1
|
Tian X, Xuan T, Gao J, Zhang X, Liu T, Luo F, Pang R, Shao P, Yang YF, Wang Y. Catalytic enantioselective nitrone cycloadditions enabling collective syntheses of indole alkaloids. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6429. [PMID: 39080291 PMCID: PMC11289135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydro-β-carboline skeletons are prominent and ubiquitous in an extraordinary range of indole alkaloid natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. Powerful synthetic approaches for stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carboline skeletons have immense impacts and have attracted enormous attention. Here, we outline a general chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline-2-oxide type nitrone that enables access to three types of chiral tetrahydro-β-carbolines bearing continuous multi-chiral centers and quaternary chiral centers. The method displays different endo/exo selectivity from traditional nitrone chemistry. The distinct power of this strategy has been illustrated by application to collective and enantiodivergent total syntheses of 40 tetrahydro-β-carboline-type indole alkaloid natural products with divergent stereochemistry and varied architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Tian
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Tengfei Xuan
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingkun Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengbiao Luo
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruochen Pang
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengcheng Shao
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Molecular Synthesis Center & Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muto R, Nagata K, Nakazumi Y, Nakamura K, Ueno S. Palladium-Catalyzed para-Selective Allylation of 1-(Cyanomethyl)arenes with Allyl Acetates. Org Lett 2023; 25:2108-2112. [PMID: 36940090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
The Pd/PMe3-catalyzed allylation of 1-(cyanomethyl)naphthalenes with allyl acetates proved to be para- rather than α-regioselective. This reaction is thought to proceed through ligand attack of the para-carbon in the arenes, electronically enriched by a cyano-stabilized α-carbanion, to the (π-allyl)palladium and a 1,5-hydrogen shift of the para-hydrogen from the dearomatized intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Muto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kenji Nagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakazumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Kaho Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mitra S, Sarkar R, Chakrabarty A, Mukherjee S. Hydroxy-directed iridium-catalyzed enantioselective formal β-C(sp 2)-H allylic alkylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12491-12497. [PMID: 36382287 PMCID: PMC9629034 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03966d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy-directed iridium-catalyzed enantioselective formal β-C(sp2)-H allylic alkylation of kojic acid and structurally related α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is developed. This reaction, catalyzed by an Ir(i)/(P,olefin) complex, utilizes the nucleophilic character of α-hydroxy α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, to introduce an allyl group at its β-position in a branched-selective manner in good to excellent yield with uniformly high enantioselectivity (up to >99.9 : 0.1 er). To the best of our knowledge, this report represents the first example of the use of kojic acid in a transition metal catalyzed highly enantioselective transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankash Mitra
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India +91-80-2360-0529 +91-80-2293-2850
| | - Rahul Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India +91-80-2360-0529 +91-80-2293-2850
| | - Aditya Chakrabarty
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India +91-80-2360-0529 +91-80-2293-2850
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India +91-80-2360-0529 +91-80-2293-2850
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sivanandan ST, Chauhan D, Namboothiri I. One‐pot regio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydro‐α‐carbolines via cascade reactions of iminoindolines with Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman bromides of nitroalkenes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
5
|
Sarkar R, Mukherjee S. Iridium-catalyzed enantioselective olefinic C(sp 2)-H allylic alkylation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3070-3075. [PMID: 34164076 PMCID: PMC8179414 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first iridium-catalyzed enantioselective olefinic C(sp2)-H allylic alkylation is developed in cooperation with Lewis base catalysis. This reaction, catalyzed by cinchonidine and an in situ generated cyclometalated Ir(i)/phosphoramidite complex, makes use of the latent enolate character of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, namely coumalate ester, to introduce an allyl group at its α-position in a branched-selective manner in moderate to good yield with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 : 2 er).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sarkar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India +91-80-2360-0529 +91-80-2293-2850
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560 012 India +91-80-2360-0529 +91-80-2293-2850
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng DS, Zhao ZL, Gu Q, You SL. Ir-Catalyzed Intermolecular Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of β-Tetralones. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Song Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Le Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Masoumi B, Heydari M. Organometal-catalyzed asymmetric Friedel-Crafts reactions. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
9
|
Cheng Q, Tu HF, Zheng C, Qu JP, Helmchen G, You SL. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1855-1969. [PMID: 30582688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the origin and advancements of iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions during the past two decades. Since the first report in 1997, Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions have attracted intense attention due to their exceptionally high regio- and enantioselectivities. Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions have been significantly developed in recent years in many respects, including ligand development, mechanistic understanding, substrate scope, and application in the synthesis of complex functional molecules. In this review, an explicit outline of ligands, mechanism, scope of nucleophiles, and applications is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Hang-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jian-Ping Qu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Günter Helmchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls , Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 , D-69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 345 Lingling Lu , Shanghai 200032 , China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qu J, Helmchen G. Applications of Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions in Target-Oriented Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2539-2555. [PMID: 28937739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metal catalyzed allylic substitution is a cornerstone of organometallic and synthetic chemistry. Enantioselective versions have been developed with catalysts derived from transition metals, most notably molybdenum, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, palladium, and copper. The palladium- and the iridium-catalyzed versions have turned out to be particularly versatile in organic synthesis because of the very broad scope of the nucleophile and great functional group compatibility. Assets of the iridium-catalyzed reaction are the formation of branched, chiral products from simple monosubstituted allylic substrates, high degrees of regio- and enantioselectivity, and use of modular, readily available chiral ligands. The possibility to use carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds as well as fluoride as nucleophiles allows a wide range of chiral building blocks to be prepared. Our Account begins with the presentation of fundamental reaction schemes and chiral ligands. We will focus our discussion on reactions promoted by phosphoramidite ligands, though numerous chiral ligands have been employed. The subsequent section presents a brief overview of reaction mechanism and experimental conditions. Two versions of the iridium-catalyzed allylic substitution have emerged. In type 1 reactions (introduced in 1997), linear allylic esters are commonly used as substrates under basic reaction conditions. In type 2 reactions (introduced in 2007), environmentally friendly branched allylic alcohols can be reacted under acidic conditions; occasionally, derivatives of allylic alcohols have also been applied. A unique feature of the type 2 reactions is that highly electrophilic allylic intermediates can be brought to reaction with weakly activated alkenes. The subsequent text is ordered according to the strategies followed to transform allylic substitution products to desired targets, most of which are natural products or drugs. Syntheses starting with an intermolecular allylic substitution are discussed first. Some fairly complex targets, for example, the potent nitric oxide inhibitor (-)-nyasol and the drug (-)-protrifenbute, have been synthesized via less than five steps from simple starting materials. Most targets discussed are cyclic compounds. Intermolecular allylic substitution with subsequent ring closing metathesis is a powerful strategy for their synthesis. Highlights are stereodivergent syntheses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), wherein iridium- and organocatalysis are combined (dual catalysis). The combination of allylic alkylation with a Diels-Alder reaction was utilized to synthesize the ketide apiosporic acid and the drug fesoterodine (Toviaz). Sequential allylic amination, hydroboration and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling generates enones suitable for conjugate addition reactions; this strategy was employed in syntheses of a variety of alkaloids, for example, the poison frog alkaloid (+)-cis-195A (pumiliotoxin C). Intramolecular substitutions offer interesting possibilities to build up stereochemical complexity via short synthetic routes. For example, in diastereoselective cyclizations of chiral compounds, substrate control can be overruled by catalyst control in order to generate cis- and trans-isomers selectively from a given precursor. This approach was used to prepare a variety of piperidine and pyrrolidine alkaloids. Finally, complex polycyclic structures, including the structurally unusual indolosesquiterpenoid mycoleptodiscin A, have been generated diastereo- and enantioselectively from olefins by polyene cyclizations and from electron-rich arenes, such as indoles, in dearomatization reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Qu
- Institute of Advanced
Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Günter Helmchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao ZL, Gu Q, Wu XY, You SL. Anilines as C-Nucleophiles in Ir-Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric Allylic Substitution Reactions. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2680-2683. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Le Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schafroth MA, Rummelt SM, Sarlah D, Carreira EM. Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Allylic Cyclizations. Org Lett 2017; 19:3235-3238. [PMID: 28573860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for the enantioselective synthesis of carbo- and heterocyclic ring systems enabled through the combination of Lewis acid activation and iridium-catalyzed allylic substitution is described. The reaction proceeds with branched, allylic alcohols and carbon nucleophiles as well as heteronucleophiles to give a diverse set of ring systems in good yields and with high enantioselectivities. The utility of the method is highlighted by the asymmetric syntheses of erythrococcamides A and B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Sarlah
- ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun J, Hu Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Zha Z, Wang Z. Copper-Catalyzed Chemoselective and Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts 1,2-Addition of Pyrrole with β,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketoesters. J Org Chem 2017; 82:5102-5110. [PMID: 28431208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A Friedel-Crafts alkylation of pyrrole was developed to afford the β,γ-unsaturated α-hydroxy esters bearing a quaternary stereogenic center with good enantioselectivities and yields. This protocol represents the first report of 1,2-addition of Friedel-Crafts alkylation of pyrrole to β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry and Department of Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lin TY, Wu HH, Feng JJ, Zhang J. Design and Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Vinyl Tryptamine Building Blocks for Construction of Privileged Chiral Indole Scaffolds. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Yan Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Hong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular
Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen JB, Jia YX. Recent progress in transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective indole functionalizations. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:3550-3567. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00413c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress on the transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective functionalization reaction of indoles is reviewed, which is mainly focused on asymmetric indole alkylations, arylations, cycloaddition reactions, and other reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Biao Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yi-Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao RD, Xu QL, Dai LX, You SL. Pd-catalyzed cascade allylic alkylation and dearomatization reactions of indoles with vinyloxirane. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8044-6. [PMID: 27511802 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed Pd-catalyzed intermolecular Friedel-Crafts-type allylic alkylation and allylic dearomatization reactions of substituted indoles bearing a nucleophilic group with vinyloxirane, providing an efficient method to synthesize structurally diverse tetrahydrocarboline and spiroindolenine derivatives under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run-Duo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao Y, Bai M, Yu S, Zhang M, Hu F, Xu X, Yuan W, Zhang X. Construction of Novel Tetrahydro-β-carboline-1-thione Spirooxindoles by Brønsted Acid Mediated Formal [3+3] Cyclization of 3-Indolylmethanols with 3-Isothiocyanato Oxindoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Liao
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Mei Bai
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shuowen Yu
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Minmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Fangzhi Hu
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Weicheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis and Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao ZL, Gu Q, Wu XY, You SL. Enantioselective synthesis of 10-allylanthrones via iridium-catalyzed allylic substitution reaction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
19
|
Weng JQ, Fan RJ, Deng QM, Liu RR, Gao JR, Jia YX. Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reactions of 3-Substituted Indoles with Electron-Deficient Alkenes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3023-30. [PMID: 26959867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts C2-alkylation reactions of 3-substituted indoles with α,β-unsaturated esters and nitroalkenes were developed using chiral Lewis acids as catalysts, which afforded chiral indole derivatives bearing C2-benzylic stereogenic centers in good to excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 96% ee).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Quan Weng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ren-Jie Fan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qiao-Man Deng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ren-Rong Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jian-Rong Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yi-Xia Jia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jiang SZ, Zeng XY, Liang X, Lei T, Wei K, Yang YR. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Indole Cyclization: Application to the Total Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of (−)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4044-8. [PMID: 26891145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xue-Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jiang SZ, Zeng XY, Liang X, Lei T, Wei K, Yang YR. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Indole Cyclization: Application to the Total Synthesis and Absolute Stereochemical Assignment of (−)-Aspidophylline A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Zhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Xue-Yi Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Xiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Kun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China; Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanhei 132#; Kunming 650201 China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mino T, Nishikawa K, Asano M, Shima Y, Ebisawa T, Yoshida Y, Sakamoto M. Chiral N-1-adamantyl-N-trans-cinnamylaniline type ligands: synthesis and application to palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7509-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01354f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral P/olefin ligands with C–N bond axial chirality were synthesized and utilized for palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of indoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Mino
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| | - Kenji Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| | - Moeko Asano
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| | - Yamato Shima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| | - Toshibumi Ebisawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| | - Masami Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Chiba University
- Chiba 263-8522
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhuo C, Zhou Y, Cheng Q, Huang L, You S. Enantioselective Construction of Spiroindolines with Three Contiguous Stereogenic Centers and Chiral Tryptamine Derivatives via Reactive Spiroindolenine Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Xiang Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Yong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Shu‐Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin (China)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhuo CX, Zhou Y, Cheng Q, Huang L, You SL. Enantioselective Construction of Spiroindolines with Three Contiguous Stereogenic Centers and Chiral Tryptamine Derivatives via Reactive Spiroindolenine Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14146-9. [PMID: 26403164 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The highly efficient synthesis of the enantioenriched spiroindolines by iridium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic dearomatization and reduction is presented. Spiroindolines containing three contiguous stereogenic centers were obtained with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity. In addition, a chiral tryptamine derivative could be easily accessed in good yield with excellent ee value through an unprecedented dearomatization/retro-Mannich/hydrolysis cascade reaction of an indole derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Yong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (China) http://shuliyou.sioc.ac.cn/. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin (China).
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Li C, Li L, Zha Z, Wang Z. Copper Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkylation of Pyrrole with β,γ-Unsaturated α-Ketoesters: Application to One-Pot Construction of the Seven-Membered Ring by Merging a Gold Catalysis. Org Lett 2015; 17:4018-21. [PMID: 26241822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts alkylation of pyrrole to β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters was developed by virtue of a chiral copper complex, affording the alkylated derivatives of pyrrole with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Moreover, merging copper catalysis with gold catalysis realized a one-pot construction of the seven-membered ring to give annulated pyrroles with moderate to good yields and high enantiomeric excesses.
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen LY, Yu XY, Chen JR, Feng B, Zhang H, Qi YH, Xiao WJ. Enantioselective direct functionalization of indoles by Pd/sulfoxide-phosphine-catalyzed N-allylic alkylation. Org Lett 2015; 17:1381-4. [PMID: 25738835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient Pd/sulfoxide-phosphine complex-catalyzed direct asymmetric N-allylic alkylation of indoles has been developed to allow for the preparation of various N-allylated indoles in generally good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. This catalytic system could also be extended to other N-containing heterocycles with good results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Chen
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Ye Yu
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Bin Feng
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ying-Hua Qi
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- †Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.,‡State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen W, Chen M, Hartwig JF. Diastereo- and enantioselective iridium-catalyzed allylation of cyclic ketone enolates: synergetic effect of ligands and barium enolates. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15825-8. [PMID: 25337972 PMCID: PMC4235373 DOI: 10.1021/ja506500u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report asymmetric allylic alkylation of barium enolates of cyclic ketones catalyzed by a metallacyclic iridium complex containing a phosphoramidite ligand derived from (R)-1-(2-naphthyl)ethylamine. The reaction products contain adjacent quaternary and tertiary stereocenters. This process demonstrates that unstabilized cyclic ketone enolates can undergo diastereo- and enantioselective Ir-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions with the proper choice of enolate countercation. The products of these reactions can be conveniently transformed to various useful polycarbocyclic structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang D, Wang L, Han F, Li D, Zhao D, Cao Y, Ma Y, Kong W, Sun Q, Wang R. Highly Enantioselective Ring-Opening Reactions of Aziridines with Indole and Its Application in the Building of C3-Halogenated Pyrroloindolines. Chemistry 2014; 20:16478-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
30
|
Zhuo CX, Zheng C, You SL. Transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric allylic dearomatization reactions. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2558-73. [PMID: 24940612 DOI: 10.1021/ar500167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions serve as powerful methods for the synthesis of highly functionalized, three-dimensional structures starting with simple planar aromatic compounds. Among processes of this type, catalytic asymmetric dearomatization (CADA) reactions are attractive owing to the large number of aromatic compounds that are readily available and the fact that they enable direct access to enantiopure polycycles and spirocycles, which frequently are key structural motifs in biologically active natural products and pharmaceuticals. However, as a consequence of their high stabilities, arenes only difficultly participate in dearomatization reactions that take place with high levels of enantioselectivity. Transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reactions have been demonstrated to be powerful methods for enantioselective formation of C-C and C-X (X = O, N, S, etc.) bonds. However, the scope of these processes has been explored mainly using soft carbon nucleophiles, some hard carbon nucleophiles such as enolates and preformed organometallic reagents, and heteroatom nucleophiles. Readily accessible aromatic compounds have been only rarely used directly as nucleophiles in these reactions. In this Account, we present the results of studies we have conducted aimed at the development of transition-metal-catalyzed asymmetric allylic dearomatization reactions. By utilizing this general process, we have devised methods for direct dearomatization of indoles, pyrroles, phenols, naphthols, pyridines, and pyrazines, which produce various highly functionalized structural motifs bearing all-carbon quaternary stereogenic centers in a straightforward manner. In mechanistic investigations of the dearomatization process, we found that the five-membered spiroindolenines serve as intermediates, which readily undergo stereospecific allylic migration to form corresponding tetrahydro-1H-carbazoles upon treatment with a catalytic amount of TsOH. It is worth noting that no notable loss of the enantiomeric excess of the spiroindolenine derivatives takes place during the rearrangement process as a consequence of the intervention of a "three-center-two-electron"-type transition state, a proposal that has gained support from the results of DFT calculations. Equally intriguing, upon tuning of the electronic nature of the tethers, pyrroles or indoles undergo unprecedented Ir or Ru catalyzed intramolecular allylic alkylation promoted dearomatization/migration reactions. The operation of this novel reaction pathway provides additional information leading to a greater mechanistic understanding of the transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular functionalizations of pyrroles and indoles. The combined results of this effort provide not only methods for the efficient synthesis of highly enantioenriched fused and spiro polycycles but also novel strategies in the field of asymmetric catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiang Zhuo
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key
Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li JL, Yue CZ, Chen PQ, Xiao YC, Chen YC. Remote Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylations of Furans through HOMO Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
32
|
Li JL, Yue CZ, Chen PQ, Xiao YC, Chen YC. Remote Enantioselective Friedel-Crafts Alkylations of Furans through HOMO Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5449-52. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
33
|
Ye KY, Dai LX, You SL. Regio- and Enantioselective Synthesis ofN-Allylindoles by Iridium-Catalyzed Allylic Amination/Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cyclization Reactions. Chemistry 2014; 20:3040-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
34
|
Zhao Q, Zhuo CX, You SL. Enantioselective synthesis of N-allylindoles via palladium-catalyzed allylic amination/oxidation of indolines. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|