1
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Logallo A, Maddock LCH, Mu M, Gravogl L, Jin N, Peñas-Defrutos MN, Meyer K, García-Melchor M, Hevia E. Unlocking the Metalation Applications of TMP-powered Fe and Co(II) bis(amides): Synthesis, Structure and Mechanistic Insights. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402907. [PMID: 38563772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Typified by LiTMP and TMPMgCl.LiCl, (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide), s-block metal amides have found widespread applications in arene deprotonative metalation. On the contrary, transition metal amides lack sufficient basicity to activate these substrates. Breaking new ground in this field, here we present the synthesis and full characterisation of earth-abundant transition metals M(TMP)2 (M=Fe, Co). Uncovering a new reactivity profile towards fluoroarenes, these amide complexes can promote direct M-H exchange processes regioselectively using one or two of their basic amide arms. Remarkably, even when using a perfluorinated substrate, selective C-H metalation occurs leaving C-F bonds intact. Their kinetic basicity can be boosted by LiCl or NBu4Cl additives which enables formation of kinetically activated ate species. Combining spectroscopic and structural studies with DFT calculations, mechanistic insights have been gained on how these low polarity metalation processes take place. M(TMP)2 can also be used to access ferrocene and cobaltocene by direct deprotonation of cyclopentadiene and undergo efficient CO2 insertion of both amide groups under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Logallo
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lewis C H Maddock
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manting Mu
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lisa Gravogl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Na Jin
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marconi N Peñas-Defrutos
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
- IU CINQUIMA, Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max García-Melchor
- School of Chemistry, CRANN and AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Fleuti M, Sanchez-Quirante T, Poštová Slavětínská L, Tloušt'ová E, Tichý M, Gurská S, Džubák P, Hajdúch M, Hocek M. Synthesis and Biological Profiling of Quinolino-Fused 7-Deazapurine Nucleosides. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20557-20570. [PMID: 38737052 PMCID: PMC11080019 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A series of quinolino-fused 7-deazapurine (pyrimido[5',4':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline) ribonucleosides were designed and synthesized. The synthesis of the key 11-chloro-pyrimido[5',4':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline was based on the Negishi cross-coupling of iodoquinoline with zincated 4,6-dichloropyrimidine followed by azidation and thermal or photochemical cyclization. Vorbrüggen glycosylation of the tetracyclic heterocycle followed by cross-coupling or substitution reactions at position 11 gave the desired set of final nucleosides that showed moderate to weak cytostatic activity and fluorescent properties. The corresponding fused adenosine derivative was converted to the triphosphate and successfully incorporated to RNA using in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Fleuti
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Tania Sanchez-Quirante
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tloušt'ová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Tichý
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University
Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská
5, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University
Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská
5, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute
of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University and University
Hospital in Olomouc, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Hněvotínská
5, Olomouc CZ-77515, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, Prague 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
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3
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Hamze C, Brossier J, Karaghiosoff K, Godineau E, Knochel P. Selective and Stepwise Functionalization of the Pyridazine Scaffold by Using Thio-Substituted Pyridazine Building Blocks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302156. [PMID: 37534401 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
We described a regioselective tri- and tetra-functionalization of the pyridazine scaffold using two readily available building blocks: 3-alkylthio-6-chloropyridazine and 3,4-bis(methylthio)-6-chloropyridazine by performing selective metalations with TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl and catalyst-tuned cross-coupling reactions with arylzinc halides. Several of the resulting pyridazines were converted into more elaborated N-heterocycles such as thieno[2,3-c]pyridazines and 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Hamze
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Brossier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Research & Development, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, Munich, Germany
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4
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R Judge N, Logallo A, Hevia E. Main group metal-mediated strategies for C-H and C-F bond activation and functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11617-11628. [PMID: 37920337 PMCID: PMC10619642 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03548d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With fluoroaromatic compounds increasingly employed as scaffolds in agrochemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients, the development of methods which facilitate regioselective functionalisation of their C-H and C-F bonds is a frontier of modern synthesis. Along with classical lithiation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution protocols, the vast majority of research efforts have focused on transition metal-mediated transformations enabled by the redox versatilities of these systems. Breaking new ground in this area, recent advances in main group metal chemistry have delineated unique ways in which s-block, Al, Ga and Zn metal complexes can activate this important type of fluorinated molecule. Underpinned by chemical cooperativity, these advances include either the use of heterobimetallic complexes where the combined effect of two metals within a single ligand set enables regioselective low polarity C-H metalation; or the use of novel low valent main group metal complexes supported by special stabilising ligands to induce C-F bond activations. Merging these two different approaches, this Perspective provides an overview of the emerging concept of main-group metal mediated C-H/C-F functionalisation of fluoroarenes. Showcasing the untapped potential that these systems can offer in these processes; focus is placed on how special chemical cooperation is established and how the trapping of key reaction intermediates can inform mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Judge
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Logallo
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern Switzerland
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5
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Kastrati A, Kremsmair A, Sunagatullina AS, Korotenko V, Guersoy YC, Rout SK, Lima F, Brocklehurst CE, Karaghiosoff K, Zipse H, Knochel P. Calculation-assisted regioselective functionalization of the imidazo[1,2- a]pyrazine scaffold via zinc and magnesium organometallic intermediates. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11261-11266. [PMID: 37860644 PMCID: PMC10583695 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02893c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Straightforward calculations such as determinations of pKa values and N-basicities have allowed the development of a set of organometallic reactions for the regioselective functionalization of the underexplored fused N-heterocycle imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine. Thus, regioselective metalations of 6-chloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine using TMP-bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) such as TMPMgCl·LiCl and TMP2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl provided Zn- and Mg-intermediates, that after quenching with various electrophiles gave access to polyfunctionalized imidazopyrazine heterocycles. Additionally, the use of TMP2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl as base for the first metalation allowed an alternative regioselective metalation. Nucleophilic additions at position 8 as well as selective Negishi cross-couplings complete the set of methods for selectively decorating this heterocycle of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agonist Kastrati
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Alexander Kremsmair
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Alisa S Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Vasilii Korotenko
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Yusuf C Guersoy
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Saroj K Rout
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Fabio Lima
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research 4057 Basel Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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6
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Inoue K, Mori A, Okano K. Formal Halogen Transfer of Bromoarenes via Stepwise Reactions. Org Lett 2023; 25:6693-6698. [PMID: 37646376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-step halogen transfer of bromoarenes is reported. Mono-, di-, and tribromoaryllithiums generated through deprotonative lithiation were converted into organozinc species by in situ zincation, which were then subjected to bromination to provide the corresponding di-, tri-, and tetrabromoarenes, respectively, in 41-95% yields. Regioselective bromine-magnesium exchange with ethylmagnesium chloride followed by electrophilic trapping afforded benzene, pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and thiazole derivatives with the bromo group translocated from the original position in 28-86% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Inoue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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7
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Feng Y, Yukioka T, Matsuyama M, Mori A, Okano K. Deprotonative Generation and Trapping of Haloaryllithium in a Batch Reactor. Org Lett 2023; 25:3013-3017. [PMID: 37083303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A method for the regioselective functionalization of haloarenes through deprotonative lithiation is disclosed. The generated haloaryllithiums were trapped in a batch reactor with a zinc chloride diamine complex to provide organozinc species without aryne formation, which reacted with electrophiles to afford the corresponding products in 38-98% yields. This method was applied to the five-step total synthesis of carbazomycin A on a gram scale in 33% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Feng
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Taro Yukioka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuyama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Atsunori Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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8
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Kremsmair A, Sunagatullina AS, Bole LJ, Mastropierro P, Graßl S, Wilke HR, Godineau E, Hevia E, Knochel P. Exploiting Coordination Effects for the Regioselective Zincation of Diazines Using TMPZnX⋅LiX (X=Cl, Br). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210491. [PMID: 35943036 PMCID: PMC9826189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A new method for regioselective zincations of challenging N-heterocyclic substrates such as pyrimidines and pyridazine was reported using bimetallic bases TMPZnX⋅LiX (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl; X=Cl, Br). Reactions occurred under mild conditions (25-70 °C, using 1.75 equivalents of base without additives), furnishing 2-zincated pyrimidines and 3-zincated pyridazine, which were then trapped with a variety of electrophiles. Contrasting with other s-block metalating systems, which lack selectivity in their reactions even when operating at low temperatures, these mixed Li/Zn bases enabled unprecedented regioselectivities that cannot be replicated by either LiTMP nor Zn(TMP)2 on their own. Spectroscopic and structural interrogations of organometallic intermediates involved in these reactions have shed light on the complex constitution of reaction mixtures and the origins of their special reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Alisa S. Sunagatullina
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Leonie J. Bole
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Pasquale Mastropierro
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Simon Graßl
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Henrik R. Wilke
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Forschung & Entwicklung SteinSyngenta Crop Protection AGSchaffhauserstrasse 1014332SteinSwitzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie & BiochemieLudwig Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F81377MünchenGermany
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9
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Kremsmair A, Sunagatullina AS, Bole LJ, Mastropierro P, Graßl S, Wilke HR, Godineau E, Hevia E, Knochel P. Exploiting Coordination Effects for the Regioselective Zincation of Diazines Using TMPZnX·LiX (X = Cl, Br). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonie J. Bole
- Universität Bern: Universitat Bern Department für Chemie und Biochemie SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Simon Graßl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Henrik R. Wilke
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Forschung & Entwicklung Stein SWITZERLAND
| | - Eva Hevia
- Universität Bern: Universitat Bern Chemie und Biochemie SWITZERLAND
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department of Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
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10
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Liu XJ, Zhang WY, Zheng C, You SL. Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Methyl Azaarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200164. [PMID: 35238122 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an Ir-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution reaction of methyl azaarenes is described. Azaarenes such as (benzo)thiazole, oxazole, benzoimidazole, pyridine, and (iso)quinoline are all tolerated. The corresponding chiral azaarene derivatives are obtained in good yields with high enantioselectivity (up to 96 % yield and 99 % ee). The utilization of the Knochel reagent TMPZnBr⋅LiBr warrants the in situ formation of benzylic nucleophiles without additional activating reagents. 1 H NMR studies suggested a two-fold function of the Knochel reagent in this reaction. The synthetic utility of this method has been showcased by a concise enantioselective synthesis of an allosteric protein kinase modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
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11
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Mastropierro P, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Metallation of sensitive fluoroarenes using a potassium TMP-zincate supported by a silyl(bis)amido ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5292-5295. [PMID: 35403647 PMCID: PMC9040423 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00979j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combining a bulky bis(amide) and a reactive one-coordinate TMP (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) ligand, a new mixed K/Zn heteroleptic base has been developed for regioselective zincation of fluoroarenes. This special ligand set allows for trapping and structural authentication of the first intermediates of direct Zn–H exchange of fluoroarenes obtained via deprotonative metallation, providing mechanistic insights of the processes involved. Providing unique structural insights, regioselective zincation of a range of fluoroarenes has been accomplished using a novel heterobimetallic K/Zn amide base.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie, Universität Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Liu XJ, Zhang WY, Zheng C, You SL. Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution of Methyl Azaarenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wen-Yun Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chao Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry CHINA
| | - Shu-Li You
- Shanghai Inst Org Chem State Key Lab Organometallic Chem 345 Lingling Lu 200032 Shanghai CHINA
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13
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Wei B, Knochel P. Recent Advances in Cross-Couplings of Functionalized Organozinc Reagents. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1589-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCross-couplings involving organozinc reagents usually require a Pd-catalyst (Negishi cross-coupling), however, uncatalyzed cross-couplings of zinc organometallics proceed well in the absence of transition-metal catalysts with reactive electrophiles such as benzal 1,1-diacetates, benzhydryl acetates, and iminium trifluoroacetates. Organozinc compounds also undergo C–N bond formation with O-benzoylhydroxylamines or organic azides in the presence of cobalt- or iron-catalysts. Highly diastereoselective and enantioselective cross-couplings can be readily performed with room-temperature configurationally stable alkylzinc species, producing diastereoselectively and enantiomerically enriched products. Finally, highly regioselective magnesiations of functionalized arenes and heteroarenes undergo Negishi (after transmetalation with ZnCl2) or Cu-catalyzed cross-couplings.1 Introduction2 Uncatalyzed Cross-Couplings of Organozinc Reagents with Highly Electrophilic Partners3 Iron- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Aminations using Organozinc Reagents4 Stereo- and Regioselective Cross-Couplings of Organozinc Reagents5 Conclusion
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14
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Maddock LCH, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Structural and Synthetic Insights into Sodium‐Mediated‐Ferration of Fluoroarenes. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis C. H. Maddock
- Department für Chemie Biochemie und Pharmazie Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde UK-Glasgow G1 1XL United Kingdom
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie Biochemie und Pharmazie Universität Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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15
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Göbel D, Rusch P, Duvinage D, Stauch T, Bigall NC, Nachtsheim BJ. Substitution Effect on 2-(Oxazolinyl)-phenols and 1,2,5-Chalcogenadiazole -Annulated Derivatives: Emission-Color-Tunable, Minimalistic Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT)-Based Luminophores. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14333-14355. [PMID: 34581564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Minimalistic 2-(oxazolinyl)-phenols substituted with different electron-donating and -withdrawing groups as well as 1,2,5-chalcogenadiazole-annulated derivatives thereof were synthesized and investigated in regard to their emission behavior in solution as well as in the solid state. Depending on the nature of the incorporated substituent and its position, emission efficiencies were increased or diminished, resulting in AIE or ACQ characteristics. Single-crystal analysis revealed J- and H-type packing motifs and a so-far undescribed isolation of ESIPT-based fluorophores in the keto form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Göbel
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Pascal Rusch
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Duvinage
- Institute for Inorganic and Crystallographic Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim Stauch
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Straße NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.,Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.,MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Nadja-C Bigall
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Callinstraße 3a, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Boris J Nachtsheim
- Institute for Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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16
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Kremsmair A, Hess A, Heinz B, Knochel P. Regioselective Magnesiations and Zincations of Aromatics and Heterocycles Triggered by Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103269. [PMID: 34704653 PMCID: PMC9300163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed TMP‐bases (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl), such as TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, TMP2Mg ⋅ 2LiCl, TMPZnCl ⋅ LiCl and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2LiCl, are outstanding reagents for the metalation of functionalized aromatics and heterocycles. In the presence of Lewis acids, such as BF3 ⋅ OEt2 or MgCl2, the metalation scope of such bases was dramatically increased, and regioselectivity switches were achieved in the presence or absence of these Lewis acids. Furthermore, highly reactive lithium bases, such as TMPLi or Cy2NLi, are also compatible with various Lewis acids, such as MgCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl, ZnCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl or CuCN ⋅ 2LiCl. Performing such metalations in continuous flow using commercial setups permitted practical and convenient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharamzie, GERMANY
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
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17
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Kremsmair A, Harenberg JH, Schwärzer K, Hess A, Knochel P. Preparation and reactions of polyfunctional magnesium and zinc organometallics in organic synthesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6011-6019. [PMID: 33995997 PMCID: PMC8098701 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyfunctional organometallics of magnesium and zinc are readily prepared from organic halides via a direct metal insertion in the presence of LiCl or a Br/Mg-exchange using iPrMgCl·LiCl (turbo-Grignard) or related reagents. Alternatively, such functionalized organometallics are prepared by metalations with TMP-bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl). The scope of these methods is described as well as applications in new Co- or Fe-catalyzed cross-couplings or aminations. It is shown that the use of a continous flow set-up considerably expands the field of applications of these methods and further allows the preparation of highly reactive organosodium reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Johannes H Harenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Kuno Schwärzer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilans-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Germany
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18
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Garçon M, Mun NW, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Palladium-Catalysed C-H Bond Zincation of Arenes: Scope, Mechanism, and the Role of Heterometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6145-6153. [PMID: 33275830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic methods that transform C-H bonds into C-X bonds are of paramount importance in synthesis. A particular focus has been the generation of organoboranes, organosilanes and organostannanes from simple hydrocarbons (X=B, Si, Sn). Despite the importance of organozinc compounds (X=Zn), their synthesis by the catalytic functionalisation of C-H bonds remains unknown. Herein, we show that a palladium catalyst and zinc hydride reagent can be used to transform C-H bonds into C-Zn bonds. The new catalytic C-H zincation protocol has been applied to a variety of arenes-including fluoroarenes, heteroarenes, and benzene-with high chemo- and regioselectivity. A mechanistic study shows that heterometallic Pd-Zn complexes play a key role in catalysis. The conclusions of this work are twofold; the first is that valuable organozinc compounds are finally accessible by catalytic C-H functionalisation, the second is that heterometallic complexes are intimately involved in bond-making and bond-breaking steps of C-H functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Garçon
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Nicolette Wee Mun
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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19
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Garçon M, Mun NW, White AJP, Crimmin MR. Palladium‐Catalysed C−H Bond Zincation of Arenes: Scope, Mechanism, and the Role of Heterometallic Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martí Garçon
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Nicolette Wee Mun
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Mark R. Crimmin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush London W12 0BZ UK
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20
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Nishimura RHV, Murie VE, Vessecchi R, Clososki GC. Selective Functionalization of Benzo‐Fused
N
‐Heterocycles by Using In Situ Trapping Metalations. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo H. V. Nishimura
- Núcleo Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo 14090-901 Ribeirão Preto- SP Brazil
| | - Valter E. Murie
- Núcleo Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo 14090-901 Ribeirão Preto- SP Brazil
| | - Giuliano C. Clososki
- Núcleo Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP Brazil
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo 14090-901 Ribeirão Preto- SP Brazil
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21
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site-Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14992-14999. [PMID: 32400069 PMCID: PMC7497272 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of a predictive model towards site-selective deprotometalation reactions using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl is reported (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl). The pKa values of functionalized N-, S-, and O-heterocycles, arenes, alkenes, or alkanes were calculated and compared to the experimental deprotonation sites. Large overlap (>80 %) between the calculated and empirical deprotonation sites was observed, showing that thermodynamic factors strongly govern the metalation regioselectivity. In the case of olefins, calculated frozen state energies of the deprotonated substrates allowed a more accurate prediction. Additionally, various new N-heterocycles were analyzed and the metalation regioselectivities rationalized using the predictive model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) Normal University88, Sec. 4, Tingchow RoadTaipei11677Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5–1381377MunichGermany
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22
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Makarov IS, Yang S, Zipse H, Knochel P. A Predictive Model Towards Site‐Selective Metalations of Functionalized Heterocycles, Arenes, Olefins, and Alkanes using TMPZnCl⋅LiCl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Ilya S. Makarov
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Shu‐Mei Yang
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Tingchow Road Taipei 11677 Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
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23
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Mastropierro P, Livingstone Z, Robertson SD, Kennedy AR, Hevia E. Structurally Mapping Alkyl and Amide Basicity in Zincate Chemistry: Diversity in the Synthesis of Mixed Sodium–Zinc Complexes and Their Applications in Enolate Formation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoe Livingstone
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Robertson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, CH3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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24
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Schwärzer K, Tüllmann CP, Graßl S, Górski B, Brocklehurst CE, Knochel P. Functionalization of 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-Triazoles via Selective Zincation or Magnesiation Using 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidyl Bases. Org Lett 2020; 22:1899-1902. [PMID: 32048510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the metalation of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole scaffolds via regioselective zincation or magnesiation using the TMP bases (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) TMP2Zn·2LiCl, TMP2Zn·2MgCl2·2LiCl, TMPMgCl·LiCl, and TMPZnCl·LiCl under mild conditions in THF. Subsequent trapping with various electrophiles including hydroxylamino benzoates gives access to functionalized heterocycles while tolerating many functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuno Schwärzer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Carl Phillip Tüllmann
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Simon Graßl
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Bartosz Górski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cara E Brocklehurst
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 141 Klybeckstrasse, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377 München, Germany
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25
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Graßl S, Singer J, Knochel P. Iron-Mediated Electrophilic Amination of Organozinc Halides using Organic Azides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:335-338. [PMID: 31599056 PMCID: PMC6972526 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of alkyl‐, aryl‐ and heteroarylzinc halides were aminated with highly functionalized alkyl, aryl, and heterocyclic azides. The reaction proceeds smoothly at 50 °C within 1 h in the presence of FeCl3 (0.5 equiv) to furnish the corresponding secondary amines in good yields. This method was extended to peptidic azides and provided the arylated substrates with full retention of configuration. To demonstrate the utility of this reaction, we prepared two amine derivatives of pharmaceutical relevance using this iron‐mediated electrophilic amination as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Graßl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Johannes Singer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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26
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Graßl S, Singer J, Knochel P. Eisenvermittelte elektrophile Aminierung von Organozink‐Halogeniden mit organischen Aziden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Graßl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Johannes Singer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department Chemie Butenandtstraße 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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27
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Shigeno M, Nakaji K, Kajima A, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. Deprotonative Coupling of Pyridines with Aldehydes Catalyzed by an HMDS-Amide Base Generated in Situ. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:1179-1182. [PMID: 31685747 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the deprotonative functionalization of pyridine derivatives with aldehydes under ambient conditions has been demonstrated using an amide base generated in situ from a catalytic amount of CsF and a stoichiometric amount of tris(trimethylsilyl)amine (N(TMS)3). Pyridine substrates bearing two electron-withdrawing substituents (i.e., fluoro, chloro, bromo, and trifluoromethyl moieties) at the 3- and 5-positions efficiently react at the 4-position with various aldehydes including arylaldehydes, pivalaldehyde, and cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kunihito Nakaji
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Akihisa Kajima
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University
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28
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Abdulla HO, Amin AA, Raviola C, Opatz T, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Smooth Metal-Free Photoinduced Preparation of Valuable 8-Arylxanthines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Havall Othman Abdulla
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
- Chemistry Department; College of Science; Salahaddin University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Ahmed A. Amin
- Chemistry Department; College of Education; Salahaddin University; Erbil Iraq
| | - Carlotta Raviola
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; College of Education; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of Pavia; Viale Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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29
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Lenz T, Ebeling M, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis‐Säure‐dirigierte regioselektive Metallierungen an Pyridazin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Harish Jangra
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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30
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Lenz T, Ebeling M, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis Acid Directed Regioselective Metalations of Pyridazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9244-9247. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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31
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Bouarfa S, Graßl S, Ivanova M, Langlais T, Bentabed-Ababsa G, Lassagne F, Erb W, Roisnel T, Dorcet V, Knochel P, Mongin F. Copper- and Cobalt-Catalyzed Syntheses of Thiophene-Based Tertiary Amines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Bouarfa
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée; Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées; Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella; BP 1524 El M′Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Simon Graßl
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Timothy Langlais
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Ghenia Bentabed-Ababsa
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Appliquée; Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Appliquées; Université Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella; BP 1524 El M′Naouer 31000 Oran Algeria
| | - Frédéric Lassagne
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - William Erb
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Vincent Dorcet
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Florence Mongin
- CNRS; ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226; Univ Rennes; 35000 Rennes France
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32
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Robertson SD, Uzelac M, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal-Mediated Synergistic Effects in Polar Main Group Organometallic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8332-8405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Robertson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
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33
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Recent applications of magnesium- and Zinc-TMP amides in the synthesis of bioactive targets. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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34
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Li J, Tan E, Keller N, Chen YH, Zehetmaier PM, Jakowetz AC, Bein T, Knochel P. Cobalt-Catalyzed Electrophilic Aminations with Anthranils: An Expedient Route to Condensed Quinolines. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 141:98-103. [PMID: 30558415 PMCID: PMC6400427 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
reaction of various organozinc pivalates with anthranils provides
anilines derivatives, which cyclize under acidic conditions providing
condensed quinolines. Using alkenylzinc pivalates, electron-rich arylzinc
pivalates or heterocyclic zinc pivalates produces directly the condensed
quinolines of which several structures belong to new heterocyclic
scaffolds. These N-heterocycles are of particular interest for organic
light emitting diodes with their high photoluminescence quantum yields
and long exciton lifetimes as well as for hole-transporting materials
in methylammonium lead iodide perovskites solar cells due to an optimal
band alignment for holes and a large bandgap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany.,School of Pharmaceutical Science , Jiangnan University , Lihu Road 1800 , 214122 Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Eric Tan
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Peter M Zehetmaier
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas C Jakowetz
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F , 81377 Munich , Germany
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35
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Gandeepan P, Müller T, Zell D, Cera G, Warratz S, Ackermann L. 3d Transition Metals for C-H Activation. Chem Rev 2018; 119:2192-2452. [PMID: 30480438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1402] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
C-H activation has surfaced as an increasingly powerful tool for molecular sciences, with notable applications to material sciences, crop protection, drug discovery, and pharmaceutical industries, among others. Despite major advances, the vast majority of these C-H functionalizations required precious 4d or 5d transition metal catalysts. Given the cost-effective and sustainable nature of earth-abundant first row transition metals, the development of less toxic, inexpensive 3d metal catalysts for C-H activation has gained considerable recent momentum as a significantly more environmentally-benign and economically-attractive alternative. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on first row transition metal catalysts for C-H activation until summer 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Gandeepan
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Daniel Zell
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen , Tammannstraße 2 , 37077 Göttingen , Germany
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36
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Uzelac M, Kennedy AR, Hevia E, Mulvey RE. Transforming LiTMP Lithiation of Challenging Diazines through Gallium Alkyl Trans-Metal-Trapping. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 55:13147-13150. [PMID: 27647741 PMCID: PMC5113679 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study establishes a new trans‐metal‐trapping (TMT) procedure based on a mixture of LiTMP (the base) and tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)gallium [Ga(CH2SiMe3)3, GaR3] (the trap) that, operating in a tandem manner, is effective for the regioselective deprotonation of sensitive diazines in hydrocarbon solution, as illustrated through reactions of pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, as well as through the N‐S heterocycle benzothiazole. The metallo‐activated complexes of all of these compounds were isolated and structurally defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Uzelac
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Eva Hevia
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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37
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Yan Y, Xu X, Jie X, Cheng J, Bai R, Shuai Q, Xie Y. Selective and facile synthesis of α,β-unsaturated nitriles and amides with N-hydroxyphthalimide as the nitrogen source. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Otsuka S, Yorimitsu H. Synthesis of 4-aryl- and 4-acyl-1,3-dithiole-2-thiones via deprotonative zincation of 1,3-dithiole-2-thione. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Otsuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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39
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Nishinaga S, Mori H, Nishihara Y. Synthesis and Transistor Application of Bis[1]benzothieno[6,7-d:6′,7′-d′]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophenes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:5506-5515. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Nishinaga
- Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroki Mori
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nishihara
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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40
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Cobalt-Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Aryl- and Heteroarylzinc Pivalates with N
-Hydroxylamine Benzoates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:1108-1111. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Chen YH, Graßl S, Knochel P. Cobalt-katalysierte elektrophile Aminierung von Aryl- und Heteroarylzinkpivalaten mit N
-Hydroxylaminbenzoaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Chen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Simon Graßl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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42
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Bulfield D, Huber SM. Synthesis of Polyflourinated Biphenyls; Pushing the Boundaries of Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling with Electron-Poor Substrates. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13188-13203. [PMID: 29156885 PMCID: PMC5746848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Polyfluorinated biphenyls
are interesting and promising substrates
for many different applications. Unfortunately, all current methods
for the syntheses of these compounds only work for a hand full of
molecules or only in very special cases. Thus, many of these compounds
are still inaccessible to date. Here we report a general strategy
for the synthesis of a wide range of highly fluorinated biphenyls.
In our studies we investigated crucial parameters, such as different
phosphine ligands and the influence of various nucleophiles and electrophiles
with different degrees of fluorination. These results extend the scope
of the already very versatile Suzuki–Miyaura reaction toward
the synthesis of very electron-poor products, making these more readily
accessible. The presented methodology is scalable and versatile without
the need for elaborate phosphine ligands or Pd-precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bulfield
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan M Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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43
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Bozzini LA, Batista JH, de Mello MB, Vessecchi R, Clososki GC. Selective functionalization of cyano-phenyl-2-oxazolines using TMPMgCl·LiCl. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Fused Systems Based on 2-Aminopyrimidines: Synthesis Combining Deprotolithiation-in situ Zincation withN-Arylation Reactions and Biological Properties. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Yang X, Fleming FF. C- and N-Metalated Nitriles: The Relationship between Structure and Selectivity. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2556-2568. [PMID: 28930437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are exceptional nucleophiles capable of forging highly hindered stereocenters in cases where enolates are unreactive. The excellent nucleophilicity emanates from the powerful inductive stabilization of adjacent negative charge by the nitrile, which has a miniscule steric demand. Inductive stabilization is the key to understanding the reactivity of metalated nitriles because this permits a continuum of structures that range from N-metalated ketenimines to nitrile anions. Solution and solid-state analyses reveal two different metal coordination sites, the formally anionic carbon and the nitrile nitrogen, with the site of metalation depending intimately on the solvent, counterion, temperature, and ligands. The most commonly encountered structures, C- and N-metalated nitriles, have either sp3 or sp2 hybridization at the nucleophilic carbon, which essentially translates into two distinct organometallic species with similar but nonidentical stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, and reactivity preferences. The hybridization differences are particularly important in SNi displacements of cyclic nitriles because the orbital orientations create very precise trajectories that control the cyclization selectivity. Harnessing the orbital differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles allows selective cyclization to afford nitrile-containing cis- or trans-hydrindanes, decalins, or bicyclo[5.4.0]undecanes. Similar orbital constraints favor preferential SNi displacements with allylic electrophiles on sp3 centers over sp2 centers. The strategy permits stereoselective displacements on secondary centers to set contiguous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters or even contiguous vicinal quaternary centers. Stereoselective alkylations of acyclic nitriles are inherently more challenging because of the difficulty in creating steric differentiation in a dynamic system with rotatable bonds. However, judicious substituent placement of vicinal dimethyl groups and a trisubstituted alkene sufficiently constrains C- and N-metalated nitriles to install quaternary stereocenters with excellent 1,2-induction. The structural differences between C- and N-metalated nitriles permit a rare series of chemoselective alkylations with bifunctional electrophiles. C-Magnesiated nitriles preferentially react with carbonyl electrophiles, whereas N-lithiated nitriles favor SN2 displacement of alkyl halides. The chemoselective alkylations potentially provide a strategy for late-stage alkylations of polyfunctional electrophiles en route to bioactive targets. In this Account, the bonding of metalated nitriles is summarized as a prelude to the different strategies for selectively preparing C- and N-metalated nitriles. With this background, the Account then transitions to applications in which C- or N-metalated nitriles allow complementary diastereoselectivity in alkylations and arylations, and regioselective alkylations and arylations, with acyclic and cyclic nitriles. In the latter sections, a series of regiodivergent cyclizations are described that provide access to cis- and trans-hydrindanes and decalins, structural motifs embedded within a plethora of natural products. The last section describes chemoselective alkylations and acylations of C- and N-metalated nitriles that offer the tantalizing possibility of selectively manipulating functional groups in bioactive medicinal leads without recourse to protecting groups. Collectively, the unusual reactivity profiles of C- and N-metalated nitriles provide new strategies for rapidly and selectively accessing valuable synthetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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46
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Balkenhohl M, Greiner R, Makarov IS, Heinz B, Karaghiosoff K, Zipse H, Knochel P. Zn-, Mg-, and Li-TMP Bases for the Successive Regioselective Metalations of the 1,5-Naphthyridine Scaffold (TMP=2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidyl). Chemistry 2017; 23:13046-13050. [PMID: 28777497 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of successive regioselective metalations and functionalizations of the 1,5-naphthyridine scaffold are described. A combination of Zn-, Mg-, and Li-TMP (TMP=2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) bases and the presence or absence of a Lewis acid (BF3 ⋅OEt2 ) allows the introduction of up to three substituents to the 1,5-naphthyridine core. Also, a novel "halogen dance" reaction was discovered upon metalation of an 8-iodo-2,4-trifunctionalized 1,5-naphthyridine allowing a fourth regioselective functionalization. Additionally, reactions leading to key 1,5-naphthyridines for the preparation of OLED materials and a potential antibacterial agent were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Robert Greiner
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Ilya S Makarov
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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47
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Dalziel ME, Chen P, Carrera DE, Zhang H, Gosselin F. Highly Diastereoselective α-Arylation of Cyclic Nitriles. Org Lett 2017; 19:3446-3449. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Dalziel
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Penghao Chen
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Diane E. Carrera
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule
Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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48
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Abstract
Azines, which are six-membered aromatic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms, serve as ubiquitous structural cores of aromatic species with important applications in biological and materials sciences. Among a variety of synthetic approaches toward azines, C-H functionalization represents the most rapid and atom-economical transformation, and it is advantageous for the late-stage functionalization of azine-containing functional molecules. Since azines have several C-H bonds with different reactivities, the development of new reactions that allow for the functionalization of azines in a regioselective fashion has comprised a central issue. This review describes recent advances in the C-H functionalization of azines categorized as follows: (1) SNAr reactions, (2) radical reactions, (3) deprotonation/functionalization, and (4) metal-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Murakami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shuya Yamada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneda
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Graduate School of Science, and ‡JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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49
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Chen YH, Ellwart M, Toupalas G, Ebe Y, Knochel P. Herstellung und Anwendung von festen, salzstabilisierten Zinkamidenolaten mit verbesserter Luftstabilität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Chen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Mario Ellwart
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Georgios Toupalas
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Yusuke Ebe
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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50
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Klier L, Ziegler DS, Rahimoff R, Mosrin M, Knochel P. Practical Large-Scale Regioselective Zincation of Chromone Using TMPZnCl·LiCl Triggered by the Presence or Absence of MgCl2. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Klier
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Dorothée S. Ziegler
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - René Rahimoff
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marc Mosrin
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
- Research & Development, Crop Science, Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, Building 6550, 2.08, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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