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Rentería-Gómez Á, Guerrero M, Ramirez-Lopez M, Gutierrez O. Regioselective Fluoroalkylarylation of Enamides Enabled by an Iron-Catalyzed Multicomponent Radical Cross-Coupling Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:7440-7445. [PMID: 37773979 PMCID: PMC10863403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroalkylated compounds are important entities in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials. The catalytic dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes represents a powerful strategy for the rapid construction and diversification of compounds. In this vein, multicomponent cross-coupling reactions (MC-CCR) can provide an efficient synthetic route to build molecular complexity. In this work, we report the first iron-catalyzed three-component fluoroalkylarylation of enamides via selective formation and trapping of α-amide radicals under mild conditions and fast reaction times. The reaction tolerates a variety of commercially available aryl Grignard reagents and fluoroalkyl halides. Finally, the use of a removable phthalimido group provides an efficient strategy to prepare highly valuable γ-difluoroalkylated amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rentería-Gómez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | | | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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2
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Shivatare SS, Shivatare VS, Wong CH. Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15603-15671. [PMID: 36174107 PMCID: PMC9674437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often expressed on the cell surfaces. Among the three major classes of glycoconjugates, proteoglycans and glycoproteins contain glycans linked to the protein backbone via amino acid residues such as Asn for N-linked glycans and Ser/Thr for O-linked glycans. In glycolipids, glycans are linked to a lipid component such as glycerol, polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate, fatty acid ester, or sphingolipid. Recently, glycoconjugates have become better structurally defined and biosynthetically understood, especially those associated with human diseases, and are accessible to new drug, diagnostic, and therapeutic developments. This review describes the status and new advances in the biological study and therapeutic applications of natural and synthetic glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The scope, limitations, and novel methodologies in the synthesis and clinical development of glycoconjugates including vaccines, glyco-remodeled antibodies, glycan-based adjuvants, glycan-specific receptor-mediated drug delivery platforms, etc., and their future prospectus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vidya S Shivatare
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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3
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Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:197-216. [PMID: 37117529 PMCID: PMC7829660 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.
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3,4-Dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro- and 4-OH epimeric 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro-α-GalCer analogues: Synthesis and biological evaluation on human iNKT cells stimulation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 178:195-213. [PMID: 31185411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
iNKT cells recognize CD1d/α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) complexes via their invariant TCR receptor and stimulate the immune response. Many α-GalCer analogues have been investigated to interrogate this interaction. Following our previous work related to the modification of the hydrogen bond network between α-GalCer and CD1d, we have now focused our attention on the synthesis of 3-deoxy-3,3-difluoro- and 3,4-dideoxy-3,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-α-GalCer analogues, and studied their ability to stimulate human iNKT cells. In each case, deoxygenation at the indicated positions was accompanied by difluoro introduction in order to evaluate the resulting electronic effect on the stability of the ternary CD1d/Galcer/TCR complex which has been rationalized by modeling study. With deoxy-difluorination at the 3-position, the two epimeric 4-OH analogues were investigated to establish their capacity to compensate for the lack of the hydrogen bond donating group at the 3-position. The 3,4-dideoxytetrafluoro analogue was of interest to highlight the amide NH-bond hydrogen bond properties.
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5
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Hu L, Zhao C, Ma J, Jing Y, Du Y. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of α-galactopyranosylceramide mimics promoting Th2 cytokines production. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1357-1362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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He P, Zhao C, Lu J, Zhang Y, Fang M, Du Y. Synthesis of 5-Thio-α-GalCer Analogues with Fluorinated Acyl Chain on Lipid Residue and Their Biological Evaluation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:221-225. [PMID: 30783507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subclass of T cells that initiates the secretion of T helper 1 and 2 cytokines after recognizing CD1d protein presented glycolipid antigens. In this Letter, we designed and synthesized a novel series of CD1d ligand α-galactosylceramides (α-GalCers) in which the acyl chain backbone of the lipid was incorporated with fluorine atoms. The in vivo evaluation of immunostimulatory activities revealed that the synthesized α-5-thio-galactopyranosyl-N-perfluorooctanoyl phytosphingosine exhibited a remarkable potency toward selectively enhancing TH1 cytokine production with the IFN γ/IL-4 ratio of 9/1, while its perfluorotetradecanoyl counterpart showed TH2 profile with an IFN γ/IL-4 ratio of 0.59/1. The analogues synthesized here would be used as probes to study lipid-protein interactions in α-GalCer/CD1d complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
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7
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Gu JW, Min QQ, Yu LC, Zhang X. Tandem Difluoroalkylation-Arylation of Enamides Catalyzed by Nickel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ling-Chao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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8
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Gu JW, Min QQ, Yu LC, Zhang X. Tandem Difluoroalkylation-Arylation of Enamides Catalyzed by Nickel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12270-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Min
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Ling-Chao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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9
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Laurent X, Bertin B, Renault N, Farce A, Speca S, Milhomme O, Millet R, Desreumaux P, Hénon E, Chavatte P. Switching Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Response from Anticancerous to Anti-Inflammatory Effect: Molecular Bases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5489-508. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4010863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Laurent
- Faculté
de Médecine, Intestinal Biotech Development, Amphis J et K, Boulevard du Professeur Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Bertin
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Silvia Speca
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Ophélie Milhomme
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Régis Millet
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Faculté
de
Médecine, Université Lille-Nord de France, Amphis J
et K, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur
Jules Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Eric Hénon
- Université
de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles,
BSMA-ICMR, UMR CNRS 6229, Moulin de
la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Thérapeutique, EA 4481, Faculté des Sciences
Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
- Institut
de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, EA 4481, Université Lille-Nord de France, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
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10
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Anderson BL, Teyton L, Bendelac A, Savage PB. Stimulation of natural killer T cells by glycolipids. Molecules 2013; 18:15662-88. [PMID: 24352021 PMCID: PMC4018217 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T cells that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the CD1d protein. The initial discovery of immunostimulatory glycolipids from a marine sponge and the T cells that respond to the compounds has led to extensive research by chemists and immunologists to understand how glycolipids are recognized, possible responses by NKT cells, and the structural features of glycolipids necessary for stimulatory activity. The presence of this cell type in humans and most mammals suggests that it plays critical roles in antigen recognition and the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Both endogenous and exogenous natural antigens for NKT cells have been identified, and it is likely that glycolipid antigens remain to be discovered. Multiple series of structurally varied glycolipids have been synthesized and tested for stimulatory activity. The structural features of glycolipids necessary for NKT cell stimulation are moderately well understood, and designed compounds have proven to be much more potent antigens than their natural counterparts. Nevertheless, control over NKT cell responses by designed glycolipids has not been optimized, and further research will be required to fully reveal the therapeutic potential of this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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11
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Lin X, Qing FL. Palladium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation of homoallylic alcohols bearing β-fluorines. Org Lett 2013; 15:4478-81. [PMID: 23957347 DOI: 10.1021/ol402032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation of β,β-difluorinated homoallylic alcohols with alkylzinc reagents has been developed. This method affords a wide range of synthetically useful gem-difluorinated compounds with good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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East JE, Kennedy AJ, Webb TJ. Raising the roof: the preferential pharmacological stimulation of Th1 and th2 responses mediated by NKT cells. Med Res Rev 2012; 34:45-76. [PMID: 23239102 DOI: 10.1002/med.21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells serve as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems, and manipulating their effector functions can have therapeutic significances in the treatment of autoimmunity, transplant biology, infectious disease, and cancer. NKT cells are a subset of T cells that express cell-surface markers characteristic of both natural killer cells and T cells. These unique immunologic cells have been demonstrated to serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems through their potent cytokine production following the recognition of a range of lipid antigens, mediated through presentation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I like CD1d molecule, in addition to the NKT cell's cytotoxic capabilities upon activation. Although a number of glycolipid antigens have been shown to complex with CD1d molecules, most notably the marine sponge derived glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), there has been debate as to the identity of the endogenous activating lipid presented to the T-cell receptor (TCR) via the CD1d molecule on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This review aims to survey the use of pharmacological agents and subsequent structure-activity relationships (SAR) that have given insight into the binding interaction of glycolipids with both the CD1d molecules as well as the TCR and the subsequent immunologic response of NKT cells. These studies not only elucidate basic binding interactions but also pave the way for future pharmacological modulation of NKT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E East
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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13
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Lee JH, Oh CH. ChemoselectiveO-Benzylation of the Propargylic Hydroxy Group in Polyols. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Prchalová E, Votruba I, Kotora M. Sphingosine and clavaminol H derivatives bearing fluorinated chains and their cytotoxic activity. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycosphingolipids that stimulate natural killer T-cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1055-67. [PMID: 22790924 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
KRN7000, an anticancer drug candidate developed by Kirin Brewery Co. in 1995, is an α-galactosyl ceramide. It is a ligand making a complex with CD1d protein, and it stimulates invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are one of the lineages of immunocytes. NKT cells activated by recognition of the CD1d/KRN7000 complex with its invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) can induce both protective and regulatory immune responses. To determine the recognition and activation mechanisms of NKT cells and to develop drug candidates more effective than KRN7000, a large number of analogs of KRN7000 have been synthesized. Some of them show potent bioactivities and have the potential of being utilized as therapeutic agents. In this review, structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycolipids which stimulate NKT cells efficiently are summarized.
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Hunault J, Diswall M, Frison JC, Blot V, Rocher J, Marionneau-Lambot S, Oullier T, Douillard JY, Guillarme S, Saluzzo C, Dujardin G, Jacquemin D, Graton J, Le Questel JY, Evain M, Lebreton J, Dubreuil D, Le Pendu J, Pipelier M. 3-fluoro- and 3,3-difluoro-3,4-dideoxy-KRN7000 analogues as new potent immunostimulator agents: total synthesis and biological evaluation in human invariant natural killer T cells and mice. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1227-41. [PMID: 22243602 DOI: 10.1021/jm201368m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We propose here the synthesis and biological evaluation of 3,4-dideoxy-GalCer derivatives. The absence of the 3- and 4-hydroxyls on the sphingoid base is combined with the introduction of mono or difluoro substituent at C3 (analogues 8 and 9, respectively) to evaluate their effect on the stability of the ternary CD1d/GalCer/TCR complex which strongly modulate the immune responses. Biological evaluations were performed in vitro on human cells and in vivo in mice and results discussed with support of modeling studies. The fluoro 3,4-dideoxy-GalCer analogues appears as partial agonists compared to KRN7000 for iNKT cell activation, inducing T(H)1 or T(H)2 biases that strongly depend of the mode of antigen presentation, including human vs mouse differences. We evidenced that if a sole fluorine atom is not able to balance the loss of the 3-OH, the presence of a difluorine group at C3 of the sphingosine can significantly restore human iNKT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hunault
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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17
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Latxague L, Dalila MJ, Patwa A, Ziane S, Chassande O, Godeau G, Barthélémy P. Glycoside nucleoside lipids (GNLs): An intrusion into the glycolipids’ world? CR CHIM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Zhang Z, Zhao W, Wang B, Xia C, Zhang W, Wang PG. The total synthesis of immunostimulant α-galactosylceramides from naturally configured α-galactoside raffinose. Org Lett 2011; 13:4530-3. [PMID: 21815670 PMCID: PMC3398385 DOI: 10.1021/ol201695n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total synthesis of absolute anomeric confirmation α-galactosylceramide analogues from raffinose is described. Using the naturally occurring α-galactoside raffinose as the starting material, the easily maneuverable protocol without glycosylation reactions ensured the critical α-linkage in the product and simplified the synthetic procedures. The immunostimulatory activities of the new α-galactosylceramides were validated by both in vitro and in vivo NKT cell stimulation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chengfeng Xia
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peng George Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Banchet-Cadeddu A, Hénon E, Dauchez M, Renault JH, Monneaux F, Haudrechy A. The stimulating adventure of KRN 7000. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3080-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Murphy N, Zhu X, Schmidt RR. α-Galactosylceramides and analogues – important immunomodulators for use as vaccine adjuvants. CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849730891-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Murphy
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Richard R. Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz Fach M 725 D-78457 Konstanz Germany
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22
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Tashiro T, Mori K. Fifteen Years since the Development of KRN7000 – Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Novel Glycosphingolipids Which Stimulate Natural Killer T Cells. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2010. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.22.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Sullivan BA, Nagarajan NA, Wingender G, Wang J, Scott I, Tsuji M, Franck RW, Porcelli SA, Zajonc DM, Kronenberg M. Mechanisms for glycolipid antigen-driven cytokine polarization by Valpha14i NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:141-53. [PMID: 19949076 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain glycolipid Ags for Valpha14i NKT cells can direct the overall cytokine balance of the immune response. Th2-biasing OCH has a lower TCR avidity than the most potent agonist known, alpha-galactosylceramide. Although the CD1d-exposed portions of OCH and alpha-galactosylceramide are identical, structural analysis indicates that there are subtle CD1d conformational differences due to differences in the buried lipid portion of these two Ags, likely accounting for the difference in antigenic potency. Th1-biasing C-glycoside/CD1d has even weaker TCR interactions than OCH/CD1d. Despite this, C-glycoside caused a greater downstream activation of NK cells to produce IFN-gamma, accounting for its promotion of Th1 responses. We found that this difference correlated with the finding that C-glycoside/CD1d complexes survive much longer in vivo. Therefore, we suggest that the pharmacokinetic properties of glycolipids are a major determinant of cytokine skewing, suggesting a pathway for designing therapeutic glycolipids for modulating invariant NKT cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Sullivan
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Leung L, Tomassi C, Van Beneden K, Decruy T, Trappeniers M, Elewaut D, Gao Y, Elliott T, Al-Shamkhani A, Ottensmeier C, Werner JM, Williams A, Van Calenbergh S, Linclau B. The synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 2',2'-difluoro KRN7000. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:329-34. [PMID: 19137519 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2',2'-difluoro KRN7000 is described. In vivo evaluation demonstrates that this fluorinated glycolipid induces CD1d-dependent TCR activation of NKT cells, with a bias towards Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Leung
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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25
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Llaveria J, Díaz Y, Matheu MI, Castillón S. An efficient and general enantioselective synthesis of sphingosine, phythosphingosine, and 4-substituted derivatives. Org Lett 2009; 11:205-8. [PMID: 19053731 DOI: 10.1021/ol802379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general and efficient protocol for the enantioselective synthesis of sphingosine, phythosphingosine, and 4-substituted derivatives was established. These compounds were obtained from a common intermediate prepared from butadiene monoepoxide by a synthetic sequence involving enantioselective allylic substitution, cross-metathesis, and dihydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Llaveria
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Michieletti M, Bracci A, Compostella F, De Libero G, Mori L, Fallarini S, Lombardi G, Panza L. Synthesis of alpha-galactosyl ceramide (KRN7000) and analogues thereof via a common precursor and their preliminary biological assessment. J Org Chem 2008; 73:9192-5. [PMID: 18956839 DOI: 10.1021/jo8019994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new practical synthesis of alpha-GalCer and of its analogues is presented, opening the chance to easily modify the sphingosine chain. The common precursor is a disaccharide, obtained by coupling tetra-O-benzyl-D-galactose with allyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-lyxofuranoside. Introduction of alkyl chains via Wittig reaction (for alpha-GalCer and OCH) or via Williamson reaction (for oxa analogues) followed by standard synthetic steps allows one to efficiently obtain such compounds. The analogues are able to activate iNKT cells when presented by CD1d expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Michieletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche, Università del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy
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