1
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Kumar J, Ahmed A, Kumar S, Raheem S, Rizvi MA, Shah BA. Visible light-mediated synthesis of α-alkoxy/hydroxy diarylacetaldehydes from terminal alkynes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-mediated approach enabling the use of alcohols as nucleophiles in a one-step synthesis of α-alkoxy/hydroxy diarylacetaldehydes is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaswant Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Ajaz Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Sourav Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shabnam Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | | | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
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2
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Plunkett S, DeRatt LG, Kuduk SD, Balsells J. Synthesis of 4-Alkylated Isocoumarins via Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation Reaction. Org Lett 2020; 22:7662-7666. [PMID: 32969657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A convergent method for the rapid preparation of substituted isocoumarins is reported. The transformation takes advantage of a spontaneous intramolecular cyclization that follows the Pd-catalyzed α-arylation of aldehydes with 2-halobenzoic esters. The reaction uses an air-stable, single-component palladium catalyst and provides access to 4-alkylated isocoumarins in one step from commercial starting materials. The applicability of the method using both cyclic and linear ketones as well as transformations of the isocoumarin core is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Plunkett
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Lindsey G DeRatt
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Discovery Chemistry, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Jaume Balsells
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen R&D, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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3
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Direct benzylic functionalization of pyridines: Palladium-catalyzed mono-α-arylation of α-(2-pyridinyl)acetates with heteroaryl halides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Li Y, Han J, Luo H, An Q, Cao XP, Li B. Access to Benzylic Quaternary Carbons from Aromatic Ketones. Org Lett 2019; 21:6050-6053. [PMID: 31310556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The construction of benzylic all-carbon quaternary stereocenters, which are ubiquitous in biomolecules and drugs, is a task of high practical significance. Herein, we disclose a highly efficient one-pot method of constructing all-carbon quaternary structural units from aryl ketones, revealing that the entire process involves three consecutive chemical events, namely nucleophilic addition, Meinwald 1,2-hydrogen migration, and alkylation. Interestingly, dimerization of acetophenones results in formation of 2,4-diarylfurans under the employed conditions rather than the quaternary carbon products.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing , 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Han Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing , 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyu An
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing , 400030 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Baosheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , 222 South Tianshui Road , Lanzhou , 730000 , P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chongqing University , 174 Shazheng Street , Chongqing , 400030 , P. R. China
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5
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Zheng P, Zhai Y, Zhao X, Xu T. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of gem-Bis(boronates) with Aryl Halides: An Alternative To Access Quaternary α-Aryl Aldehydes. Org Lett 2019; 21:393-396. [PMID: 30592427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The compounds with a quaternary α-aryl aldehyde skeleton are important units in organic chemistry. Previously, the aryl group and carbonyl group are introduced in a stepwise manner. Herein, a novel route is developed to construct the quaternary α-aryl aldehydes with gem-bis(boronates) as precursors, in which the two groups are installed simultaneously. The gem-bis(boronates) are readily available from ketones; as a result, this methodology provides a more general strategy to produce the quaternary α-aryl aldehydes with broad scopes and synthetic convenience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purui Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai , 200092 , P. R. of China
| | - Yujie Zhai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai , 200092 , P. R. of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai , 200092 , P. R. of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering , Tongji University , 1239 Siping Road , Shanghai , 200092 , P. R. of China
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6
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Liu P, Chen C, Cong X, Tang J, Zeng X. Chromium-catalyzed para-selective formation of quaternary carbon centers by alkylation of benzamide derivatives. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4637. [PMID: 30401829 PMCID: PMC6219510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective creation of quaternary carbon centers has been a long-standing challenge in synthetic chemistry. We report here the chromium-catalyzed, para-selective formation of arylated quaternary carbon centers by alkylative reactions of benzamide derivatives with tertiary alkylmagnesium bromides at room temperature. The reaction, which was enabled by a low-cost chromium(III) salt combined with trimethylsilyl bromide, introduces a sterically bulky tertiary alkyl scaffold on the para-position of benzamide derivatives in a highly selective fashion without either isomerization of the tertiary alkyl group or formation of ortho-alkylated byproducts. Forming low-valent Cr species in situ by reaction of CrCl3 with t-BuMgBr accompanied by evolution of hydrogen can be considered, which serves as reactive species to promote the reaction. The para-alkylation likely occurs via a radical-type nucleophilic substitution of imino-coordination benzimidate intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Changpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xuefeng Cong
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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7
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Bokka A, Mao JX, Hartung J, Martinez SR, Simanis JA, Nam K, Jeon J, Shen X. Asymmetric Synthesis of Remote Quaternary Centers by Copper-Catalyzed Desymmetrization: An Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Mesembrine. Org Lett 2018; 20:5158-5162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apparao Bokka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - James X. Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - John Hartung
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Steven R. Martinez
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Justin A. Simanis
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kwangho Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Xiaoqiang Shen
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie, Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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8
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Abstract
This review highlights the use of the bisphosphine ligand group in homogeneous catalysis.
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9
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Levy DV, Sclafani JA, Bakale RP. An Improved Synthesis of the Free Base and Diglycolate Salt of CEP-33779; A Janus Kinase 2 Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Levy
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D Inc., 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Joseph A. Sclafani
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D Inc., 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Roger P. Bakale
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Teva Branded Pharmaceutical Products R&D Inc., 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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10
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Kobayashi Y, Sugihara Y, Tojo T, Ozaki T. Synthesis of (S)- and (R)-Sporochnol by Using the Allylic Substitution of the Secondary Allylic Picolinate. HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-15-s(t)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Zlotin SG, Kochetkov SV. C2-Symmetric diamines and their derivatives as promising organocatalysts for asymmetric synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Lesma G, Bassanini I, Bortolozzi R, Colletto C, Bai R, Hamel E, Meneghetti F, Rainoldi G, Stucchi M, Sacchetti A, Silvani A, Viola G. Complementary isonitrile-based multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of diversified cytotoxic hemiasterlin analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11633-44. [PMID: 26467486 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01882j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A small family of structural analogues of the antimitotic tripeptides, hemiasterlins, have been designed and synthesized as potential inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. The effectiveness of a multicomponent approach was fully demonstrated by applying complementary versions of the isocyanide-based Ugi reaction. Compounds strictly related to the lead natural products, as well as more extensively modified analogues, have been synthesized in a concise and convergent manner. In some cases, biological evaluation provided evidence for strong cytotoxic activity (six human tumor cell lines) and for potent inhibition of tubulin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Lesma
- Università di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Golgi 19, Milano, 20133, Italy.
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13
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Wang X, Wang S, Xue W, Gong H. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Tertiary Alkyl Halides. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11562-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shulin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Weichao Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shang-Da Road, Shanghai 200444, China
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14
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Hruszkewycz DP, Guard LM, Balcells D, Feldman N, Hazari N, Tilset M. Effect of 2-Substituents on Allyl-Supported Precatalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction: Relating Catalytic Efficiency to the Stability of Palladium(I) Bridging Allyl Dimers. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om501250y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian P. Hruszkewycz
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States and
| | - Louise M. Guard
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States and
| | - David Balcells
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicola Feldman
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States and
| | - Nilay Hazari
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States and
| | - Mats Tilset
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational
Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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15
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Sivanandan ST, Shaji A, Ibnusaud I, Seechurn CCCJ, Colacot TJ. Palladium-Catalyzed α-Arylation Reactions in Total Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Londregan AT, Burford K, Conn EL, Hesp KD. Expedient synthesis of α-(2-azaheteroaryl) acetates via the addition of silyl ketene acetals to azine-N-oxides. Org Lett 2014; 16:3336-9. [PMID: 24885646 DOI: 10.1021/ol501359r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new and expedient synthesis of α-(2-azaheteroaryl) acetates is presented. The reaction proceeds rapidly under mild conditions via the addition of silyl ketene acetals to azine-N-oxides in the presence of the phosphonium salt PyBroP. This procedure affords diverse α-(2-azaheteroaryl) acetates which are highly desirable components/building blocks in molecules of pharmaceutical interest but are traditionally challenging to synthesize via contemporary methods. The reaction optimization and mechanism as well as a novel electronically enhanced PyBroP derivative are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyn T Londregan
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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17
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Hruszkewycz DP, Balcells D, Guard LM, Hazari N, Tilset M. Insight into the efficiency of cinnamyl-supported precatalysts for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction: observation of Pd(I) dimers with bridging allyl ligands during catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:7300-16. [PMID: 24824779 DOI: 10.1021/ja412565c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of complexes of the type Pd(L)(η(3)-allyl)Cl as precatalysts for cross-coupling, the chemistry of related Pd(I) dimers of the form (μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)Pd2(L)2 has been underexplored. Here, the relationship between the monomeric and the dimeric compounds is investigated using both experiment and theory. We report an efficient synthesis of the Pd(I) dimers (μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)Pd2(IPr)2 (allyl = allyl, crotyl, cinnamyl; IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) through activation of Pd(IPr)(η(3)-allyl)Cl type monomers under mildly basic reaction conditions. The catalytic performance of the Pd(II) monomers and their Pd(I) μ-allyl dimer congeners for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction is compared. We propose that the (μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)Pd2(IPr)2-type dimers are activated for catalysis through disproportionation to Pd(IPr)(η(3)-allyl)Cl and monoligated IPr-Pd(0). The microscopic reverse comproportionation reaction of monomers of the type Pd(IPr)(η(3)-allyl)Cl with IPr-Pd(0) to form Pd(I) dimers is also studied. It is demonstrated that this is a facile process, and Pd(I) dimers are directly observed during catalysis in reactions using Pd(II) precatalysts. In these catalytic reactions, Pd(I) μ-allyl dimer formation is a deleterious process which removes the IPr-Pd(0) active species from the reaction mixture. However, increased sterics at the 1-position of the allyl ligand in the Pd(IPr)(η(3)-crotyl)Cl and Pd(IPr)(η(3)-cinnamyl)Cl precatalysts results in a larger kinetic barrier to comproportionation, which allows more of the active IPr-Pd(0) catalyst to enter the catalytic cycle when these substituted precatalysts are used. Furthermore, we have developed reaction conditions for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction using Pd(IPr)(η(3)-cinnamyl)Cl which are compatible with mild bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian P Hruszkewycz
- The Department of Chemistry, Yale University , P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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18
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Meng L, Liu C, Zhang W, Zhou C, Lei A. Palladium catalysed β-selective oxidative Heck reaction of an electron-rich olefin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:1110-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Nielsen DU, Lescot C, Gøgsig TM, Lindhardt AT, Skrydstrup T. Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylative α-Arylation of Aryl Bromides: Scope and Mechanistic Studies. Chemistry 2013; 19:17926-38. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu-An Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan
Road, Beijing 100191, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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21
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Gutiérrez-Bonet Á, Flores-Gaspar A, Martin R. Fe-Catalyzed Regiodivergent [1,2]-Shift of α-Aryl Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12576-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4068707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gutiérrez-Bonet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Areli Flores-Gaspar
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans
16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs
Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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α‐Arylation, α‐Arylative Esterification, or Acylation: A Stoichiometry‐Dependent Trichotomy in the Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling between Aldehydes and Aryl Bromides. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:2579-83. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Premi C, Jain N. Phosphane-Free Hiyama Cross-Coupling of Aryl and Heteroaryl Halides Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Milner PJ, Maimone TJ, Su M, Chen J, Müller P, Buchwald SL. Investigating the dearomative rearrangement of biaryl phosphine-ligated Pd(II) complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19922-34. [PMID: 23153301 PMCID: PMC3530617 DOI: 10.1021/ja310351e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of monoligated L·Pd(II)(Ar)X complexes (L = dialkyl biaryl phosphine) have been prepared and studied in an effort to better understand an unusual dearomative rearrangement previously documented in these systems. Experimental and theoretical evidence suggest a concerted process involving the unprecedented Pd(II)-mediated insertion of an aryl group into an unactivated arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Mingjuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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25
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Sanji T, Nakamura M, Kawamata S, Tanaka M, Itagaki S, Gunji T. Fluorescence “Turn-On” Detection of Melamine with Aggregation-Induced-Emission-Active Tetraphenylethene. Chemistry 2012; 18:15254-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Flores-Gaspar A, Gutiérrez-Bonet Á, Martin R. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Dichotomy in Pd-Catalyzed Acylation of Aryl Chlorides via C–H Bond Functionalization. Org Lett 2012; 14:5234-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol3023819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Areli Flores-Gaspar
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutiérrez-Bonet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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27
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Chernyak N, Buchwald SL. Continuous-flow synthesis of monoarylated acetaldehydes using aryldiazonium salts. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12466-9. [PMID: 22812501 DOI: 10.1021/ja305660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anilines and ethyl vinyl ether can be used as precursors for a process that is the synthetic equivalent of the α-arylation of acetaldehyde enolate. The reaction manifests a high level of functional group compatibility, allowing the ready preparation of a number of synthetically valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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28
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Everson DA, Jones BA, Weix DJ. Replacing conventional carbon nucleophiles with electrophiles: nickel-catalyzed reductive alkylation of aryl bromides and chlorides. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6146-59. [PMID: 22463689 PMCID: PMC3324882 DOI: 10.1021/ja301769r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
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A general method is presented for the synthesis of alkylated
arenes by the chemoselective combination of two electrophilic carbons.
Under the optimized conditions, a variety of aryl and vinyl bromides
are reductively coupled with alkyl bromides in high yields. Under
similar conditions, activated aryl chlorides can also be coupled with
bromoalkanes. The protocols are highly functional-group tolerant (−OH,
−NHTs, −OAc, −OTs, −OTf, −COMe,
−NHBoc, −NHCbz, −CN, −SO2Me),
and the reactions are assembled on the benchtop with no special precautions
to exclude air or moisture. The reaction displays different chemoselectivity
than conventional cross-coupling reactions, such as the Suzuki–Miyaura,
Stille, and Hiyama–Denmark reactions. Substrates bearing both
an electrophilic and nucleophilic carbon result in selective coupling
at the electrophilic carbon (R–X) and no reaction at the nucleophilic
carbon (R–[M]) for organoboron (−Bpin), organotin (−SnMe3), and organosilicon (−SiMe2OH) containing
organic halides (X–R–[M]). A Hammett study showed a
linear correlation of σ and σ(−) parameters with
the relative rate of reaction of substituted aryl bromides with bromoalkanes.
The small ρ values for these correlations (1.2–1.7) indicate
that oxidative addition of the bromoarene is not the turnover-frequency
determining step. The rate of reaction has a positive dependence on
the concentration of alkyl bromide and catalyst, no dependence upon
the amount of zinc (reducing agent), and an inverse dependence upon
aryl halide concentration. These results and studies with an organic
reductant (TDAE) argue against the intermediacy of organozinc reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Everson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA
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29
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Nareddy P, Mantilli L, Guénée L, Mazet C. Atropoisomeric (P,N) Ligands for the Highly Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric α-Arylation of α-Branched Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Nareddy P, Mantilli L, Guénée L, Mazet C. Atropoisomeric (P,N) Ligands for the Highly Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric α-Arylation of α-Branched Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:3826-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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32
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Lessi M, Masini T, Nucara L, Bellina F, Rossi R. Highly Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Direct CH α-Monoarylation of Carbonyl Compounds using Water Containing the Surfactant Polyoxyethylene-α-Tocopheryl Sebacate (PTS) as a Solvent. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Chernyak N, Gorelsky SI, Gevorgyan V. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbocyclization of Alkynyl Ketones Proceeding through a Carbopalladation Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Chernyak N, Gorelsky SI, Gevorgyan V. Palladium-catalyzed carbocyclization of alkynyl ketones proceeding through a carbopalladation pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2342-5. [PMID: 21351350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chernyak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Rm 4500 SES, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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35
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Sreenivas DK, Nagarajan R. Palladium-mediated intramolecular O-arylation: a simple route for the synthesis of quino[2,3-c] and quino[3,2-b]carbazoles. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Melaimi M, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Stable cyclic carbenes and related species beyond diaminocarbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8810-49. [PMID: 20836099 PMCID: PMC3130005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The success of homogeneous catalysis can be attributed largely to the development of a diverse range of ligand frameworks that have been used to tune the behavior of various systems. Spectacular results in this area have been achieved using cyclic diaminocarbenes (NHCs) as a result of their strong σ-donor properties. Although it is possible to cursorily tune the structure of NHCs, any diversity is still far from matching their phosphorus-based counterparts, which is one of the great strengths of the latter. A variety of stable acyclic carbenes are known, but they are either reluctant to bind metals or they give rise to fragile metal complexes. During the last five years, new types of stable cyclic carbenes, as well as related carbon-based ligands (which are not NHCs), and which feature even stronger σ-donor properties have been developed. Their synthesis and characterization as well as the stability, electronic properties, coordination behavior, and catalytic activity of the ensuing complexes are discussed, and comparisons with their NHC cousins are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand Melaimi
- UCR-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 2957), Departement of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
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37
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Melaimi M, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Stabile cyclische Carbene und verwandte Spezies jenseits der Diaminocarbene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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38
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Colbon P, Ruan J, Purdie M, Xiao J. Direct Acylation of Aryl Chlorides with Aldehydes by Palladium−Pyrrolidine Co-catalysis. Org Lett 2010; 12:3670-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101466g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Colbon
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool Centre for Materials and Catalysis, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., and AstraZeneca, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Jiwu Ruan
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool Centre for Materials and Catalysis, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., and AstraZeneca, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Mark Purdie
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool Centre for Materials and Catalysis, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., and AstraZeneca, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Liverpool Centre for Materials and Catalysis, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K., and AstraZeneca, Bakewell Road, Loughborough LE11 5RH, U.K
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39
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Denmark SE, Werner NS. On the stereochemical course of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of allylic silanolate salts with aromatic bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:3612-20. [PMID: 20163185 DOI: 10.1021/ja910804u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereochemical course of palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of an enantioenriched, alpha-substituted, allylic silanolate salt with aromatic bromides has been investigated. The allylic silanolate salt was prepared in high geometrical (Z/E, 94:6) and high enantiomeric (94:6 er) purity by a copper-catalyzed S(N)2' reaction of a resolved allylic carbamate. Eight different aromatic bromides underwent cross-coupling with excellent constitutional site-selectivity and excellent stereospecificity. Stereochemical correlation established that the transmetalation event proceeds through a syn S(E)' mechanism which is interpreted in terms of an intramolecular delivery of the arylpalladium electrophile through a key intermediate that contains a discrete Si-O-Pd linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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40
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Bellina F, Rossi R. Transition metal-catalyzed direct arylation of substrates with activated sp3-hybridized C-H bonds and some of their synthetic equivalents with aryl halides and pseudohalides. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1082-146. [PMID: 19610600 DOI: 10.1021/cr9000836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bellina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Risorgimento 35, 56125 Pisa, Italy
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41
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Inokoishi Y, Sasakura N, Nakano K, Ichikawa Y, Kotsuki H. A New Powerful Strategy for the Organocatalytic Asymmetric Construction of a Quaternary Carbon Stereogenic Center. Org Lett 2010; 12:1616-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100350w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogo Inokoishi
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Niiha Sasakura
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakano
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| | - Hiyoshizo Kotsuki
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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42
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Torborg C, Beller M. Recent Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions in the Pharmaceutical, Agrochemical, and Fine Chemical Industries. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1053] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Palladium-catalyzed arylation of vinylic acetates. Phosphine ligand influenced regioselectivity. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Ackermann L, Vicente R, Hofmann N. Air-Stable Secondary Phosphine Oxide as Preligand for Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular α-Arylations with Chloroarenes. Org Lett 2009; 11:4274-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901597d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Nora Hofmann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universitaet, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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45
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Calò V, Nacci A, Monopoli A, Cotugno P. Heck Reactions with Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Deactivated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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46
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Calò V, Nacci A, Monopoli A, Cotugno P. Heck Reactions with Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Deactivated Olefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6101-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Lee BK, Biscoe MR, Buchwald SL. Simple, Efficient Protocols for the Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides and Dimethylamine. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:3672-3674. [PMID: 21818164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple and efficient procedures for the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl chlorides and dimethylamine are described. At room temperature with a strong base, t-BuXPhos is employed as the supporting ligand; at 110 °C with a weak base, XPhos is employed as the supporting ligand. In each of these cases, commercially available solutions constitute the source of the dimethylamine, and recently disclosed precatalysts constitute the source of the ligand and Pd. This work further expands the utility of these precatalysts in reactions that benefit from an easily activated source of L(1)Pd(0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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48
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Biscoe MR, Buchwald SL. Selective monoarylation of acetate esters and aryl methyl ketones using aryl chlorides. Org Lett 2009; 11:1773-5. [PMID: 19296693 DOI: 10.1021/ol900295u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple, efficient procedures for the monoarylation of acetate esters and aryl methyl ketones using aryl chlorides are presented. Previously, no general method was available to ensure the highly selective monoarylation of these classes of substrates using aryl chlorides. Using palladium precatalysts recently reported by our group, these reactions are easily accomplished under mild conditions that tolerate a wide array of heterocyclic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Biscoe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts 02139, USA
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49
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Jiang L, Weist S, Jansat S. Diastereoselective Room-Temperature Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation and Vinylation of Arylmandelic Acid Derivatives. Org Lett 2009; 11:1543-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900131q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Stefan Weist
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Susanna Jansat
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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