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Queffélec C, Pati PB, Pellegrin Y. Fifty Shades of Phenanthroline: Synthesis Strategies to Functionalize 1,10-Phenanthroline in All Positions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6700-6902. [PMID: 38747613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) is one of the most popular ligands ever used in coordination chemistry due to its strong affinity for a wide range of metals with various oxidation states. Its polyaromatic structure provides robustness and rigidity, leading to intriguing features in numerous fields (luminescent coordination scaffolds, catalysis, supramolecular chemistry, sensors, theranostics, etc.). Importantly, phen offers eight distinct positions for functional groups to be attached, showcasing remarkable versatility for such a simple ligand. As a result, phen has become a landmark molecule for coordination chemists, serving as a must-use ligand and a versatile platform for designing polyfunctional arrays. The extensive use of substituted phenanthroline ligands with different metal ions has resulted in a diverse array of complexes tailored for numerous applications. For instance, these complexes have been utilized as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells, as luminescent probes modified with antibodies for biomaterials, and in the creation of elegant supramolecular architectures like rotaxanes and catenanes, exemplified by Sauvage's Nobel Prize-winning work in 2016. In summary, phen has found applications in almost every facet of chemistry. An intriguing aspect of phen is the specific reactivity of each pair of carbon atoms ([2,9], [3,8], [4,7], and [5,6]), enabling the functionalization of each pair with different groups and leading to polyfunctional arrays. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate each position in these pairs, resulting in non-symmetrical systems with tremendous versatility. In this Review, the authors aim to compile and categorize existing synthetic strategies for the stepwise polyfunctionalization of phen in various positions. This comprehensive toolbox will aid coordination chemists in designing virtually any polyfunctional ligand. The survey will encompass seminal work from the 1950s to the present day. The scope of the Review will be limited to 1,10-phenanthroline, excluding ligands with more intracyclic heteroatoms or fused aromatic cycles. Overall, the primary goal of this Review is to highlight both old and recent synthetic strategies that find applicability in the mentioned applications. By doing so, the authors hope to establish a first reference for phenanthroline synthesis, covering all possible positions on the backbone, and hope to inspire all concerned chemists to devise new strategies that have not yet been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Pellegrin
- Nantes Université, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Arevalo R, López R, Falvello LR, Riera L, Perez J. Building C(sp 3 ) Molecular Complexity on 2,2'-Bipyridine and 1,10-Phenanthroline in Rhenium Tricarbonyl Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:379-389. [PMID: 33001533 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of [Re(N-N)(CO)3 (PMe3 )]OTf (N-N=2,2'-bipyridine, bipy; 1,10-phenanthroline, phen) compounds with tBuLi and with LiHBEt3 have been explored. Addition to the N-N chelate took place with different site-selectivity depending on both chelate and nucleophile. Thus, with tBuLi, an unprecedented addition to C5 of bipy, a regiochemistry not accessible for free bipy, was obtained, whereas coordinated phen underwent tBuLi addition to C2 and C4. Remarkably, when LiHBEt3 reacted with [Re(bipy)(CO)3 (PMe3 )]OTf, hydride addition to the 4 and 6 positions of bipy triggered an intermolecular cyclodimerization of two dearomatized pyridyl rings. In contrast, hydride addition to the phen analog resulted in partial reduction of one pyridine ring. The resulting neutral ReI products showed a varied reactivity with HOTf and with MeOTf to yield cationic complexes. These strategies rendered access to ReI complexes containing bipy- and phen-derived chelates with several C(sp3 ) centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arevalo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, 95343, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Ramón López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Larry R Falvello
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Riera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología-CINN, CSIC- Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avda. de la Vega 4-6, 33940, El Entrego, Spain
| | - Julio Perez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Nanomateriales y Nanotecnología-CINN, CSIC- Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias, Avda. de la Vega 4-6, 33940, El Entrego, Spain
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Fuse H, Nakao H, Saga Y, Fukatsu A, Kondo M, Masaoka S, Mitsunuma H, Kanai M. Photocatalytic redox-neutral hydroxyalkylation of N-heteroaromatics with aldehydes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12206-12211. [PMID: 34094432 PMCID: PMC8163015 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyalkylation of N-heteroaromatics with aldehydes was achieved using a binary hybrid catalyst system comprising an acridinium photoredox catalyst and a thiophosphoric acid organocatalyst. The reaction proceeded through the following sequence: (1) photoredox-catalyzed single-electron oxidation of a thiophosphoric acid catalyst to generate a thiyl radical, (2) cleavage of the formyl C-H bond of the aldehyde substrates by a thiyl radical acting as a hydrogen atom transfer catalyst to generate acyl radicals, (3) Minisci-type addition of the resulting acyl radicals to N-heteroaromatics, and (4) a spin-center shift, photoredox-catalyzed single-electron reduction, and protonation to produce secondary alcohol products. This metal-free hybrid catalysis proceeded under mild conditions for a wide range of substrates, including isoquinolines, quinolines, and pyridines as N-heteroaromatics, as well as both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, and tolerated various functional groups. The reaction was applicable to late-stage derivatization of drugs and their leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Fuse
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yutaka Saga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Arisa Fukatsu
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Mio Kondo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Masaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Harunobu Mitsunuma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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Aithagani SK, Kumar M, Yadav M, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. Metal-Free, Phosphonium Salt-Mediated Sulfoximination of Azine N-Oxides: Approach for the Synthesis of N-Azine Sulfoximines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5886-94. [PMID: 27304317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a simple and metal-free method for the synthesis of N-azine sulfoximines by the nucleophilic substitution of azine N-oxides with NH-sulfoximines. The present method works at room temperature with wide functional group compatibility and gives several unprecedented N-azine sulfoximines. The reaction conditions were also found suitable with enantiopure substrates and furnished products without any racemization. It also finds an application in the sulfoximination of azine-based functional molecules such as 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, and quinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Kumar Aithagani
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Mahipal Yadav
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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Li H, Yan CG. The unprecedented C-alkylation and tandem C-/O-alkylation of phenanthrolinium salts with cyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Duncton MAJ. Minisci reactions: Versatile CH-functionalizations for medicinal chemists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nandakumar MV, Ghosh S, Schneider C. Enantioselective Synthesis of a Novel Chiral 2,9-Disubstituted 1,10-Phenanthroline and First Applications in Asymmetric Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Carney JM, Donoghue PJ, Wuest WM, Wiest O, Helquist P. Intramolecular Hydroamination of Aminoalkynes with Silver−Phenanthroline Catalysts. Org Lett 2008; 10:3903-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Carney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Patrick J. Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Paul Helquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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Plummer JM, Weitgenant JA, Noll BC, Lauher JW, Wiest O, Helquist P. Synthesis, Structure, and Metal Complexation Behavior of a New Type of Functionalized Chiral Phenanthroline Derivative. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3911-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702566m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Plummer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Cancer Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Jeremy A. Weitgenant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Cancer Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bruce C. Noll
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Cancer Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Joseph W. Lauher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Cancer Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Olaf Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Cancer Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Paul Helquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Notre Dame Cancer Center, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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Ladipo FT. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF WELL-CHARACTERIZED LOW-VALENT TITANIUM SPECIES. COMMENT INORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/02603590600767138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Owiny D, Kingston JV, Maynor M, Parkin S, Kampf JW, Ladipo FT. Reductive Coupling of [(RO)2Ti(L2)2] Complexes Containing a Chelating Bis(aryloxide) Ligand with Ketones (L2 = bpy, dmbpy, or phen). Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050231k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Owiny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Jesudoss V. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Marc Maynor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Jeff W. Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Folami T. Ladipo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
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12
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Schoffers E. Reinventing Phenanthroline Ligands − Chiral Derivatives for Asymmetric Catalysis? European J Org Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200390168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Schoffers
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI 49008‐5413, USA, Fax: (internat.) + 1‐269/387‐2909
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13
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Chelucci G, Loriga G, Murineddu G, Pinna GA. Synthesis and application in asymmetric copper(I)-catalyzed allylic oxidation of a new chiral 1,10-phenanthroline derived from pinene. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gladiali S, Chelucci G, Mudadu MS, Gastaut MA, Thummel RP. Friedländer synthesis of chiral alkyl-substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines. J Org Chem 2001; 66:400-5. [PMID: 11429806 DOI: 10.1021/jo0009806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic scope of the Friedländer condensation in the preparation of chiral alkyl-substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines has been investigated. A range of chiral [x,y-b]-cycloalkeno-condensed phenanthrolines has been prepared in one step from steroidal or other cyclic ketones from the chiral pool and 8-amino-7-quinolinecarbaldehyde (1) via base-catalyzed condensation. Phenanthroline derivatives are formed in good yields with unhindered ketones, but the reaction proceeds even with sterically congested substrates such as camphor, albeit in low yield. The utility of the Friedländer condensation has been extended to the synthesis of chiral 3-alkyl-substituted phenanthrolines from monoalkyl-substituted acetaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gladiali
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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