1
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Romanò C, Clausen MH. Chemical Biology of αGalCer: a Chemist’s Toolbox for the Stimulation of Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cells. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romanò
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Department of Chemisty Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
| | - Mads Hartvig Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemistry Kemitorvet, Building 201 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
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2
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Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:197-216. [PMID: 37117529 PMCID: PMC7829660 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modern subunit vaccines based on homogeneous antigens offer more precise targeting and improved safety compared with traditional whole-pathogen vaccines. However, they are also less immunogenic and require an adjuvant to increase the immunogenicity of the antigen and potentiate the immune response. Unfortunately, few adjuvants have sufficient potency and low enough toxicity for clinical use, highlighting the urgent need for new, potent and safe adjuvants. Notably, a number of natural and synthetic carbohydrate structures have been used as adjuvants in clinical trials, and two have recently been approved in human vaccines. However, naturally derived carbohydrate adjuvants are heterogeneous, difficult to obtain and, in some cases, unstable. In addition, their molecular mechanisms of action are generally not fully understood, partly owing to the lack of tools to elucidate their immune-potentiating effects, thus hampering the rational development of optimized adjuvants. To address these challenges, modification of the natural product structure using synthetic chemistry emerges as an attractive approach to develop well-defined, improved carbohydrate-containing adjuvants and chemical probes for mechanistic investigation. This Review describes selected examples of natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based adjuvants and their application in synthetic self-adjuvanting vaccines, while also discussing current understanding of their molecular mechanisms of action.
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3
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Cheng JMH, Chee SH, Dölen Y, Verdoes M, Timmer MSM, Stocker BL. An efficient synthesis of a 6″-BODIPY-α-Galactosylceramide probe for monitoring α-Galactosylceramide uptake by cells. Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107840. [PMID: 31689579 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an efficient synthesis of BODIPY-α-Galactosylceramide 3, which can be used to study the cellular uptake of the potent immunostimulatory parent compound α-Galactosylceramide, is reported. Key in our synthetic strategy is the six-step synthesis of the core BODIPY scaffold (64% yield overall) and its quantitative conversion to an N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester to facilitate conjugation and purification of the target glycolipid. For the preparation of the core of the glycolipid, the solubility of the lipid acceptor proved to be critical. The ability of BODIPY-αGalCer 3 to activate invariant natural killer cells was then demonstrated in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M H Cheng
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie H Chee
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Yusuf Dölen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 26, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mattie S M Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Bridget L Stocker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, 6140, Wellington, New Zealand
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4
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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5
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Inuki S, Aiba T, Hirata N, Ichihara O, Yoshidome D, Kita S, Maenaka K, Fukase K, Fujimoto Y. Isolated Polar Amino Acid Residues Modulate Lipid Binding in the Large Hydrophobic Cavity of CD1d. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:3132-3139. [PMID: 27648599 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The CD1d protein is a nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like protein that controls the activation of natural killer T (NKT) cells through the presentation of self- and foreign-lipid ligands, glycolipids, or phospholipids, leading to the secretion of various cytokines. The CD1d contains a large hydrophobic lipid binding pocket: the A' pocket of CD1d, which recognizes hydrophobic moieties of the ligands, such as long fatty acyl chains. Although lipid-protein interactions typically rely on hydrophobic interactions between lipid chains and the hydrophobic sites of proteins, we showed that the small polar regions located deep inside the hydrophobic A' pocket could be used for the modulation of the lipid binding. A series of the ligands, α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer) derivatives containing polar groups in the acyl chain, was synthesized, and the structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that simple modification from a methylene to an amide group in the long fatty acyl chain, when introduced at optimal positions, enhanced the CD1d recognition of the glycolipid ligands. Formation of hydrogen bonds between the amide group and the polar residues was supported by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and WaterMap calculations. The computational studies suggest that localized hydrating water molecules may play an important role in the ligand recognition. Here, the results showed that confined polar residues in the large hydrophobic lipid binding pockets of the proteins could be potential targets to modulate the affinity for its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aiba
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hirata
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Osamu Ichihara
- Schrödinger K. K., 17F Marunouchi
Trust Tower North, 1-8-1 Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshidome
- Schrödinger K. K., 17F Marunouchi
Trust Tower North, 1-8-1 Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kita
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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6
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Robertson FC, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. NKT cell networks in the regulation of tumor immunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:543. [PMID: 25389427 PMCID: PMC4211539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells lie at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are important mediators of immune responses and tumor immunosurveillance. These NKT cells uniquely recognize lipid antigens, and their rapid yet specific reactions influence both innate and adaptive immunity. In tumor immunity, two NKT subsets (type I and type II) have contrasting roles in which they not only cross-regulate one another, but also impact innate immune cell populations, including natural killer, dendritic, and myeloid lineage cells, as well as adaptive populations, especially CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The extent to which NKT cells promote or suppress surrounding cells affects the host’s ability to prevent neoplasia and is consequently of great interest for therapeutic development. Data have shown the potential for therapeutic use of NKT cell agonists and synergy with immune response modifiers in both pre-clinical studies and preliminary clinical studies. However, there is room to improve treatment efficacy by further elucidating the biological mechanisms underlying NKT cell networks. Here, we discuss the progress made in understanding NKT cell networks, their consequent role in the regulation of tumor immunity, and the potential to exploit that knowledge in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith C Robertson
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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7
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Stocker BL, Timmer MS. Trehalose diesters, lipoteichoic acids and α-GalCer: using chemistry to understand immunology. Carbohydr Res 2014; 389:3-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Stocker BL, Timmer MSM. Chemical Tools for Studying the Biological Function of Glycolipids. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Jervis P, Polzella P, Wojno J, Jukes JP, Ghadbane H, Garcia
Diaz YR, Besra GS, Cerundolo V, Cox LR. Design, synthesis, and functional activity of labeled CD1d glycolipid agonists. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:586-94. [PMID: 23458425 PMCID: PMC3630740 DOI: 10.1021/bc300556e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are restricted by CD1d molecules and activated upon CD1d-mediated presentation of glycolipids to T cell receptors (TCRs) located on the surface of the cell. Because the cytokine response profile is governed by the structure of the glycolipid, we sought a method for labeling various glycolipids to study their in vivo behavior. The prototypical CD1d agonist, α-galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer) 1, instigates a powerful immune response and the generation of a wide range of cytokines when it is presented to iNKT cell TCRs by CD1d molecules. Analysis of crystal structures of the TCR-α-GalCer-CD1d ternary complex identified the α-methylene unit in the fatty acid side chain, and more specifically the pro-S hydrogen at this position, as a site for incorporating a label. We postulated that modifying the glycolipid in this way would exert a minimal impact on the TCR-glycolipid-CD1d ternary complex, allowing the labeled molecule to function as a good mimic for the CD1d agonist under investigation. To test this hypothesis, the synthesis of a biotinylated version of the CD1d agonist threitol ceramide (ThrCer) was targeted. Both diastereoisomers, epimeric at the label tethering site, were prepared, and functional experiments confirmed the importance of substituting the pro-S, and not the pro-R, hydrogen with the label for optimal activity. Significantly, functional experiments revealed that biotinylated ThrCer (S)-10 displayed behavior comparable to that of ThrCer 5 itself and also confirmed that the biotin residue is available for streptavidin and antibiotin antibody recognition. A second CD1d agonist, namely α-GalCer C20:2 4, was modified in a similar way, this time with a fluorescent label. The labeled α-GalCer C20:2 analogue (11) again displayed functional behavior comparable to that of its unlabeled substrate, supporting the notion that the α-methylene unit in the fatty acid amide chain should be a suitable site for attaching a label to a range of CD1d agonists. The flexibility of the synthetic strategy, and late-stage incorporation of the label, opens up the possibility of using this labeling approach to study the in vivo behavior of a wide range of CD1d agonists.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1d/drug effects
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/immunology
- Drug Design
- Galactosylceramides/chemistry
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Natural Killer T-Cells/chemistry
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter
J. Jervis
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Paolo Polzella
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Justyna Wojno
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - John-Paul Jukes
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Hemza Ghadbane
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Yoel R. Garcia
Diaz
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research
Council Human
Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute
of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, U.K
| | - Liam R. Cox
- School of Chemistry, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15
2TT, U.K
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10
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Structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycosphingolipids that stimulate natural killer T-cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1055-67. [PMID: 22790924 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
KRN7000, an anticancer drug candidate developed by Kirin Brewery Co. in 1995, is an α-galactosyl ceramide. It is a ligand making a complex with CD1d protein, and it stimulates invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, which are one of the lineages of immunocytes. NKT cells activated by recognition of the CD1d/KRN7000 complex with its invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) can induce both protective and regulatory immune responses. To determine the recognition and activation mechanisms of NKT cells and to develop drug candidates more effective than KRN7000, a large number of analogs of KRN7000 have been synthesized. Some of them show potent bioactivities and have the potential of being utilized as therapeutic agents. In this review, structure-activity relationship studies of novel glycolipids which stimulate NKT cells efficiently are summarized.
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11
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An improved synthesis of dansylated α-galactosylceramide and its use as a fluorescent probe for the monitoring of glycolipid uptake by cells. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:914-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Banchet-Cadeddu A, Hénon E, Dauchez M, Renault JH, Monneaux F, Haudrechy A. The stimulating adventure of KRN 7000. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3080-104. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00975j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Murphy N, Zhu X, Schmidt RR. α-Galactosylceramides and analogues – important immunomodulators for use as vaccine adjuvants. CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849730891-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Murphy
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Xiangming Zhu
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Richard R. Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz Fach M 725 D-78457 Konstanz Germany
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14
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Tashiro T, Mori K. Fifteen Years since the Development of KRN7000 – Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Novel Glycosphingolipids Which Stimulate Natural Killer T Cells. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2010. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.22.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Nakaya M, Hashimoto M, Nakagawa R, Wakabayashi Y, Ishizaki T, Takada I, Komai K, Yoshida H, Yoshimura A. SOCS3 in T and NKT Cells Negatively Regulates Cytokine Production and Ameliorates ConA-Induced Hepatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7047-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Ebensen T, Guzmán CA. Immune modulators with defined molecular targets: cornerstone to optimize rational vaccine design. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 655:171-88. [PMID: 20047042 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most valuable tool for preventing infectious diseases. However, the performance of many existing vaccines should be improved and there are diseases for which vaccines are still not available. The use of well-defined antigens for the generation of subunit vaccines has led to products with an improved safety profile. However, purified antigens are usually poorly immunogenic, making essential the use of adjuvants. Despite the fact that adjuvants have been used to increase the immunogenicity of vaccines for more than 70 years, only a handful has been licensed for human use (e.g., aluminium salts, the micro-fluidized squalene-in-water emulsion MF59 and monophosphoryl lipid A). Thus, the development of new adjuvants which are able to promote broad and sustained immune responses at systemic and mucosal levels still remains as a major challenge in vaccinology. Recent advances in our understanding of the immune system have facilitated the identification of new biological targets for screening programs aimed at the discovery of novel immune stimulators. This resulted in the identification of new candidate adjuvants, which made possible the modulation of the immune responses elicited according to specific needs. A number of promising adjuvants which are currently under preclinical or clinical development will be described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Micobiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Abstract
The immunostimulant activity of alpha-galactosylceramides provided the impetus for the research described here. The activity was first discovered via screening of extracts of a marine sponge. The active materials purified from the extracts were alpha-O-galactosylceramides. The work described herein focuses on syntheses of alpha-C-galactosylceramides. Crucial methodologies for the syntheses were (i) Ramberg-Bäcklund reaction, (ii) modified Julia olefination, (iii) olefin cross-metathesis, and (iv) Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation in four independent routes. The immunostimulant activity of the synthetic alpha-C-galactosylceramide far surpasses that of the O-galactosyl material. A discussion of the reasons for the difference in activity is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Franck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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18
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Luo SY, Kulkarni SS, Chou CH, Liao WM, Hung SC. A concise synthesis of tetrahydroxy-LCB, alpha-galactosyl ceramide, and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-ribitol via D-allosamines as key building blocks. J Org Chem 2006; 71:1226-9. [PMID: 16438541 DOI: 10.1021/jo051518u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of tetrahydroxy-LCB 1, alpha-galactosyl ceramide 2, and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-ribitol 3 via D-allosamine derivatives as common synthons are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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19
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20
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Xing GW, Wu D, Poles MA, Horowitz A, Tsuji M, Ho DD, Wong CH. Synthesis and human NKT cell stimulating properties of 3-O-sulfo-alpha/beta-galactosylceramides. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2907-16. [PMID: 15781400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two novel hybrid molecules 3-O-sulfo-alpha/beta-galactosylceramide 3 and 4, which are derived from an immunostimulatory agent alpha-GalCer 1 and self-glycolipid ligand sulfatide 2, were designed and synthesized. Compound 3 was shown to efficiently stimulate human NKT cells to secret IL-4 and IFN-gamma, with activities similar to 1, suggesting that modification of the 3''-OH position of the galactose moiety with sulfate has no significant effect on NKT cell stimulation. As a comparison, the beta-isomer 4 has no affinity to NKT cells, which demonstrates that the alpha-glycosidic bond of galactosylceramide is crucial to the NKT cells activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wen Xing
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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21
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Vo-Hoang Y, Micouin L, Ronet C, Gachelin G, Bonin M. Total enantioselective synthesis and in vivo biological evaluation of a novel fluorescent BODIPY alpha-galactosylceramide. Chembiochem 2003; 4:27-33. [PMID: 12512073 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200390009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of mature lymphocytes endowed with features of activated and regulatory T cells. alpha-Galactosylceramides (alpha-GalCers), the synthetic prototype of which is KRN7000, are the only natural reagents recognised by the T-cell receptor of NKT cells. The alpha-GalCer-activated NKT cells promptly release IFN gamma and IL-4 (IFN=interferon; IL=interleukin) and undergo apoptotic death within hours. In mice, activated NKT cells are responsible for antitumour activity and protection against autoimmune diseases. KRN7000 can thus be considered as the root of a family of novel immunoregulatory drugs. To get insights into the in vivo behaviour of alpha-galactosylceramides, an original fluorescent derivative has been prepared by following a convergent synthetic scheme. This strategy allows the introduction of different acyl chains, carbohydrate residues and various labels in the final steps of the synthesis. The fluorescent BODIPY probe derived from a versatile glycolipid precursor is as active as KRN7000 for inducing apoptosis of liver NKT cells. Fluorescence was detected in peritoneal macrophages and splenic antigen-presenting cells, in Kupffer-like cells in the liver, but not in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Vo-Hoang
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, UMR 8638 associée au CNRS et à l'Université René Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4 avenue de l'observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France
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22
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Zhou XT, Forestier C, Goff RD, Li C, Teyton L, Bendelac A, Savage PB. Synthesis and NKT cell stimulating properties of fluorophore- and biotin-appended 6"-amino-6"-deoxy-galactosylceramides. Org Lett 2002; 4:1267-70. [PMID: 11950339 DOI: 10.1021/ol025565+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-galactosylceramides are potent stimulators of human T cells. Stimulation occurs through binding of the glycolipids by CD1d, presentation to T cells, and formation of a CD1d-glycolipid-T cell receptor complex. To facilitate the elucidation of the structural features of glycolipids necessary for T cell stimulation, alpha-galactosylceramides have been prepared with small molecules appended at the C6 position of the sugar. The appended molecules do not significantly influence the abilities of the glycolipids to stimulate T cells. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ti Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Chang YT, Choi J, Ding S, Prieschl EE, Baumruker T, Lee JM, Chung SK, Schultz PG. The synthesis and biological characterization of a ceramide library. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1856-7. [PMID: 11866590 DOI: 10.1021/ja017576o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthesis of a combinatorial ceramide library and their activities in the NF-kappaB pathway and in apoptosis induction/prevention were demonstrated. A novel NF-kappaB activating molecule was discovered among ceramide containing beta-galactose, and the structural requirements of ceramides for apoptosis induction was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, San Diego, California 92037, USA
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24
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Polymer-bound N-hydroxysuccinimide as a solid-supported additive for DCC-mediated peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Albeiicio F, Chinchilla R, Dodsworth DJ, Nájera C. NEW TRENDS IN PEPTIDE COUPLING REAGENTS. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940109356592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Gege C, Oscarson S, Schmidt RR. Synthesis of fluorescence labeled sialyl LewisX glycosphingolipids. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01995-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Saubermann LJ, Beck P, De Jong YP, Pitman RS, Ryan MS, Kim HS, Exley M, Snapper S, Balk SP, Hagen SJ, Kanauchi O, Motoki K, Sakai T, Terhorst C, Koezuka Y, Podolsky DK, Blumberg RS. Activation of natural killer T cells by alpha-galactosylceramide in the presence of CD1d provides protection against colitis in mice. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:119-28. [PMID: 10889161 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD1d is a major histocompatibility complex class I-like molecule that presents glycolipid antigens to a subset of natural killer (NK)1.1(+) T cells. These NK T cells exhibit important immunoregulatory functions in several autoimmune disease models. METHODS To investigate whether CD1d and NK T cells have a similar role in intestinal inflammation, the effects of the glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis were examined. Wild-type (WT), CD1d(-/-), and RAG(-/-) mice were examined for their response to either alpha-GalCer or the control analogue, alpha-mannosylceramide (alpha-ManCer). RESULTS WT mice, but not CD1d(-/-) and RAG(-/-) mice, receiving alpha-GalCer had a significant improvement in DSS-induced colitis based on body weight, bleeding, diarrhea, and survival when compared with those receiving alpha-ManCer. Elimination of NK T cells through antibody-mediated depletion resulted in a reduction of the effect of alpha-GalCer. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of NK T cells preactivated by alpha-GalCer, but not alpha-ManCer, resulted in diminished colitis. Using a fluorescent-labeled analogue of alpha-GalCer, confocal microscopy localized alpha-GalCer to the colonic surface epithelium of WT but not CD1d(-/-) mice, indicating alpha-GalCer binds CD1d in the intestinal epithelium and may be functionally active at this site. CONCLUSIONS These results show an important functional role for NK T cells, activated by alpha-GalCer in a CD1d-restricted manner, in regulating intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Saubermann
- Division of Gastroenterology and the Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Pocsfalvi G, Malorni A, Mancini I, Guella G, Pietra F. Molecular characterization of a highly heterogeneous mixture of glucosylceramides from a deep-water Mediterranean scleractinian coral Dendrophyllia cornigera. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:2247-2259. [PMID: 11114036 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001215)14:23<2247::aid-rcm159>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the structural characterization of a highly heterogeneous mixture of glucosylceramides (GlcCers) isolated from a deep-water Mediterranian dendrophylliid coral, Dendrophyllia cornigera. The neutral glycosphingolipid (GSL) components of the coral were separated into three HPLC fractions which were structurally characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). NMR analysis revealed a beta-glucosylpyranose, a methyl branched conjugated sphingadienine and alpha-hydroxy fatty acid moieties characteristic for the species. Molecular mass distributions of the HPLC fractions were monitored using single-stage MS. At least 17 different GlcCer constituents with variable long-chain base and fatty acid residues were observed based on the molecular ion peaks in the liquid secondary ion (LSI) survey spectra. Structures of the individual components were revealed by product ion spectra of the alkali-cationized molecules ([M + Cat](+)), which resulted in two characteristic fragment ions, F(F) and F(S). Tandem MS of the same fragment ions formed in the ion source showed that F(F) carries the hydoxy fatty acid, while F(S) carries the long-chain sphingoid base, thus providing complementary structural information for the characterization of ceramide composition. Based on the tandem mass spectra of the molecular ions [M + Na](+), 26 different GlcCers of the coral were identified. The ceramide moiety showed heterogeneity in both the sphingoid portion (d18:2, d19:2, d20:2 and d20:3) and the alpha-hydroxy fatty acid chain (h19-h24, either saturated or unsaturated), forming an extremely heterogeneous mixture. The method is generally applicable to the characterization of structurally heterogeneous GlcCer mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pocsfalvi
- Centro Internazionale di Servizi di Spettrometria di Massa, C.N.R., Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, via Roma 52 A-C, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
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