1
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Wang MC, Yang XY, Zhou JF, Zhang WX, Li BJ. Pyridine-borane complex-catalysed thioesterification: the direct conversion of carboxylic acids to thioesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6671-6674. [PMID: 38860640 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01326c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Thioesters are a common class of biologically active fragments and synthetically useful building blocks. An attractive synthetic approach would be to use simple and bench-stable carboxylic acids as a coupling partner. Herein, we present a 4-bromo pyridine-borane complex as a catalyst for the direct coupling of carboxylic acids with thiols. A wide range of thioesters with good functional group compatibility could be prepared via this metal-free approach. The merit of this strategy is exemplified by the modification of carboxylic acid-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xue-Ying Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Xuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin-Jie Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Kundu G, Amrutha PR, Tothadi S, Sen SS. Access to NHC-Boryl Mono- and Bis-Selenide and Utility as Mild Selenium Transfer Reagent Including to the C-F Bond. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302984. [PMID: 37943498 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of 5-SIDipp ⋅ BH3 (5-SIDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene) (1) with diphenyldiselenide provide access to 5-SIDipp-boryl mono- (5-SIDipp ⋅ BH2 SePh) (2) and bis-selenide (5-SIDipp ⋅ BH(SePh)2 ) (3). The facile cleavage of the B-Se bond makes 2 a neutral source of selenium nucleophiles in substitutions reactions with benzyl bromides, and provide access to the corresponding selenoethers. The direct transformations of one of the C(sp2 )-F bonds of C5 F5 N and C6 F5 CF3 to C-Se bonds have also been achieved by the use of 2 without employing transition-metal catalysts. While it was previously established that C6 F6 could undergo complete defluoroselenation under harsh conditions, we successfully achieved partial defluorination of C6 F6 by employing 2 as a mild selenide transfer reagent. During the formation of C-Se bonds through the cleavage of C-F bonds, the potential by-product NHC ⋅ BH2 F undergoes ring expansion of the NHC, leading to the formation of the six-membered diaazafluoroborinane (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Kundu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pashan, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - P R Amrutha
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pashan, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division and Centralized Instrumentation Facility, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, 364002, Bhavnagar, India
| | - Sakya S Sen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pashan, Pune, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), 201002, Ghaziabad, India
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3
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Moura IMR, Tranquilino A, Sátiro BG, Silva RO, de Oliveira-Silva D, Oliveira RA, Menezes PH. Unusual Application for Phosphonium Salts and Phosphoranes: Synthesis of Chalcogenides. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5954-5964. [PMID: 33789421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the synthesis of sulfides and selenides from phosphonium salts and thio- or selenesulfonates, commercially available compounds, is described. When phosphoranes were used in the reaction, different products were obtained. The methodology does not require the use of metals, reactive species, or anhydrous conditions to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M R Moura
- Depto. de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Arisson Tranquilino
- Depto. de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Barbara G Sátiro
- Depto. de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ricardo O Silva
- Depto. de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Diogo de Oliveira-Silva
- Depto. de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta A Oliveira
- Depto. de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paulo H Menezes
- Depto. de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-560 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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4
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Borthakur B, Ghosh B, Phukan AK. The flourishing chemistry of carbene stabilized compounds of group 13 and 14 elements. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Ling OC, Khaligh NG, Ching JJ. Recent Catalytic Advances in the Synthesis of Organic Symmetric Disulfides. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200221111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organic symmetric disulfides have been broadly studied in various fields such
as synthetic intermediates for various organic transformations, agro-chemicals, biochemistry,
pharmacological chemistry, industrial polymers, peptidomimetics, self-assembled
monolayers (SAMs), etc. Owing to versatile applications, the search and development of
efficient, environmentally friendly, mild and inexpensive methods for the preparation of
organic disulfides play an important role in the organic functional group transformations.
Various aspects of the S–S bond formation are available in some books on organic functional
group transformations, as well as two review articles that have been published in the
years 2008 and 2014 highlighting the developments of disulfide bond formation using a
variety of reagents. However, investigations on new catalytic methods are being regularly
reported and new types of disulfides are synthesized. The present review has attempted to systematically summarize
recent catalytic advances in the process of S–S bond formation with a major focus since 2014 on highlighting
mechanistic considerations, scope, advantages, and limitations. This review does not include patent
literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ong Chiu Ling
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nader Ghaffari Khaligh
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juan Joon Ching
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Institute of Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Vallet A, Telitel S, Lalevée J, Lacôte E. Reactivity of B‐Xanthyl N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Boranes. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Laure Vallet
- ICSN-CNRSBâtiment 27 1 avenue de la Terrasse FR-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Sofia Telitel
- Université de Haute-AlsaceCNRSIS2M UMR 7361 FR-68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-AlsaceCNRSIS2M UMR 7361 FR-68100 Mulhouse France
| | - Emmanuel Lacôte
- Univ. LyonUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1CNRSCNESArianeGroupLHCEPBât. Raulin 2 rue Victor Grignard FR-69622 Villeurbanne France
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7
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Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
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8
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Cui FH, Chen J, Su SX, Xu YL, Wang HS, Pan YM. Regioselective Synthesis of Selenide Ethers through a Decarboxylative Coupling Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Hu Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Xia Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-li Xu
- College of Pharmacy; Guilin Medical University; Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-ming Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University; Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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9
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Abbasi M, Nowrouzi N, Borazjani SG. Conversion of organic halides to disulfanes using KCN and CS 2. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Abbasi M, Sabet A. Europhtal (8020) efficiently catalyzes the aerobic oxidation of in situ generated thiols to symmetric disulfides (disulfanes). J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Liu G, Liu C, Han F, Wang Z, Wang J. Highly active palladium catalysts containing a 1,10-phenanthroline analogue N-heterocyclic carbene for room temperature Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids in aqueous media. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Wang MH, Chen LY. An efficient FeCl 3 -mediated approach for reduction of ketones through N -heterocyclic carbene boranes. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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14
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Iranpoor N, Firouzabadi H, Riazi A, Pedrood K. Regioselective hydrocarbonylation of phenylacetylene to α,β-unsaturated esters and thioesters with Fe(CO)5 and Mo(CO)6. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Wei W, Li C, Wang T, Liu D, Zhang Z. Synthesis of polybenzoquinazolines via an intramolecular dehydration of photocyclization. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Xiao XD, Bai YL, Liu JQ, Wang JW. Synthesis of novel pillar[5]arene-based N -heterocyclic carbene ligands for Pd-catalysed Heck reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Dar AA, Shadab M, Khan S, Ali N, Khan AT. One-Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Antileishmanial Activities of Functionalized S-Alkyl/Aryl Benzothiazole-2-carbothioate Scaffold. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3149-60. [PMID: 26999637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hitherto unreported S-alkyl/aryl benzothiazole-2-carbothioate is reported from thiols, oxalyl chloride, and 2-aminothiophenols using 10 mol % n-tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as catalyst in acetonitrile through multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy. The present protocol favored formation of benzothiazoles and thioesters via simultaneous formation of C-N and C-S bonds in good yields with a wide range of substrates. A few of the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Further, these compounds displayed no toxicity toward macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and are therefore nontoxic and effective antileishmanial leads. In silico docking studies were performed to understand the possible binding site interaction with trypanothione reductase (TryR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Dar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - M Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Suman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, 37673, Republic of South Korea
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Abu T Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
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18
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Venkatesham K, Bhujanga Rao C, Dokuburra CB, Bunce RA, Venkateswarlu Y. Direct Synthesis of Thioethers from Carboxylates and Thiols Catalyzed by FeCl3. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11611-7. [PMID: 26497695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of thioethers from carboxylates and thiols. The reaction proceeds via a Fe(III)-catalyzed direct displacement of carboxylates from benzylic or allylic esters by heterocyclic thiols. Short reaction times, good to excellent yields of products, and few side reactions are the significant features of the new protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunuru Venkatesham
- Natural Products Laboratory, Natural Products Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad, India , 500007
| | - Chitturi Bhujanga Rao
- Natural Products Laboratory, Natural Products Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad, India , 500007
| | - Chanti Babu Dokuburra
- Natural Products Laboratory, Natural Products Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad, India , 500007
| | - Richard A Bunce
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University , 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-3071, United States
| | - Yenamandra Venkateswarlu
- Natural Products Laboratory, Natural Products Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad, India , 500007
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19
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Nerkar S, Curran DP. Synthesis and Suzuki Reactions of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Difluoro(aryl)-boranes. Org Lett 2015; 17:3394-7. [PMID: 26147155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Readily available NHC-arylboranes (NHC-BH2Ar) are converted in high yield to stable NHC-difluoro(aryl)boranes (NHC-BF2Ar) by treatment with 2 equiv of 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazonia-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor). In turn, the NHC-difluoro(aryl)boranes participate directly in Suzuki reactions under conditions previously used for anionic trifluoroborate salts. Accordingly, NHC-difluoroboranes are a new class of stable precursors for Suzuki reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Nerkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Dennis P Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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20
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wan JP. Copper-catalyzed three-component reactions of phenols, acyl chlorides and Wittig reagents for the synthesis of β-aryloxyl acrylates. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj02010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol towards the diversity-oriented synthesis of β-aryloxyl acrylates has been developed using simple reactants and catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
| | - Yunyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
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21
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Savolainen MA, Han X, Wu J. Regioselective Formal Hydroamination of Styrenes with 1-Phenyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol. Org Lett 2014; 16:4349-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markku A. Savolainen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Xinping Han
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Jimmy Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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