1
|
Falcone NA, He S, Hoskin JF, Mangat S, Sorensen EJ. N-Oxide-to-Carbon Transmutations of Azaarene N-Oxides. Org Lett 2024; 26:4280-4285. [PMID: 38739528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactions that change the identity of an atom within a ring system are emerging as valuable tools for the site-selective editing of molecular structures. Herein, we describe the expansion of an underdeveloped transformation that directly converts azaarene-derived N-oxides to all-carbon arenes. This ring transmutation exhibits good functional group tolerance and replaces the N-oxide moiety with either unsubstituted, substituted, or isotopically labeled carbon atoms in a single laboratory operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Falcone
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sam He
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - John F Hoskin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sandeep Mangat
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Erik J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma H, Ganguly S, Sahana MH, Goswami RK. Stereoselective synthesis of thailandamide A methyl ester. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1409-1419. [PMID: 38285182 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02107f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
A convergent strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of the methyl ester of the structurally challenging and highly labile antibacterial polyene polyketide natural product thailandamide A has been developed. The key steps include the Zincke aldehyde reaction, Stille cross coupling, Negishi reaction, Julia-Kocienski olefination, cross metathesis, and the less explored Pd(I)-based Heck coupling to access different unsaturation bonds. Additionally, Urpi acetal aldol, Evans methylation, and Crimmins acetate aldol reactions were employed to construct four out of six asymmetric centers of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Swapnamoy Ganguly
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Moinul Haque Sahana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hussain H, Xiao J, Ali A, Green IR, Westermann B. Unusually cyclized triterpenoids: occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:412-451. [PMID: 36458822 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 to 2021Biosynthetically, most of the syntheses of triterpenes follow the cascade cyclization and rearrangement of the acyclic precursors viz., squalene (S) and 2,3-oxidosqualene (OS), which lead to the very well known tetra- and pentacyclic triterpene skeletons. Aside from these, numerous other triterpenoid molecules are also reported from various natural sources and their structures are derived from "S" and "OS" via some unusual cyclization operations which are different from the usual tetra- and pentacyclic frameworks. Numerous compelling advances have been made and reported in the identification of these unusual cyclized mono-, di-, tri- and tetracyclic triterpenes between 2009 and 2021. Besides a dramatic increase in the newly isolated uncommon cyclized triterpenoids, substantial progress in the (bio)-synthesis of these triterpenes has been published along with significant progress in their biological effects. In this review, 180 new unusual cyclized triterpenoids together with their demonstrated biogenetic pathways, syntheses and biological effects will be categorized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, Ourense, E-32004, Spain
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aursnes M, Primdahl KG, Kaupang Å, Park JD, Seyedsayamdost MR, Nolsøe JMJ. On the Structure of Thailandene A: Synthetic Examination of the Cryptic Natural Product Aided by a Theoretical Approach. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhenotype-guided transposon mutagenesis has emerged as a valuable tool to access cryptic metabolites encoded in bacterial genomes. Recently, the method was demonstrated by inducing silent biosynthetic gene clusters in Burkholderia thailandensis. Amongst the isolated metabolic products, thailandene A exhibited promising antibiotic activity. By assignment, the linear polyenic aldehyde contained a labile motif, where an ostensible chiral secondary alcohol was interlaced in an allylic and a homoallylic constellation. Our attention was drawn to the pseudo-symmetric relationship between the heterofunctionalities, indicating the transformation of a dodecapentaenedial scaffold. Centering on an iterative cross-coupling protocol, the assigned all-E-(12R)-hydroxydodecapentaenal moiety was assembled by combining Zincke chemistry with the MIDA-attenuated Suzuki reaction developed in the Burke laboratory. Thus, according to the devised strategy, the mixed 1,2-bisborylated vinyl linchpin was consecutively functionalized with 5-bromodienal derivatives in a doubly orthogonal fashion. However, when the synthetic material was matched against the bacterial isolate, inconsistencies were observed. A re-examination of the cryptic natural product was conducted by juxtaposing analytical data from experiment and density functional theory calculations, in which hydroperoxide was evaluated as a candidate metabolite present in the bacterial isolate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Aursnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo
| | | | - Åsmund Kaupang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo
| | | | | | - Jens M. J. Nolsøe
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Selective modification of heteroatom-containing aromatic structures is in high demand as it permits rapid evaluation of molecular complexity in advanced intermediates. Inspired by the selectivity of deaminases in nature, herein we present a simple methodology that enables the NH2 groups in aminoheterocycles to be conceived as masked modification handles. With the aid of a simple pyrylium reagent and a cheap chloride source, C(sp2)‒NH2 can be converted into C(sp2)‒Cl bonds. The method is characterized by its wide functional group tolerance and substrate scope, allowing the modification of >20 different classes of heteroaromatic motifs (five- and six-membered heterocycles), bearing numerous sensitive motifs. The facile conversion of NH2 into Cl in a late-stage fashion enables practitioners to apply Sandmeyer- and Vilsmeier-type transforms without the burden of explosive and unsafe diazonium salts, stoichiometric transition metals or highly oxidizing and unselective chlorinating agents.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Han H, Gu L, Zhang W, Zhao J, Wang Q. Skeletal remodeling of chalcone-based pyridinium salts to access isoindoline polycycles and their bridged derivatives. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15389-15398. [PMID: 34976360 PMCID: PMC8635221 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05741c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous deconstructive ring-opening and skeletal reconstruction of an inert, aromatic pyridinium ring is of great importance in synthetic communities. However, research in this area is still in its infancy. Here, a skeletal re-modeling strategy was developed to transform chalcone-based pyridinium salts into structurally intriguing polycyclic isoindolines through a dearomative ring-opening/ring-closing sequence. Two distinct driving forces for the deconstruction of the pyridinium core were involved in these transformations. One was the unprecedented harnessing of the instability of in situ generated cyclic β-aminoketones, and the other was the instability of the resultant N,N-ketals. The desired isoindoline polycycles could undergo the Wittig reaction with various phosphorus ylides to achieve structural diversity and complexity. Notably, by tuning the Wittig conditions by addition of one equivalent of base, an additional bridged ring was introduced. A plausible mechanism was proposed on the basis of control experiments and theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Huabin Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Lijie Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Junwei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huck CJ, Boyko YD, Sarlah D. Total Synthesis of Stelletins through an Unconventional Annulation Strategy. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1597-1609. [PMID: 33635622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems present the largest source of biodiversity on the planet and an immense reservoir of novel chemical entities. Sessile marine organisms such as sponges produce a wide range of complex secondary metabolites, many of these with potent biological activity engineered for chemical defense. That such compounds exert dynamic effects outside of their native context is perhaps not surprising, and the realm of marine natural products has attracted considerable attention as a largely untapped repository of potential candidates for drug development. Only a handful of the more than 15 000 marine natural products that have been isolated to date have advanced to the clinic, and more are to be expected. The rich chemical information encoded in the intricate three-dimensional structures of many marine natural products facilitates highly discriminating interactions with cell signaling pathways, and especially within cancer cells such nuanced effects offer an exciting opportunity for the development of targeted therapies that lack the side effects and general toxicity of conventional chemotherapeutics. The isomalabaricanes are a rare class of marine triterpenoids that have been hailed as promising cytotoxic lead compounds for the treatment of cancer, and they have attracted a flurry of excitement from researchers because of their potent cytotoxicity in certain human cancer cell lines along with a range of other antineoplastic effects. Most notably, their inhibitory activity is highly cell-selective, characterized by large deviations from their mean GI50 concentrations across 3 orders of magnitude in the NCI-60 Human Tumor Cell Lines screen, suggesting mechanistic specificity rather than general and unbridled toxicity. Despite these auspicious preliminary reports, the isomalabaricane scaffold remains largely unexplored as a potential anticancer lead because of lack of material. This Account describes our recent efforts to develop a general, modular synthesis of the isomalabaricanes, as exemplified by the successful total syntheses of rhabdastrellic acid A, stelletin E, and stelletin A. The unorthodox trans-syn-trans configuration of their perhydrobenz[e]indene core severely circumscribes the synthetic methods available for its construction and required several generations of strategy to assemble. Ultimately, a series of unconventional transformations were identified that were capable of building this highly strained motif, and the syntheses of rhabdastrellic acid A and stelletin E were completed in racemic fashion. Subsequently, a second-generation approach to these natural products was developed, rendering the synthesis enantioselective as well as providing access to stelletin A. These synthetic efforts were greatly assisted by computational techniques such as 13C NMR prediction, which enabled structural assignments of hydrocarbon diastereomers, as well as relaxed surface scan conformational analysis, which informed a campaign for directed hydrogenation of an alkene. High-throughput experimentation methods were brought to bear during optimization of a late-stage Suzuki coupling on stelletin A. Finally, preliminary structure-activity relationship studies in glioblastoma and nonsmall cell lung cancer cell lines were conducted on stelletin A, revealing that the singular trans-syn-trans perhydrobenz[e]indene core is essential for the cytotoxic activity of the isomalabaricane triterpenoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Huck
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yaroslav D. Boyko
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boyko YD, Huck CJ, Ning S, Shved AS, Yang C, Chu T, Tonogai EJ, Hergenrother PJ, Sarlah D. Synthetic Studies on Selective, Proapoptotic Isomalabaricane Triterpenoids Aided by Computational Techniques. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2138-2155. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav D. Boyko
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher J. Huck
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Shang Ning
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Alexander S. Shved
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Cheng Yang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tiffany Chu
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Emily J. Tonogai
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Paul J. Hergenrother
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Seo M, Du D, Katsuyama Y, Katsuta R, Yajima A, Nukada T, Ohnishi Y, Ishigami K. Enantioselective synthesis and stereochemical determination of the highly reduced polyketide ishigamide. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:148-153. [PMID: 33577653 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ishigamide was isolated as a metabolite of a recombinant strain of Streptomyces sp. MSC090213JE08 and its unsaturated fatty acid moiety has been confirmed in vitro to be synthesized by a type II PKS. Biosynthesis of such a highly reduced polyketide by a type II PKS is worthy of note. However, absolute configuration of ishigamide remained unknown. (R)-Ishigamide was synthesized enantioselectively employing Stille coupling and Wittig reaction between three units, vinyl iodide, stannyldienal, and Wittig salt. Stereochemistry of natural ishigamide was determined to be R by chiral HPLC analysis comparing with the synthesized standard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuki Seo
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Danyao Du
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Katsuyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Katsuta
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arata Yajima
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Nukada
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohnishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Ishigami
- Department of Chemistry for Life Sciences and Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sakaguchi K, Nishioka Y, Kinashi N, Yukihira N, Shinada T, Nishimura T, Hashimoto H, Katsumura S. Synthesis of Allene-Containing Apocarotenoids by Cross-Coupling Strategy. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled total synthesis of the allene and carbonyl conjugated apocarotenoids, paracentrone and 19-hexanoyloxyparacentrone 3-acetate, was achieved by sequential cross-coupling reactions using boronic acid ester and iodine- or tin-substituted C5 dienes, which were the building blocks for the elongation of the conjugated polyene systems at both terminals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Yuto Nishioka
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Naoto Kinashi
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Nao Yukihira
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | | | - Shigeo Katsumura
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merouane A, Mostefai A, Hadji D, Rahmouni A, Bouchekara M, Ramdani A, Taleb S. Theoretical insights into the static chemical reactivity and NLO properties of some conjugated carbonyl compounds: case of 5-aminopenta-2,4-dienal derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02653-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
12
|
Boyko YD, Huck CJ, Sarlah D. Total Synthesis of Isomalabaricane Triterpenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14131-14135. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav D. Boyko
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher J. Huck
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David Sarlah
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Devadiga D, Ahipa TN. Recent synthetic advances in pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens. RSC Adv 2019; 9:23161-23228. [PMID: 35514516 PMCID: PMC9067307 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04389f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, numerous articles have reported pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens; however, reviews of their synthetic methodologies are rare. Therefore, the present critical review describes the recent synthetic advances in the field of pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens. Also, we discuss the various types of thermotropic mesogens (such as calamitic, discotic, bent-shaped, polycatenar, and polymeric mesogens) consisting of pyridine derivatives and their structure–property relationships. Currently, numerous articles have reported pyridine-based thermotropic mesogens; however, reviews of their synthetic methodologies are rare.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Devadiga
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramanagara District Bangalore-562 112 India
| | - T N Ahipa
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Ramanagara District Bangalore-562 112 India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nishimaru T, Eto K, Komine K, Ishihara J, Hatakeyama S. Total Synthesis of Lajollamycin B. Chemistry 2019; 25:7927-7934. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishimaru
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Kohei Eto
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Keita Komine
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 8 52-8521 Japan
| | - Susumi Hatakeyama
- Medical Innovation CenterNagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi Nagasaki 852-8521 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang RT, Lee GH, Lai CK. Effect of counter ions on the mesogenic ionic N-phenylpyridiniums. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two series of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) derived from N-phenylpyridinium 1–2 were prepared and their mesomorphic properties were investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Tzong Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Central University
- Chung-Li
- Republic of China
| | - Gene-Hsiang Lee
- Instrumentation Center
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Chung K. Lai
- Department of Chemistry
- National Central University
- Chung-Li
- Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Riveira MJ, Sarotti AM. NMR and experimental reinvestigation of the condensation reaction between γ-methylene-α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and propargyl aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1442-1447. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03110f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An experimental and computational study of the reaction between γ-methylene enals and propargyl aldehydes uncovered a deconjugative aldol condensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martín J. Riveira
- Instituto de Química Rosario
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET
- Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Ariel M. Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET
- Rosario
- Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sowmiah S, Esperança JMSS, Rebelo LPN, Afonso CAM. Pyridinium salts: from synthesis to reactivity and applications. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the pyridinium salts in terms of their natural occurrence, synthesis, reactivity, biological properties, and diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subbiah Sowmiah
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
| | - José M. S. S. Esperança
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
| | - Luís P. N. Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-009 Lisboa
- Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamamoto M, Ishigami K, Watanabe H. First total synthesis of glabramycin B and revision of its relative configuration. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Park KY, Song HJ, Heo JN. Proline-Catalyzed Cyclization Reaction for the Synthesis of Naphthostyrils: Application to the Total Synthesis of Prioline. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
20
|
Nolsøe JMJ, Aursnes M, Tungen JE, Hansen TV. Dienals Derived from Pyridinium Salts and Their Subsequent Application in Natural Product Synthesis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5377-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens M. J. Nolsøe
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marius Aursnes
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørn E. Tungen
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond V. Hansen
- School of Pharmacy, Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yan LH, Skiredj A, Dory Y, Delpech B, Poupon E. 5-Aminopenta-2,4-dienals: Synthesis, Activation towards Nucleophiles, Molecular Modeling and Biosynthetic Implications in Relation to the Manzamine Alkaloids. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Formation and Reactivity of 5-Aminopenta-2,4-Dienals. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420160-6.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Evans PA, Huang MH, Lawler MJ, Maroto S. Total synthesis of marinomycin A using salicylate as a molecular switch to mediate dimerization. Nat Chem 2012; 4:680-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
25
|
Cannon JS, Overman LE. Is there no end to the total syntheses of strychnine? Lessons learned in strategy and tactics in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4288-311. [PMID: 22431197 PMCID: PMC3804246 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
From the 19th century to the present, the complex indole alkaloid strychnine has engaged the chemical community. In this Review, we examine why strychnine has been and remains today an important target for directed synthesis efforts. A selection of the diverse syntheses of strychnine is discussed with the aim of identifying their influence on the evolution of the strategy and tactics of organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Cannon
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Larry E. Overman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025 (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cannon JS, Overman LE. Kein Ende für Totalsynthesen von Strychnin in Sicht? Lektionen für Strategien und Methoden in der Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
27
|
Yan LH, Nuhant P, Sinigaglia I, Fromentin Y, Marazano C, Delpech B, Poupon E. Synthesis of the Indolic Pentacyclic Core of Manadomanzamine A Following Biogenetically Based Strategies. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
28
|
Martin DBC, Nguyen LQ, Vanderwal CD. Syntheses of Strychnine, Norfluorocurarine, Dehydrodesacetylretuline, and Valparicine Enabled by Intramolecular Cycloadditions of Zincke Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2011; 77:17-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. C. Martin
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| | - Lucas Q. Nguyen
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697-2025
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Burghart J, Sorg A, Brückner R. Stereocomplementary Syntheses of 1,ω‐DistannylatedE,Z‐Isomeric Conjugated Trienes, Tetraenes, and Pentaenes. Chemistry 2011; 17:6469-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Burghart
- Carbogen Amcis AG, Hauptstrasse 171, 4416 Bubendorf (Switzerland)
| | - Achim Sorg
- Basic Chemicals Research, SE, GCB/S – M311, BASF AG, 67056 Ludwigshafen (Germany)
| | - Reinhard Brückner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 761‐2036100
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paton RS, Steinhardt SE, Vanderwal CD, Houk KN. Unraveling the mechanism of cascade reactions of zincke aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3895-905. [PMID: 21351736 DOI: 10.1021/ja107988b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The thermal pericyclic cascade rearrangement of Zincke aldehydes (5-(dialkylamino)-2,4-pentadienals) to afford Z-α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated amides discovered by the Vanderwal group has been studied in depth using quantum mechanical methods. Two mechanistic possibilities that had previously been put forth to explain this internal redox process, one that had been discounted by experiment and the other that had withstood experimental scrutiny, were evaluated. Both of these mechanisms suffered from energetic barriers that appeared too high to allow rearrangement to proceed under the conditions used; however, computational study of a third possibility that implicates the intermediacy of vinylketenes revealed that it is the most likely pathway of rearrangement. Further computational studies accounted for the relative rates of rearrangement in substituted Zincke aldehydes, predicted the feasibility of related processes for other donor-acceptor dienes, and provided insight into the rearrangement of allylamine-derived Zincke aldehydes that provide either dihydropyridones or polycyclic lactams by further pericyclic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Martin DBC, Vanderwal CD. A synthesis of strychnine by a longest linear sequence of six steps. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00009h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
32
|
Ohtani T, Tsukamoto S, Kanda H, Misawa K, Urakawa Y, Fujimaki T, Imoto M, Takahashi Y, Takahashi D, Toshima K. Total Synthesis of Incednam, the Aglycon of Incednine. Org Lett 2010; 12:5068-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102400c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtani
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsukamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kanda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Kensuke Misawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Urakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujimaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Toshima
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan, and Institute of Microbial Chemistry, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Michels TD, Kier MJ, Kearney AM, Vanderwal CD. Concise Formal Synthesis of Porothramycins A and B via Zincke Pyridinium Ring-Opening/Ring-Closing Cascade. Org Lett 2010; 12:3093-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol101035p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo D. Michels
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Matthew J. Kier
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Aaron M. Kearney
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nuhant P, Raikar SB, Wypych JC, Delpech B, Marazano C. Enhancement of 5-aminopenta-2,4-dienals electrophilicity via activation by O,N-bistrifluoroacetylation. application to an N-acyl Pictet-Spengler reaction. J Org Chem 2010; 74:9413-21. [PMID: 19924881 DOI: 10.1021/jo9019545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aminopentadienals resulting from the condensation of tryptamine or homoveratrylamine with glutaconaldehydes were treated with trifluoroacetic anhydride, allowing the formation of tetrahydro-beta-carbolines and tetrahydroisoquinolines bearing an enal function. In this N-acyl Pictet-Spengler reaction the electrophilicity of the aminopentadienals was dramatically increased by O,N-bistrifluoroacetylation. Recovery of the nitrogen nucleophilicity was achieved using a reductive process, and the heterocyclic amines were converted into aminonitriles by a Strecker reaction in the presence of butanal. Cyclization, by intramolecular Michael addition of the in situ generated enamines onto the enal moiety, was achieved in the presence of zinc triflate and involved cyanide ion trapping. In this manner, compounds related to protoemetine and dihydrocorynantheal were obtained, and a reduction step led to a short synthesis of (+/-)-protoemetinol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Nuhant
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Steinhardt SE, Vanderwal CD. Complex polycyclic lactams from pericyclic cascade reactions of Zincke aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7546-7. [PMID: 19449870 DOI: 10.1021/ja902439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the course of a simple mechanistic study on the rearrangement of Zincke aldehydes to Z-alpha,beta,gamma,delta-unsaturated amides, a thermally induced pericyclic cascade rearrangement that converts Zincke aldehydes derived from allylic and homoallylic amines into polycyclic lactams was discovered. The key reaction involves an E-Z alkene isomerization, a 6pi electrocyclic ring closure, a [1,5]-sigmatropic shift of hydrogen, a 6pi electrocyclic ring-opening, and a Diels-Alder cycloaddition, and proceeds with excellent stereoselectivity. The unusual observation that furans and an indole serve as dienophiles in this cascade reaction permitted the synthesis of complex, functional group-rich tri- and tetracyclic lactams. In all cases, the rigid polycyclic products are available in only two steps from pyridinium salts and the allylic or homoallylic secondary amines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Steinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Synthesis of (E)-2,4-Dinitro-N-((2E,4E)-4-phenyl-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)penta-2,4-dienylidene)aniline. MOLBANK 2009. [DOI: 10.3390/m604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
37
|
Martin DBC, Vanderwal CD. Efficient Access to the Core of the Strychnos, Aspidosperma and Iboga Alkaloids. A Short Synthesis of Norfluorocurarine. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3472-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900640v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David B. C. Martin
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- 1102 Natural Sciences II, Department of Chemistry, The University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| |
Collapse
|