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Novikova D, Sagaidak A, Vorona S, Tribulovich V. A Visual Compendium of Principal Modifications within the Nucleic Acid Sugar Phosphate Backbone. Molecules 2024; 29:3025. [PMID: 38998973 PMCID: PMC11243533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid chemistry is a huge research area that has received new impetus due to the recent explosive success of oligonucleotide therapy. In order for an oligonucleotide to become clinically effective, its monomeric parts are subjected to modifications. Although a large number of redesigned natural nucleic acids have been proposed in recent years, the vast majority of them are combinations of simple modifications proposed over the past 50 years. This review is devoted to the main modifications of the sugar phosphate backbone of natural nucleic acids known to date. Here, we propose a systematization of existing knowledge about modifications of nucleic acid monomers and an acceptable classification from the point of view of chemical logic. The visual representation is intended to inspire researchers to create a new type of modification or an original combination of known modifications that will produce unique oligonucleotides with valuable characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Novikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology, St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Sagaidak
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology, St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
| | - Svetlana Vorona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology, St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Tribulovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Institute of Technology, St. Petersburg 190013, Russia
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Animasaun DA, Lawrence JA. Antisense RNA (asRNA) technology: the concept and applications in crop improvement and sustainable agriculture. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9545-9557. [PMID: 37755651 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Antisense RNA (asRNA) technology is a method used to silence genes and inhibit their expression. Gene function relies on expression, which follows the central dogma of molecular biology. The use of asRNA can regulate gene expression by targeting specific mRNAs, which can result in changes in phenotype, disease resistance, and other traits associated with protein expression profiles. This technology uses short, single-stranded oligonucleotide strands that are complementary to the targeted mRNA. Manipulating and regulating protein expression during its translation can either knock out or knock down the expression of a gene of interest. Therefore, functional genomics can benefit from this technology since it allows for the regulation of protein expression. In this review, we discuss the concept, and applications of asRNA technology which include delaying ripening, prolonging shelf life, biofortification, and increasing biotic and abiotic resistance among others in crop improvement and sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Adedayo Animasaun
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Central Research Laboratories, University of Ilorin, P.M.B.1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Judith Amaka Lawrence
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
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Tellurium-Modified Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Nucleic Acids with Potential Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238379. [PMID: 36500495 PMCID: PMC9737395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Tellurium was successfully incorporated into proteins and applied to protein structure determination through X-ray crystallography. However, studies on tellurium modification of DNA and RNA are limited. This review highlights the recent development of Te-modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and summarizes the main synthetic approaches for the preparation of 5-PhTe, 2'-MeTe, and 2'-PhTe modifications. Those modifications are compatible with solid-phase synthesis and stable during Te-oligonucleotide purification. Moreover, the ideal electronic and atomic properties of tellurium for generating clear isomorphous signals give Te-modified DNA and RNA great potential applications in 3D crystal structure determination through X-ray diffraction. STM study also shows that Te-modified DNA has strong topographic and current peaks, which immediately suggests potential applications in nucleic acid direct imaging, nanomaterials, molecular electronics, and diagnostics. Theoretical studies indicate the potential application of Te-modified nucleosides in cancer therapy.
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Poleschner H, Seppelt K. Attempts to Synthesize a Thiirane, Selenirane, and Thiirene by Dealkylation of Chalcogeniranium and Thiirenium Salts. Chemistry 2021; 27:649-659. [PMID: 32737908 PMCID: PMC7821244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thiiranium salts [Ad2 SR]+ X- (5, 8, 9, 11, 12; X- =Tf2 N- (Tf=CF3 SO2 ), SbCl6 - ) and seleniranium salts [Ad2 SeR]+ X- (14, 16, 17, 23-25; X- =Tf2 N- , BF4 - , CHB11 Cl11 - , SbCl6 - ) are synthesized from strained alkene bis(adamantylidene) (1). The disulfides and the diselenides (Me3 SiCH2 CH2 E)2 (4, 13), (tBuMe2 SiCH2 CH2 E)2 (7, 22), and (NCCH2 CH2 E)2 (10, 15; E=S, Se) have been used. The thiirenium salts [tBu2 C2 SR]+ X- (34) and [Ad2 C2 SR]+ X- (35, 36) are prepared from the bis-tert-butylacetylene (2) and bis-adamantyl-acetylene (3) with R=Me3 SiCH2 CH2 and tBuMe2 SiCH2 CH2 . Attempts to cleave off the groups Me3 SiCH2 CH2 , tBuMe2 SiCH2 CH2 , and NCCH2 CH2 resulted in thiiranes 27, 30. No selenirane Ad2 Se (33) is formed from seleniranium salts, instead cleavage to the alkene (1) and diselenide (13, 15) occurs. The thiirenium salt [Ad2 C2 SCH2 CH2 SiMe3 ]+ Tf2 N- (35) does not yield the thiirene Ad2 C2 S (37), the three-membered ring is cleaved, forming the alkyne (3) and disulfide (4). All compounds are characterized by ESI mass spectra, NMR spectra, and by quantum chemical calculations. Crystal structures of the salts 8, 12, 25, 17, 26, 36 and the thiiranes 27, 30 are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Poleschner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Konrad Seppelt
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Anorganische ChemieFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34–3614195BerlinGermany
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Conlon PF, Eguaogie O, Wilson JJ, Sweet JST, Steinhoegl J, Englert K, Hancox OGA, Law CJ, Allman SA, Tucker JHR, Hall JP, Vyle JS. Solid-phase synthesis and structural characterisation of phosphoroselenolate-modified DNA: a backbone analogue which does not impose conformational bias and facilitates SAD X-ray crystallography. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10948-10957. [PMID: 32190252 PMCID: PMC7066676 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides incorporating internucleotide phosphoroselenolate linkages have been prepared under solid-phase synthesis conditions using dimer phosphoramidites. These dimers were constructed following the high yielding Michaelis-Arbuzov (M-A) reaction of nucleoside H-phosphonate derivatives with 5'-deoxythymidine-5'-selenocyanate and subsequent phosphitylation. Efficient coupling of the dimer phosphoramidites to solid-supported substrates was observed under both manual and automated conditions and required only minor modifications to the standard DNA synthesis cycle. In a further demonstration of the utility of M-A chemistry, the support-bound selenonucleoside was reacted with an H-phosphonate and then chain extended using phosphoramidite chemistry. Following initial unmasking of methyl-protected phosphoroselenolate diesters, pure oligodeoxynucleotides were isolated using standard deprotection and purification procedures and subsequently characterised by mass spectrometry and circular dichroism. The CD spectra of both modified and native duplexes derived from self-complementary sequences with A-form, B-form or mixed conformational preferences were essentially superimposable. These sequences were also used to study the effect of the modification upon duplex stability which showed context-dependent destabilisation (-0.4 to -3.1 °C per phosphoroselenolate) when introduced at the 5'-termini of A-form or mixed duplexes or at juxtaposed central loci within a B-form duplex (-1.0 °C per modification). As found with other nucleic acids incorporating selenium, expeditious crystallisation of a modified decanucleotide A-form duplex was observed and the structure solved to a resolution of 1.45 Å. The DNA structure adjacent to the modification was not significantly perturbed. The phosphoroselenolate linkage was found to impart resistance to nuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Conlon
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road , Belfast , BT9 5AG , UK .
| | - Olga Eguaogie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road , Belfast , BT9 5AG , UK .
| | - Jordan J Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road , Belfast , BT9 5AG , UK .
| | - Jamie S T Sweet
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road , Belfast , BT9 5AG , UK .
| | - Julian Steinhoegl
- Reading School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights , Reading RG6 6AP , UK .
| | - Klaudia Englert
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Oliver G A Hancox
- Reading School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights , Reading RG6 6AP , UK .
| | - Christopher J Law
- School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University Belfast , 15 Chlorine Gardens , Belfast BT9 5AH , UK
| | - Sarah A Allman
- Reading School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights , Reading RG6 6AP , UK .
| | - James H R Tucker
- School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - James P Hall
- Reading School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights , Reading RG6 6AP , UK .
- Diamond Light Source , Chilton , Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Joseph S Vyle
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road , Belfast , BT9 5AG , UK .
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Eguaogie O, Conlon PF, Vyle JS. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphoroselenolates via the efficient Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction of selenocyanates. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kaur M, Rob A, Caton-Williams J, Huang Z. Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids Functionalized with Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium: Roles of the Single-Atom Substitution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1152.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manindar Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Abdur Rob
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | | | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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Flemer S. Selenol protecting groups in organic chemistry: special emphasis on selenocysteine Se-protection in solid phase peptide synthesis. Molecules 2011; 16:3232-51. [PMID: 21512438 PMCID: PMC6260635 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16043232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of selenium in organic synthesis is relatively rare, and thus examples in the literature pertaining to the masking of its considerable reactivity are similarly uncommon. Greene's Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, the standard reference for the state of the art in this arena, offers no entries for selenium protective methodology, in stark comparison to its mention of the great variety of protecting groups germane to its chalcogen cousin sulfur. This scarcity of Se-protection methods makes it no less interesting and pertinent toward the construction of selenium-containing organic systems which do indeed require the iterative blocking and de-blocking of selenol functionalities. A selenium-containing system which is especially relevant is selenocysteine, as its use in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis requires extensive protection of its selenol side chain. This review will attempt to summarize the current state of understanding with regard to selenium protection protocol in organic synthesis. Moreover, it will provide a special emphasis on selenocysteine side chain protection, comprising both the breadth of functionality used for this purpose as well as methods of deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevenson Flemer
- University of Vermont, 116 Cook Bldg, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Sheng J, Huang Z. Selenium derivatization of nucleic acids for X-ray crystal-structure and function studies. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:753-85. [PMID: 20397215 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that over two thirds of all new crystal structures of proteins are determined via the protein selenium derivatization (selenomethionine (Se-Met) strategy). This selenium derivatization strategy via MAD (multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion) phasing has revolutionized protein X-ray crystallography. Through our pioneer research, similarly, Se has also been successfully incorporated into nucleic acids to facilitate the X-ray crystal-structure and function studies of nucleic acids. Currently, Se has been stably introduced into nucleic acids by replacing nucleotide O-atom at the positions 2', 4', 5', and in nucleobases and non-bridging phosphates. The Se derivatization of nucleic acids can be achieved through solid-phase chemical synthesis and enzymatic methods, and the Se-derivatized nucleic acids (SeNA) can be easily purified by HPLC, FPLC, and gel electrophoresis to obtain high purity. It has also been demonstrated that the Se derivatization of nucleic acids facilitates the phase determination via MAD phasing without significant perturbation. A growing number of structures of DNAs, RNAs, and protein-nucleic acid complexes have been determined by the Se derivatization and MAD phasing. Furthermore, it was observed that the Se derivatization can facilitate crystallization, especially when it is introduced to the 2'-position. In addition, this novel derivatization strategy has many advantages over the conventional halogen derivatization, such as more choices of the modification sites via the atom-specific substitution of the nucleotide O-atom, better stability under X-ray radiation, and structure isomorphism. Therefore, our Se-derivatization strategy has great potentials to provide rational solutions for both phase determination and high-quality crystal growth in nucleic-acid crystallography. Moreover, the Se derivatization generates the nucleic acids with many new properties and creates a new paradigm of nucleic acids. This review summarizes the recent developments of the atomic site-specific Se derivatization of nucleic acids for structure determination and function study. Several applications of this Se-derivatization strategy in nucleic acid and protein research are also described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Murai T, Takenaka T, Inaji S, Tonomura Y. Fluoride-ion-mediated Hydrolysis of Phosphoric Acid Esters, Amides, and Phosphorous Acid Esters Leading to Phosphorofluoridic, Phosphoramide Fluoridic, and Phosphonic Acid Monoester Salts. CHEM LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2008.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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