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Nagahara S, Okada Y, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Biphasic electrochemical peptide synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12911-12917. [PMID: 34745521 PMCID: PMC8513919 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The large amount of waste derived from coupling reagents is a serious drawback of peptide synthesis from a green chemistry viewpoint. To overcome this issue, we report an electrochemical peptide synthesis in a biphasic system. Anodic oxidation of triphenylphosphine (Ph3P) generates a phosphine radical cation, which serves as the coupling reagent to activate carboxylic acids, and produces triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3P
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O) as a stoichiometric byproduct. In combination with a soluble tag-assisted liquid-phase peptide synthesis, the selective recovery of desired peptides and Ph3PO was achieved. Given that methods to reduce Ph3PO to Ph3P have been reported, Ph3PO could be a recyclable byproduct unlike byproducts from typical coupling reagents. Moreover, a commercial peptide active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), leuprorelin, was successfully synthesized without the use of traditional coupling reagents. The large amount of waste derived from coupling reagents is a serious drawback of peptide synthesis from a green chemistry viewpoint.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nagahara
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8- Saiwai-cho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8- Saiwai-cho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8- Saiwai-cho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology 3-5-8- Saiwai-cho Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509 Japan
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2
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Wang Y, Tian B, Ding M, Shi Z. Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling between Phenols and β-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Facile Construction of Benzofurans. Chemistry 2020; 26:4297-4303. [PMID: 31900957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Preparative electrochemical synthesis is an ideal method for establishing green, sustainable processes. The major benefits of an electro-organic strategy over that of conventional chemical synthesis are the avoidance of reagent waste and mild reaction conditions. Here, an intermolecular cross-dehydrogenative coupling between phenols and β-dicarbonyl compounds has been developed to build various benzofurans under undivided electrolytic conditions. Neither transition metals nor external chemical oxidants are required to facilitate the dehydrogenation and dehydration processes. The key factor in success was the use of nBu4 NBF4 as the electrolyte and hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent, which play key roles in the cyclocondensation step. This electrolysis is scalable and can be used as a key step in drug synthesis. On the basis of several experimental results, the mechanism, particularly of the remarkable anodic oxidation and cyclization process, was illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Lab of Mesoscopic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P.R. China
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3
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Bianga J, Künnemann KU, Gaide T, Vorholt AJ, Seidensticker T, Dreimann JM, Vogt D. Thermomorphic Multiphase Systems: Switchable Solvent Mixtures for the Recovery of Homogeneous Catalysts in Batch and Flow Processes. Chemistry 2019; 25:11586-11608. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bianga
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Kai U. Künnemann
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Tom Gaide
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45740 Mülheim Germany
| | - Thomas Seidensticker
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jens M. Dreimann
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Dieter Vogt
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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Imada Y, Shida N, Okada Y, Chiba K. A Novel Thermomorphic System for Electrocatalytic Diels‐Alder Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical EngineeringTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2‐24‐16 Naka‐cho, Koganei Tokyo 184‐8588 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3‐5‐8 Saiwai‐cho, Fuchu Tokyo 183‐8509 Japan
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5
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Guo Y, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Xie Z. Biomimetic Syntheses of Callistrilones A–E via an Oxidative [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. Org Lett 2018; 20:2509-2512. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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7
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Okada Y, Chiba K. Redox-Tag Processes: Intramolecular Electron Transfer and Its Broad Relationship to Redox Reactions in General. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4592-4630. [PMID: 29218989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Explosive growth in the use of open shell reactivity, including neutral radicals and radical ions, in the field of synthetic organic chemistry has been observed in the past decade, particularly since the advent of ruthenium complexes in 2008. These complexes generally induce single-electron transfer (SET) processes via visible-light absorption. Additionally, recent significant advancements in organic electrochemistry involving SET processes to provide open shell reactivity offer a complementary method to traditional polarity-driven reactions described by two-electron transfer processes. In this Review, we highlight the importance of intramolecular SET processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, which seem to be more elusive than the intermolecular versions, since they are net redox-neutral and thus cannot simply be regarded as oxidations or reductions. Such intramolecular SET processes can rationally be understood in combination with concomitant bond formations and/or cleavages, and are regulated by a structural motif that we call a "redox tag." In order to describe modern radical-driven reactions involving SET processes, we focus on a classical formalism in which electrons are treated as particles rather than waves, which offers a practical yet powerful approach to explain and/or predict synthetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-16 Naka-cho , Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho , Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509 , Japan
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1891] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Kim J, Pannilawithana N, Yi CS. Catalytic Tandem and One-Pot Dehydrogenation–Alkylation and −Insertion Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons with Alcohols and Alkenes. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junghwa Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Nuwan Pannilawithana
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Chae S. Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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10
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Okada Y, Chiba K. Soluble-Support-Assisted Liquid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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11
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Tomakinian T, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Direct oxidative coupling of N-acetyl indoles and phenols for the synthesis of benzofuroindolines related to phalarine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11881-5. [PMID: 25208884 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the biogenetic synthesis of benzofuroindoline-containing natural products, we designed an oxidative coupling between phenol and N-acetyl indoles. This straightforward and direct radical process, mediated by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and FeCl3 allowed the regioselective synthesis of benzofuro[3,2-b]indolines, whose structure is found in the natural product phalarine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Tomakinian
- Univ. Paris Sud and CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), Equipe Méthodologie, Synthèse et Molécules Thérapeutiques, Bat. 410, 15 rue G. Clemenceau, 91405 Orsay (France) http://www.icmmo.u-psud.fr/Labos/LPSN/cv/guillaume.php
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Tomakinian T, Guillot R, Kouklovsky C, Vincent G. Direct Oxidative Coupling ofN-Acetyl Indoles and Phenols for the Synthesis of Benzofuroindolines Related to Phalarine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Meng L, Zhang G, Liu C, Wu K, Lei A. Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid Catalyzed Synergetic Oxidative/[3+2] Cyclization of Quinones with Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10195-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Meng L, Zhang G, Liu C, Wu K, Lei A. Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid Catalyzed Synergetic Oxidative/[3+2] Cyclization of Quinones with Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Kshirsagar UA, Regev C, Parnes R, Pappo D. Iron-Catalyzed Oxidative Cross-Coupling of Phenols and Alkenes. Org Lett 2013; 15:3174-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol401532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh A. Kshirsagar
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Clil Regev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Regev Parnes
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Doron Pappo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Fuchigami T. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013; 81:589-594. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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17
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MITSUDO K, FUKUNAGA S, FUJITA T, MANDAI H, SUGA S, TANAKA H. Recyclable Palladium Catalyst in PEG/CH3CN Biphasic System for Electro-oxidative Wacker-type Reaction. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.81.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kim S, Shoji T, Kitano Y, Chiba K. Electrochemical synthesis of azanucleoside derivatives using a lithium perchlorate–nitromethane system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6525-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Okada Y, Kamimura K, Chiba K. Cycloalkane-based thermomorphic systems for organic electrochemistry: an application to Kolbe-coupling. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kim S, Hirose K, Uematsu J, Mikami Y, Chiba K. Electrochemically Active Cross-Linking Reaction for Fluorescent Labeling of Aliphatic Alkenes. Chemistry 2012; 18:6284-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Okada Y, Chiba K. Intermolecular Olefin Cross-Metathesis Initiated by the Umpolung of Enol Ethers. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2012. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.70.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Okada Y, Yoshioka T, Koike M, Chiba K. Heterogeneous continuous flow synthetic system using cyclohexane-based multiphase electrolyte solutions. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim S, Chiba K. Solution-Phase Chemical Processes Featuring Facile Multi-Step Reactions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2009. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.67.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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CHIBA K, KIM S. Anodic Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation in Lithium Perchlorate/Nitromethane Electrolyte Solution. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.77.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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