1
|
Ji L, Shi J, Wei J, Yu T, Huang W. Air-Stable Organic Radicals: New-Generation Materials for Flexible Electronics? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908015. [PMID: 32583945 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, air-stable organic radicals and radical polymers have attracted tremendous attention due to their outstanding performance in flexible electronic devices, including transistors, batteries, light-emitting diodes, thermoelectric and photothermal conversion devices, and among many others. The main issue of radicals from laboratory studies to real-world applications is that the number of known air-stable radicals is very limited, and the radicals that have been used as materials are even less. Here, the known and newly developed air-stable organic radicals are summarized, generalizing the way of observing air-stable radicals. The special electric and photophysical properties of organic radicals and radical polymers are interpreted, which give radicals a wide scope for various of potential applications. Finally, the exciting applications of radicals that have been achieved in flexible electronic devices are summarized. The aim herein is to highlight the recent achievements in radicals in chemistry, materials science, and flexible electronics, and further bridge the gap between these three disciplines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Junqing Shi
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Juan Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shukla J, Kumar S, Rustam, Mukhopadhyay P. Synthesis of Stable, High-SOMO Zwitterionic Radicals: Enabling Intermolecular Electron Transfer between Naphthalenediimides. Org Lett 2020; 22:6229-6233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shukla
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sharvan Kumar
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rustam
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pritam Mukhopadhyay
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mondal S, Maity S, Ghosh P. A Redox-Active Cascade Precursor: Isolation of a Zwitterionic Triphenylphosphonio-Hydrazyl Radical and an Indazolo-Indazole Derivative. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:8878-8888. [PMID: 28696110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A redox-active [ML] unit (M = CoII and MnII; LH2 = N'-(1,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzohydrazide) defined as a cascade precursor that undergoes a multicomponent redox reaction comprising of a C-N bond formation, tautomerization, oxidation, C-C coupling, demetalation, and affording 6,14-dibenzoylbenzo[f]benzo[5,6]indazolo[3a,3-c]indazole-5,8,13,16-tetraone (IndL2) is reported. Conversion of LH2 → IndL2 in air is overall a (6H++6e) oxidation reaction, and it opens a route for the syntheses of bioactive diarylindazolo[3a,3-c]indazole derivatives. The reaction occurs via a radical coupling reaction, and the radical intermediate was isolated as a triphenylphosphonio adduct. In presence of PPh3 the [ML] unit promotes a reaction that involves a C-P bond formation, tautomerization, and oxidation to yield a stable zwitterionic triphenylphosphonio-hydrazyl radical (PPh3L±•). Conversion of LH2 → PPh3L±• is a (3H++3e) oxidation reaction. To authenticate the [ML] unit, in addition to the IndL2, a zinc(II) complex, [(L3)ZnII(H2O)Cl]·2MeOH (1·2MeOH), was successfully isolated (L3H = a pyridazine derivative of 1,4 naphthoquinone) from a reaction of LH2 with hydrated ZnCl2. Conversion of 3LH2 → 1 is also a multicomponent (6H++6e) oxidation reaction promoted by zinc(II) ion via a radical intermediate. Facile oxidation of [L2-] to [L•-] that was considered as an intermediate of these conversions was confirmed by isolating a 1,4 naphthoquinone-benzhydrazyl radical (LH•) complex, [(LH•)ZnII(H2O)Cl2] (2H•). The intermediates of LH2 → IndL2, LH2 → PPh3L±•, and 3LH2 → 1 conversions were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The molecular and electronic structures of PPh3L±•, IndL2, 1·2MeOH, and 2H• were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Suvendu Maity
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur , Kolkata 103, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Molčanov K, Babić D, Kojić-Prodić B, Stare J, Maltar-Strmečki N, Androš L. Spin-coupling in dimers of 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichlorosemiquinone radical anions in the crystalline state. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2014; 70:181-190. [PMID: 24441141 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520613027170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A crystal engineering approach is used to stabilize a radical anion in the crystalline state and to modulate the separation distance within π-stacks of anion radicals. Alkali metal salts of 2,3-dicyano-5,6-dichlorosemiquinone (C8Cl2N2O2, DDQ∙- radical anions were prepared and their crystal structures determined: LiDDQ·2H2O·(CH3)2CO, RbDDQ·2H2O and CsDDQ·2H2O. In these structures, stacked dimers of radical anions are formed within π-stacked columns. Within the stacked dimers, interplanar separation distances are significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii for two C atoms; the shortest is 2.812 Å for the Li salt and the longest is 2.925 Å for the Cs salt. Diamagnetic character, observed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, indicates spin-coupling of the unpaired electrons within the radical anion dimer. The electron-rich cyano substituents on DDQ∙- influence the electron redistribution within the ring skeleton. The crystalline compounds are also characterized by IR spectroscopy, complemented by quantum-chemical calculations based on both isolated and periodic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darko Babić
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Jernej Stare
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Lidija Androš
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grilj J, Todorova TK, Yi C, Liu SX, Vauthey E, Decurtins S. A Spectroscopic and Computational Study of a Photoinduced Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction of a Stable Semiquinone Radical. Chemistry 2012; 18:13605-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
7
|
Guégano X, Hauser J, Liu SX, Decurtins S. 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-hydro-quinone 2,3-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone monohydrate: a quinhydrone-type 1:1 donor-acceptor [D-A] charge-transfer complex. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 67:o2967-8. [PMID: 22219991 PMCID: PMC3247373 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811041377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal structure of the title compound (systematic name: 2,3-dichlorobenzene-1,4-diol 2,3-dichlorocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione monohydrate), C6H4Cl2O2·C6H2Cl2O2·H2O, the 2,3-dichloro-1,4-hydroquinone donor (D) and the 2,3-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone acceptor (A) molecules form alternating stacks along [100]. Their molecular planes [maximum deviations for non-H atoms: 0.0133 (14) (D) and 0.0763 (14) Å (A)] are inclined to one another by 1.45 (3)° and are thus almost parallel. There are π–π interactions involving the D and A molecules, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.5043 (9) and 3.9548 (9) Å. Intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecule and the hydroxy and ketone groups lead to the formation of two-dimensional networks lying parallel to (001). These networks are linked by C—H⋯O interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Guégano
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yi C, Liu SX, Neels A, Renaud P, Decurtins S. Preparation of Zwitterionic Hydroquinone-Fused [1,4]Oxazinium Derivatives via a Photoinduced Intramolecular Dehydrogenative-Coupling Reaction. Org Lett 2009; 11:5530-3. [PMID: 19899755 DOI: 10.1021/ol902355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Yi
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and XRD Application LAB, CSEM Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, Case postale, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shi-Xia Liu
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and XRD Application LAB, CSEM Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, Case postale, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and XRD Application LAB, CSEM Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, Case postale, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and XRD Application LAB, CSEM Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, Case postale, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Decurtins
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and XRD Application LAB, CSEM Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Jaquet-Droz 1, Case postale, CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|