1
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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Li P, Vik EC, Shimizu KD. N-Arylimide Molecular Balances: A Comprehensive Platform for Studying Aromatic Interactions in Solution. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2705-2714. [PMID: 33152232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions of aromatic surfaces play a key role in many biological processes and in determining the properties and utility of synthetic materials, sensors, and catalysts. However, the study of aromatic interactions has been challenging because these interactions are usually very weak and their trends are modulated by many factors such as structural, electronic, steric, and solvent effects. Recently, N-arylimide molecular balances have emerged as highly versatile and effective platforms for studying aromatic interactions in solution. These molecular balances can accurately measure weak noncovalent interactions in solution via their influence on the folded-unfolded conformational equilibrium. The structure (i.e., size, shape, π-conjugation, and substitution) and nature (i.e., element, charge, and polarity) of the π-surfaces and interacting groups can be readily varied, enabling the study of a wide range of aromatic interactions. These include aromatic stacking, heterocyclic aromatic stacking, and alkyl-π, chalcogen-π, silver-π, halogen-π, substituent-π, and solvent-π interactions. The ability to measure a diverse array of aromatic interactions within a single model system provides a unique perspective and insights as the interaction energies, stability trends, and solvent effects for different types of interactions can be directly compared. Some broad conclusions that have emerged from this comprehensive analysis include: (1) The strongest aromatic interactions involve groups with positive charges such as pyridinium and metal ions which interact with the electrostatically negative π-face of the aromatic surface via cation-π or metal-π interactions. Attractive electrostatic interactions can also form between aromatic surfaces and groups with partial positive charges. (2) Electrostatic interactions involving aromatic surfaces can be switched from repulsive to attractive using electron-withdrawing substituents or heterocycles. These electrostatic trends appear to span many types of aromatic interactions involving a polar group interacting with a π-surface such as halogen-π, chalcogen-π, and carbonyl-π. (3) Nonpolar groups form weak but measurable stabilizing interactions with aromatic surfaces in organic solvents due to favorable dispersion and/or solvophobic effects. A good predictor of the interaction strength is provided by the change in solvent-accessible surface area. (4) Solvent effects modulate the aromatic interactions in the forms of solvophobic effects and competitive solvation, which can be modeled using solvent cohesion density and specific solvent-solute interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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3
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Petrovic AG, Polavarapu PL, Łopusiński A, Krasowska D, Wieczorek W, Szyrej M, Błaszczyk J, Drabowicz J. Absolute Configuration and Conformation of (-)- R- t-Butylphenylphosphinoamidate: Chiroptical Spectroscopy and X-ray Analysis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14456-14466. [PMID: 32786637 PMCID: PMC7684576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
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The
absolute configuration and conformations of (−)-tert-butylphenylphosphinoamidate were determined using three
different chiroptical spectroscopic methods, namely vibrational circular
dichroism (VCD), electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and optical
rotatory dispersion (ORD). In each of the spectroscopic methods used,
experimental data for the (−)-enantiomer of tert-butylphenylphosphinoamidate were measured in the solution phase.
Using the concentration-dependent experimental infrared spectra, the
existence of dimers in the solution was investigated, and the monomer–dimer
equilibrium constant was determined. Concomitant quantum mechanical
predictions of the VCD, ECD, and ORD for monomeric tert-butylphenylphosphinoamidate were carried out using density functional
theory (DFT) calculations using the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G(d),
6-311G(2d,2p) and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets. Similar predictions for
dimeric tert-butylphenylphosphinoamidate were also
obtained using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method. A comparison of theoretically
predicted data with the corresponding experimental data led to the
elucidation of the absolute configuration as (−)-(R)-tert-butylphenylphosphinoamidate with one predominant
conformation in the solution. This conclusion was independently supported
by X-ray analysis of the complex with (+)-R-2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-binaphthol
((+)-R- BINOL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Petrovic
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prasad L Polavarapu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Andrzej Łopusiński
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Wanda Wieczorek
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szyrej
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Błaszczyk
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland
| | - Józef Drabowicz
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland.,Institute of Chemistry, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
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4
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Bagheri S, Masoodi HR. The influence of CH … π interaction on coupling constants across N … H–F hydrogen bond in a substituted T-shaped configuration: a theoretical study. Mol Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1580393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sotoodeh Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Masoodi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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5
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Li P, Vik EC, Maier JM, Karki I, Strickland SMS, Umana JM, Smith MD, Pellechia PJ, Shimizu KD. Electrostatically Driven CO−π Aromatic Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12513-12517. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Josef M. Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ishwor Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sharon M. S. Strickland
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, South Carolina 29302, United States
| | - Jessica M. Umana
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, South Carolina 29302, United States
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Perry J. Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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6
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Hwang J, Li P, Vik EC, Karki I, Shimizu KD. Study of through-space substituent–π interactions using N-phenylimide molecular balances. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00195f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Substituent–π interactions associated with aromatic stacking interactions were experimentally measured using a small N-phenylimide molecular balance model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Ishwor Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of South Carolina
- Columbia
- USA
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7
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Hwang J, Li P, Smith MD, Warden CE, Sirianni DA, Vik EC, Maier JM, Yehl CJ, Sherrill CD, Shimizu KD. Tipping the Balance between S-π and O-π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13301-13307. [PMID: 30251855 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive experimental survey consisting of 36 molecular balances was conducted to compare 18 pairs of S-π versus O-π interactions over a wide range of structural, geometric, and solvent parameters. A strong linear correlation was observed between the folding energies of the sulfur and oxygen balances across the entire library of balance pairs. The more stable interaction systematically switched from the O-π to S-π interaction. Computational studies of bimolecular PhSCH3-arene and PhOCH3-arene complexes were able to replicate the experimental trends in the molecular balances. The change in preference for the O-π to S-π interaction was due to the interplay of stabilizing (dispersion and solvophobic) and destabilizing (exchange-repulsion) terms arising from the differences in size and polarizability of the oxygen and sulfur atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwun Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | | | | | - Erik C Vik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Josef M Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | - Christopher J Yehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
| | | | - Ken D Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of South Carolina , Columbia , South Carolina 29208 , United States
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8
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Østrøm I, Ortolan AO, Schneider FSS, Caramori GF, Parreira RLT. Quest for Insight into Ultrashort C–H···π Proximities in Molecular “Iron Maidens”. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5114-5122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Østrøm
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre O. Ortolan
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Felipe S. S. Schneider
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni F. Caramori
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, CP 476, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Renato L. T. Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Maier JM, Li P, Vik EC, Yehl CJ, Strickland SMS, Shimizu KD. Measurement of Solvent OH−π Interactions Using a Molecular Balance. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6550-6553. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef M. Maier
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Christopher J. Yehl
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Sharon M. S. Strickland
- Department
of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, Converse College, Spartanburg, South Carolina 29302, United States
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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10
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Li P, Maier JM, Vik EC, Yehl CJ, Dial BE, Rickher AE, Smith MD, Pellechia PJ, Shimizu KD. Stabilizing Fluorine–π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Josef M. Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Christopher J. Yehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Brent E. Dial
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Amanda E. Rickher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Perry J. Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
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11
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Li P, Maier JM, Vik EC, Yehl CJ, Dial BE, Rickher AE, Smith MD, Pellechia PJ, Shimizu KD. Stabilizing Fluorine–π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7209-7212. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Josef M. Maier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Erik C. Vik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Christopher J. Yehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Brent E. Dial
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Amanda E. Rickher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Perry J. Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
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12
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Yamada S, Yamamoto N, Takamori E. Synthesis of Molecular Seesaw Balances and the Evaluation of Pyridinium−π Interactions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11819-11830. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Natsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Eri Takamori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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13
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Yamada S, Yamamoto N, Takamori E. A Molecular Seesaw Balance: Evaluation of Solvent and Counteranion Effects on Pyridinium−π Interactions. Org Lett 2015; 17:4862-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo112-8610, Japan
| | - Natsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo112-8610, Japan
| | - Eri Takamori
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo112-8610, Japan
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14
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Maier JM, Li P, Hwang J, Smith MD, Shimizu KD. Measurement of Silver−π Interactions in Solution Using Molecular Torsion Balances. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8014-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef M. Maier
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Jungwun Hwang
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark D. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ken D. Shimizu
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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