaloids has been developed via a key organocatalytic enantioselective aldol reaction using paraformaldehyde as the C1-unit in the presence of thiourea catalyst followed by a key Pd-catalyzed directed coupling accelerated by the DavePhos ligand. Utilizing the aforementioned strategy, we have synthesized a key tetracyclic intermediate in up to 95% ee with high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Saikat Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Subhadip De
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - K Naresh Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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22
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Chaudhuri S, Bhunia S, Roy A, Das MK, Bisai A. Biomimetic Total Syntheses of Clavine Alkaloids. Org Lett 2017; 20:288-291. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462
066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Subhajit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462
066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Avishek Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462
066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mrinal K. Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462
066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass
Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462
066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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23
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Bhunia S, Chaudhuri S, Bisai A. Total Syntheses of Pyroclavine, Festuclavine, Lysergol, and Isolysergol via a Catalytic Asymmetric Nitro-Michael Reaction. Chemistry 2017; 23:11234-11238. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal; 231, Academic Building II, Indore By-Pass Road Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Saikat Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal; 231, Academic Building II, Indore By-Pass Road Bhopal 462 066 India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal; 231, Academic Building II, Indore By-Pass Road Bhopal 462 066 India
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24
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Total synthesis of (+)-lysergic acid. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:240-247. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Lv J, Wang B, Yuan K, Wang Y, Jia Y. Regioselective Direct C-4 Functionalization of Indole: Total Syntheses of (-)-Agroclavine and (-)-Elymoclavine. Org Lett 2017. [PMID: 28641012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient rhodium-catalyzed method for direct C-H functionalization at the C4 position of unprotected indoles has been developed. The utility of this method is demonstrated by the concise total syntheses of agroclavine and elymoclavine in a divergent manner. These syntheses feature a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction to assemble the triyclic indole moiety, and a ring-closing metathesis reaction to form the D ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kuo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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26
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Liu H, Zhang X, Shan D, Pitchakuntla M, Ma Y, Jia Y. Total Syntheses of Festuclavine, Pyroclavine, Costaclavine, epi-Costaclavine, Pibocin A, 9-Deacetoxyfumigaclavine C, Fumigaclavine G, and Dihydrosetoclavine. Org Lett 2017; 19:3323-3326. [PMID: 28593757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for the divergent total synthesis of eight ergot alkaloids is reported. The approach allows the first total syntheses of pyroclavine, pibocin A, 9-deacetoxyfumigaclavine C, and fumigaclavine G and also enables the efficient synthesis of festuclavine, costaclavine, epi-costaclavine, and dihydrosetoclavine. The main feature of the synthesis is the use of an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed intramolecular Larock indole annulation/Tsuji-Trost allylation cascade to assemble the tetracyclic core in one step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mallesham Pitchakuntla
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongfan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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27
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Liu H, Jia Y. Ergot alkaloids: synthetic approaches to lysergic acid and clavine alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:411-432. [PMID: 28300233 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00110f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to 2017Ergot alkaloids are among the most important pharmaceuticals and natural toxins. Significant progress has been achieved in recent years on the research of ergot alkaloids. In this review, we re-introduced the history of ergot alkaloids. Meanwhile, we summarized all the natural products and semi-synthetic derivatives of ergot alkaloids. We also briefly described the biosynthesis and semi-synthesis of ergot alkaloid drugs from raw materials obtained by fermentation. Moreover, we reviewed the advances that have been made in the total synthesis of ergot alkaloids since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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28
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Milde B, Pawliczek M, Jones PG, Werz DB. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Lysergol: A Formal anti-Carbopalladation/Heck Cascade as the Key Step. Org Lett 2017; 19:1914-1917. [PMID: 28357872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of (+)-lysergol was completed in 12 steps and an overall yield of 13% starting from a known literature precursor. The key step relies on a domino reaction containing a formal anti-carbopalladation, which is terminated by a β-silyl-directed Heck reaction. During this transformation, the two six-membered rings of the ergot scaffold are formed in a completely stereospecific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Milde
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martin Pawliczek
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G Jones
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Institut für Organische Chemie and ‡Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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29
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Nocquet PA, Henrion S, Macé A, Carboni B, Villalgordo JM, Carreaux F. The Allyl Cyanate/Isocyanate Rearrangement: An Efficient Tool for the Stereocontrolled Formation of Allylic C-N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Nocquet
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Sylvain Henrion
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Aurélie Macé
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Bertrand Carboni
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Jose Manuel Villalgordo
- VillaPharma Research; Parque Tecnologico de Fuente Alamo, Ctra El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Av. Azul 30320 Murcia Spain
| | - François Carreaux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS - Université de Rennes 1; 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Batiment 10A 35042 Rennes Cedex France
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30
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Yuan H, Guo Z, Luo T. Synthesis of (+)-Lysergol and Its Analogues To Assess Serotonin Receptor Activity. Org Lett 2017; 19:624-627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haosen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences,
Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhixian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences,
Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences,
Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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31
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Lu Y, Yuan H, Zhou S, Luo T. Total Syntheses of (-)-Hibiscone C and Lysergine: A Cyclization/Fragmentation Strategy. Org Lett 2017; 19:620-623. [PMID: 28107016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-hibiscone C and a concise synthesis of ergot alkaloid lysergine are described. Both syntheses were achieved using the radical cyclization/fragmentation strategy. This cascade reaction enabled the application of the strained bicycle as a synthon for the synthesis of highly substituted decalins in an efficient and stereoselective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haosen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, and ‡Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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32
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Henrion S, Carboni B, Cossío FP, Roisnel T, Villalgordo JM, Carreaux F. Stereospecific Synthesis of α-Amino Allylsilane Derivatives through a [3,3]-Allyl Cyanate Rearrangement. Mild Formation of Functionalized Disiloxanes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4633-44. [PMID: 27163288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient asymmetric synthesis of α-amino allylsilane derivatives is reported. The strategy is based on a [3,3]-allyl cyanate sigmatropic rearrangement from enantioenriched γ-hydroxy alkenylsilyl compounds. The isocyanate intermediate can be trapped by several nucleophiles, opening the way for the preparation of unknown chiral functionalized compounds such as the α-ureido allylsilanes as well as carbamate derivatives. A computational study was conducted to rationalize the complete 1,3-chirality transfer of this kind of rearrangement. Moreover, starting from products bearing a phenyldimethyl silyl substituent, the α-amino silane derivatives or the corresponding disiloxanes can be obtained under hydrogenation conditions in an exclusive way according to the used catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Henrion
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , 263, avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 10A, 35042 Cedex Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Carboni
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , 263, avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 10A, 35042 Cedex Rennes, France
| | - Fernando P Cossío
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Química, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , PO Manuel Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , 263, avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 10A, 35042 Cedex Rennes, France
| | - Jose M Villalgordo
- VillaPharma Research, Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo , Ctra El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Av. Azul, E-30320, Murcia, Spain
| | - François Carreaux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1 , 263, avenue du Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 10A, 35042 Cedex Rennes, France
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33
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Bai R, Yang J, Min L, Liu C, Wu F, Gu Y. Facile synthesis of 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles with a seven-membered ring through a three-component reaction of 4-hydroxyindole, aldehyde, and malonodinitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Mailyan AK, Eickhoff JA, Minakova AS, Gu Z, Lu P, Zakarian A. Cutting-Edge and Time-Honored Strategies for Stereoselective Construction of C–N Bonds in Total Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4441-557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur K. Mailyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - John A. Eickhoff
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anastasiia S. Minakova
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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35
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Romanini S, Galletti E, Caruana L, Mazzanti A, Himo F, Santoro S, Fochi M, Bernardi L. Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions of 4-Substituted Indoles with Nitroethene: A Direct Entry to Ergot Alkaloid Structures. Chemistry 2015; 21:17578-82. [PMID: 26486074 PMCID: PMC4832839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A domino Friedel-Crafts/nitro-Michael reaction between 4-substituted indoles and nitroethene is presented. The reaction is catalyzed by BINOL-derived phosphoric acid catalysts, and delivers the corresponding 3,4-ring-fused indoles with very good results in terms of yields and diastereo- and enantioselectivities. The tricyclic benzo[cd]indole products bear a nitro group at the right position to serve as precursors of ergot alkaloids, as demonstrated by the formal synthesis of 6,7-secoagroclavine from one of the adducts. DFT calculations suggest that the outcome of the reaction stems from the preferential evolution of a key nitronic acid intermediate through a nucleophilic addition pathway, rather than to the expected "quenching" through protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Romanini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Emilio Galletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Lorenzo Caruana
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy)
| | - Fahmi Himo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm (Sweden)
| | - Stefano Santoro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, V. Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia (Italy).
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy).
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, V. Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna (Italy).
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36
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Lee K, Poudel YB, Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Total synthesis of dihydrolysergic acid and dihydrolysergol: development of a divergent synthetic strategy applicable to rapid assembly of D-ring analogs. Tetrahedron 2015; 71:5897-5905. [PMID: 26273113 PMCID: PMC4528678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of dihydrolysergic acid and dihydrolysergol are detailed based on a Pd(0)-catalyzed intramolecular Larock indole cyclization for the preparation of the embedded tricyclic indole (ABC ring system) and a subsequent powerful inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of 5-carbomethoxy-1,2,3-triazine with a ketone-derived enamine for the introduction of a functionalized pyridine, serving as the precursor for a remarkably diastereoselective reduction to the N-methylpiperidine D-ring. By design, the use of the same ketone-derived enamine and a set of related complementary heterocyclic azadiene [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions permitted the late stage divergent preparation of a series of alternative heterocyclic derivatives not readily accessible by more conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yam B. Poudel
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher M. Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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37
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Nakano SI, Inoue N, Hamada Y, Nemoto T. Pd-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization by Intramolecular Heck Insertion of an Allene–Allylic Amination Sequence: Application to the Synthesis of 3,4-Fused Tricyclic Indoles. Org Lett 2015; 17:2622-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichi Nakano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Naoya Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Hamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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38
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2013. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Časar Z, Mesar T. A DMAP-Catalyzed Approach to the Industrial-Scale Preparation of N-6-Demethylated 9,10-Dihydrolysergic Acid Methyl Ester: A Key Cabergoline and Pergolide Precursor. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenko Časar
- API
Development, Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Mesar
- API
Development, Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
- API
Production, Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Kolodvorska 27, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia
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40
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Ishikura M, Abe T, Choshi T, Hibino S. Simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:1389-471. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00032g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the isolation, structure determination, total syntheses and biological activities of simple indole alkaloids and those with a nonrearranged monoterpenoid unit, with literature coverage from 2012 to 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Ishikura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-Tobetsu
- Japan
| | - Takumi Abe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
- Ishikari-Tobetsu
- Japan
| | - Tominari Choshi
- Graduate School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Fukuyama University
- Fukuyama
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Hibino
- Graduate School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Fukuyama University
- Fukuyama
- Japan
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41
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Szcześniak P, Stecko S. An approach to asymmetric synthesis of β-aryl alanines by Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling and cyanate-to-isocyanate rearrangement. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02818c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new method for the asymmetric synthesis of β-aryl alanines is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szcześniak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Sebastian Stecko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
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42
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Intramolecular Larock indole synthesis for the preparation of tricyclic indoles and its application in the synthesis of tetrahydropyrroloquinoline and fargesine. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Miura T, Funakoshi Y, Murakami M. Intramolecular dearomatizing [3 + 2] annulation of α-imino carbenoids with aryl rings furnishing 3,4-fused indole skeletons. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2272-5. [PMID: 24437578 DOI: 10.1021/ja412663a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rhodium-catalyzed dearomatizing [3 + 2] annulation reaction of 4-(3-arylpropyl)-1,2,3-triazoles is described. It provides a straightforward synthetic pathway from simple 5-aryl-1-alkynes leading to tricyclic 3,4-fused dihydroindoles via the corresponding 1,2,3-triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Miura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University , Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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44
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Tao P, Jia Y. Rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular annulation via C–H activation leading to fused tricyclic indole scaffolds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7367-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02947j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of fused tricyclic indoles via a rhodium catalyzed intramolecular C–H activation reaction is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
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45
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Caruana L, Fochi M, Franchini MC, Ranieri S, Mazzanti A, Bernardi L. Asymmetric synthesis of 3,4-annulated indoles through an organocatalytic cascade approach. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:445-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Zhang X, Li Y, Shi H, Zhang L, Zhang S, Xu X, Liu Q. Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed intramolecular amidoarylation and hydroarylation of alkyne via C–H activation: switchable synthesis of 3,4-fused tricyclic indoles and chromans. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7306-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02398f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An intramolecular amidoarylation and hydroarylation of alkyne via rhodium(iii)-catalyzed C–H activation was developed for the switchable synthesis of 3,4-fused indoles and chromans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
| | - Lunan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianxiu Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024, China
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47
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Gregg TM, Keister JB, Diver ST. Inhibitory Effect of Ethylene in Ene–Yne Metathesis: The Case for Ruthenacyclobutane Resting States. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16777-80. [PMID: 24187985 DOI: 10.1021/ja4085012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Gregg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York 14208, United States
| | - Jerome B. Keister
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Steven T. Diver
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu-An Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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