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Abstract
Piperazine ranks as the third most common nitrogen heterocycle in drug discovery, and it is the key component of several blockbuster drugs, such as Imatinib (also marketed as Gleevec) or Sildenafil, sold as Viagra. Despite its wide use in medicinal chemistry, the structural diversity of piperazines is limited, with about 80% of piperazine-containing drugs containing substituents only at the nitrogen positions. Recently, major advances have been made in the C–H functionalization of the carbon atoms of the piperazine ring. Herein, we present an overview of the recent synthetic methods to afford functionalized piperazines with a focus on C–H functionalization.
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2
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Choi A, El‐Tunsi A, Wang Y, Meijer AJHM, Li J, Li X, Proietti Silvestri I, Coldham I. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2-Arylindolines and 2,2-Disubstituted Indolines by Kinetic Resolution. Chemistry 2021; 27:11670-11675. [PMID: 34110662 PMCID: PMC8456874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic resolution of 2-arylindolines (2,3-dihydroindoles) was achieved by treatment of their N-tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) derivatives with n-butyllithium and sparteine in toluene at -78 °C followed by electrophilic quench. The unreacted starting materials together with the 2,2-disubstituted products could be isolated with high enantiomer ratios. Variable temperature NMR spectroscopy showed that the rate of Boc rotation was fast (ΔG≠ ≈57 kJ/mol at 195 K). This was corroborated by DFT studies and by in situ ReactIR spectroscopy. The enantioenriched N-Boc-2-arylindolines were converted to 2,2-disubstituted products without significant loss in enantiopurity. Hence, either enantiomer of the 2,2-disubstituted products could be obtained with high selectivity from the same enantiomer of the chiral ligand sparteine (one from the kinetic resolution and the other from subsequent lithiation-trapping of the recovered starting material). Secondary amine products were prepared by removing the Boc group with acid to provide a way to access highly enantioenriched 2-aryl and 2,2-disubstituted indolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Choi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Ashraf El‐Tunsi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
| | | | - Jia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062PR China
| | - Xiabing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an710062PR China
| | | | - Iain Coldham
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sheffield Brook HillSheffieldS3 7HFUK
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Zheng XZ, Chen K, Xiao JA, Li J, Wang SS, Zhao QL, Xiang HY, Chen XQ, Yang H. Unveiling the abnormal effect of temperature on enantioselectivity in the palladium-mediated decabonylative alkylation of MBH acetate. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00782c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unusual temperature–enantioselectivity relationship was observed in the newly developed palladium-catalysed enantioselective nucleophilic substitution of cyclic Morita–Baylis–Hillman acetate and 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhou Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Lan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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Grainger R, Heightman TD, Ley SV, Lima F, Johnson CN. Enabling synthesis in fragment-based drug discovery by reactivity mapping: photoredox-mediated cross-dehydrogenative heteroarylation of cyclic amines. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2264-2271. [PMID: 30881651 PMCID: PMC6385880 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04789h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), a weakly binding fragment hit is elaborated into a potent ligand by bespoke functionalization along specific directions (growth vectors) from the fragment core in order to complement the 3D structure of the target protein. This structure-based design approach can present significant synthetic challenges, as growth vectors often originate on sp2 or sp3 ring carbons which are not the most synthetically accessible points on the fragment. To address this issue and expedite synthesis in FBDD, we established a nanogram-to-gram workflow for the development of enabling synthetic transformations, such as the direct C-H functionalization of heterocycles. This novel approach deploys high-throughput experimentation (HTE) in 1536-well microtiter plates (MTPs) facilitated by liquid handling robots to screen reaction conditions on the nanomolar scale; subsequently the reaction is upscaled in a continuous flow to generate gram-quantities of the material. In this paper, we disclose the use of this powerful workflow for the development of a photoredox-mediated cross-dehydrogenative coupling of fragments and medicinally relevant heterocyclic precursors via Minisci-type addition of α-amino radicals to electron-deficient heteroarenes. The optimized reaction conditions were employed on the milligram-scale on a diverse set of 112 substrates to map out structure-reactivity relationships (SRRs) of the transformation. The coupling exhibits excellent tolerance to a variety of functional groups and N-rich heteroarenes relevant to FBDD and was upscaled in a continuous flow to afford gram-quantities of pharmaceutically relevant sp2-sp3 privileged architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Grainger
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road , Cambridge , CB4 0QA , UK . ;
| | - Tom D Heightman
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road , Cambridge , CB4 0QA , UK . ;
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Fabio Lima
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK
- Novartis Pharma AG , Novartis Campus , 4002 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road , Cambridge , CB4 0QA , UK . ;
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Chrzanowska M, Dreas A, Meissner Z. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,3-Dimethoxy-8-oxoberbine, Precursor of O-Methylbharatamine. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-s(f)73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Sweeney JB, Doulcet J, Thapa B. Synthesis of 3-Substituted Pyrrolidines via Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation. iScience 2018; 9:328-336. [PMID: 30448732 PMCID: PMC6240703 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed reactions have revolutionized synthetic chemistry, allowing access to unprecedented molecular architectures with powerful properties and activities. Nonetheless, some transformations remain sparse in number, or out of reach, even with the diverse modern catalytic chemical arsenal, including bimolecular alkene hydroarylation reactions. We report here a broad-scope, palladium-catalyzed pyrroline hydroarylation process that gives 3-aryl pyrrolidines, a class of small molecules with potency in a diverse range of biological scenarios. Thus, whereas N-acyl pyrrolines usually undergo palladium-catalyzed arylation to give alkene products, the corresponding reactions of N-alkyl pyrrolines deliver products of hydroarylation, pyrrolidines. The process has broad substrate scope and can be used to directly deliver drug-like molecules in a single step from readily available precursors. Pyrrolines undergo hydroarylation in palladium-catalyzed processes The process allows facile catalytic entry to molecules with potent biological activity The reaction has broad scope in arylating agents Enables efficient manufacture of drug-like molecules from readily available precursors
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Julien Doulcet
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Bimod Thapa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
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Bulman Page PC, Kinsey FS, Chan Y, Strutt IR, Slawin AMZ, Jones GA. Novel binaphthyl and biphenyl α- and β-amino acids and esters: organocatalysis of asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions. A combined synthetic and computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7400-7416. [PMID: 30259945 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis of the Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and cinnamaldehydes has been studied using as catalysts a range of novel α- and β-aminoacids and aminoesters with binaphthyl and biphenyl backbones, providing enantioselectivities of up to 62% ee. B3LYP/6-31G* calculations, including free energy corrections, have been carried out on a binaphthyl catalyst example to identify transition state structures and to aid in the identification of major enantiomers. The calculated product ratios agree well with the experimental data; the transition states identified involve preferential approach of cyclopentene along a trajectory adjacent to the acid/ester group. The four lowest energy transition states display a stabilizing dipolar interaction between the carbonyl group oxygen atom and a terminal proton of the diene unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Piperidines: Functionalization of Preexisting Ring Systems. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Sandmeier T, Krautwald S, Carreira EM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Piperidines by Iridium-Catalyzed Cyclocondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11515-11519. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Simon Krautwald
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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11
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Sandmeier T, Krautwald S, Carreira EM. Stereoselective Synthesis of Piperidines by Iridium-Catalyzed Cyclocondensation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sandmeier
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Simon Krautwald
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, HCI H335; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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12
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Murugesh V, Bruneau C, Achard M, Sahoo AR, Sharma GVM, Suresh S. Ruthenium catalyzed β-C(sp3)–H functionalization on the ‘privileged’ piperazine nucleus. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10448-10451. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05604d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium catalysed β-C(sp3)–H functionalization of piperazines has been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Murugesh
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT)
- Hyderabad 500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Christian Bruneau
- UMR6226
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- Université de Rennes1, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
| | - Mathieu Achard
- UMR6226
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- Université de Rennes1, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
| | - Apurba Ranjan Sahoo
- UMR6226
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes
- Université de Rennes1, Organometallics: Materials and Catalysis
- 35042 Rennes Cedex
- France
| | - Gangavaram V. M. Sharma
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT)
- Hyderabad 500 007
- India
| | - Surisetti Suresh
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT)
- Hyderabad 500 007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Antermite D, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Recent advances in the chemistry of metallated azetidines. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:34-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The almost unexplored four-membered azetidines represent a particularly interesting class of molecules, among the family of saturated nitrogen heterocycles. This review reports recent developments in direct metal-based functionalization of the azetidine ring, focusing on the regio- and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Antermite
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
| | | | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari
- Bari 70125
- Italy
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14
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Foley VM, Cano R, McGlacken GP. The search for an easily-prepared sparteine surrogate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Hughes DL. Patent Review of Manufacturing Routes to Recently Approved Oncology Drugs: Ibrutinib, Cobimetinib, and Alectinib. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hughes
- Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., 6310 Nancy Ridge Dr., Suite 101, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Kaur M, Sharma E, Singh A, Singh P, Singh KN. Experimental and Theoretical Observations on the Intramolecular Nucleophilic Addition of α-Amino Carbanions to Arynes: Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; 160014 Chandigarh India
| | - Esha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; 160014 Chandigarh India
| | - Amritpal Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; 160014 Chandigarh India
| | - Paramjit Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; 160014 Chandigarh India
| | - Kamal Nain Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry; Panjab University; 160014 Chandigarh India
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17
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Ye Z, Gettys KE, Dai M. Opportunities and challenges for direct C-H functionalization of piperazines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:702-15. [PMID: 27340462 PMCID: PMC4901899 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperazine ranks within the top three most utilized N-heterocyclic moieties in FDA-approved small-molecule pharmaceuticals. Herein we summarize the current synthetic methods available to perform C-H functionalization on piperazines in order to lend structural diversity to this privileged drug scaffold. Multiple approaches such as those involving α-lithiation trapping, transition-metal-catalyzed α-C-H functionalizations, and photoredox catalysis are discussed. We also highlight the difficulties experienced when successful methods for α-C-H functionalization of acyclic amines and saturated mono-nitrogen heterocyclic compounds (such as piperidines and pyrrolidines) were applied to piperazine substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishi Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kristen E Gettys
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Rayner PJ, Smith JC, Denneval C, O'Brien P, Clarke PA, Horan RAJ. Mechanistic interrogation of the asymmetric lithiation-trapping of N-thiopivaloyl azetidine and pyrrolidine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1354-7. [PMID: 26620913 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental mechanistic study of the s-BuLi/chiral diamine-mediated lithiation-trapping of N-thiopivaloyl azetidine and pyrrolidine is reported. We show that lithiated thiopivalamides are configurationally unstable at -78 °C. Reaction then proceeds via a dynamic resolution of diastereomeric lithiated intermediates and this accounts for the variable sense and degree of asymmetric induction observed compared to N-Boc heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Zhang WY, Sun C, Hunt D, He M, Deng Y, Zhu Z, Chen CL, Katz CE, Niu J, Hogan PC, Xiao XY, Dunwoody N, Ronn M. Process Development and Scale-up of Fully Synthetic Tetracycline TP-2758: A Potent Antibacterial Agent with Excellent Oral Bioavailability. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Yan Zhang
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Cuixiang Sun
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Diana Hunt
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Minsheng He
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Yonghong Deng
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Zhijian Zhu
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Chi-Li Chen
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Christopher E. Katz
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - John Niu
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Philip C. Hogan
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Xiao-Yi Xiao
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Nicholas Dunwoody
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Magnus Ronn
- Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals Inc, 480
Arsenal Street, Suite 110, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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Firth JD, O’Brien P, Ferris L. Synthesis of Enantiopure Piperazines via Asymmetric Lithiation–Trapping of N-Boc Piperazines: Unexpected Role of the Electrophile and Distal N-Substituent. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 138:651-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James D. Firth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Leigh Ferris
- AstraZeneca U.K., Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
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21
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Cherney AH, Kadunce NT, Reisman SE. Enantioselective and Enantiospecific Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organometallic Reagents To Construct C-C Bonds. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9587-652. [PMID: 26268813 PMCID: PMC4566132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan H Cherney
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathaniel T Kadunce
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Scharnagel D, Müller A, Prause F, Eck M, Goller J, Milius W, Breuning M. The First Modular Route to Core-Chiral Bispidine Ligands and Their Application in Enantioselective Copper(II)-Catalyzed Henry Reactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:12488-500. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Firth JD, O'Brien P, Ferris L. Revisiting the sparteine surrogate: development of a resolution route to the (-)-sparteine surrogate. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:9357-65. [PMID: 25297971 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01694g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The improved performance of the sparteine surrogate compared to sparteine in a range of applications has highlighted the need to develop an approach to the (-)-sparteine surrogate, previously inaccessible in gram-quantities. A multi-gram scale, chromatography-free synthesis of the racemic sparteine surrogate and its resolution via diastereomeric salt formation with (-)-O,O'-di-p-toluoyl-l-tartaric acid is reported. Resolution on a 10.0 mmol scale gave the diastereomeric salts in 33% yield from which (-)-sparteine surrogate of 93 : 7 er was generated. This work solves a key limitation: either enantiomer of the sparteine surrogate can now be readily accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Canipa SJ, Stute A, O'Brien P. Use of copper(II)/diamine catalysts in the desymmetrisation of meso-diols and asymmetric Henry reactions: comparison of (−)-sparteine and (+)-sparteine surrogates. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rayner PJ, Gelardi G, O'Brien P, Horan RAJ, Blakemore DC. On the synthesis of α-amino sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:3499-512. [PMID: 24759885 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00567h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic study on the preparation of N-Boc α-amino sulfoxides has revealed an unexpected instability which is believed to be due to α-elimination of the sulfoxide to give an iminium ion. Full synthetic details are reported on two main synthetic routes: lithiation and sulfinate trapping of N-Boc heterocycles and oxidation of N-Boc α-amino sulfides. Six novel α-amino sulfoxides were successfully prepared and isolated. It is speculated that four other α-amino sulfoxides were synthesised but could not be isolated due to their propensity to α-eliminate the sulfoxide. Ultimately, a stable, cyclic N-Boc α-amino sulfoxide was prepared and this successful synthesis relied on the α-amino sulfoxide being part of a bicyclic [3.1.0] fused ring system that could not undergo α-elimination of the sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cam-Van T. Vo
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zürich, Switzerland 8093
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium
für Organische
Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zürich, Switzerland 8093
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