1
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Watson LJ, Hill AF. Stable cyclopropenylvinyl ligands via insertion into a transient cyclopropenyl metal bond. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3629-3637. [PMID: 38289268 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03997h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of the rhodium pincer complexes [RhCl(RPm)] (RPm = N,N'-bis(di-R-phosphinomethyl)perimidinylidene, R = Ph, Cy) with triphenylcyclopropenium hexafluorophosphate affords rhodacyclobutadiene complexes. These in turn react with activated alkynes (RCCCO2Me, R = H, CO2Me) to afford unusually stable cyclopropenylvinyls, implicating the intermediacy of σ-cyclopropenyl isomers. In contrast, treatment of [RhCl{py(NHPtBu2)2-2,6}] with the same reagent instead results in double functionalisation (SEAr) at the pincer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J Watson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Anthony F Hill
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, ACT 2601, Australia.
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2
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Arias-Olivares D, Páez-Hernández D. The spin–orbit effects on platinabenzene: a ring current and electron delocalization approach. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity of platinabenzene was studied using the electronic structure and magnetic descriptors with relativistic corrections. It presents aromatic character following the Hückel's rule, negative NICS values, and diatropic current densities.
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3
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Tkachenko NV, Muñoz-Castro A, Boldyrev AI. Occurrence of Double Bond in π-Aromatic Rings: An Easy Way to Design Doubly Aromatic Carbon-Metal Structures. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237232. [PMID: 34885812 PMCID: PMC8659221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemical bonding of several metallabenzenes and metallabenzynes was studied via an adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) algorithm and the induced magnetic field analysis. A unique chemical bonding pattern was discovered where the M=C (M: Os, Re) double bond coexists with the delocalized 6c-2e π-bonding elements responsible for aromatic properties of the investigated complexes. In opposition to the previous description where 8 delocalized π-electrons were reported in metallabenzenes and metallabenzynes, we showed that only six delocalized π-electrons are present in those molecules. Thus, there is no deviation from Hückel's aromaticity rule for metallabenzynes/metallabenzenes complexes. Based on the discovered bonding pattern, we propose two thermodynamically stable novel molecules that possess not only π-delocalization but also retain six σ-delocalized electrons, rendering them as doubly aromatic species. As a result, our investigation gives a new direction for the search for carbon-metal doubly aromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Tkachenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA;
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago 2801, Chile;
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, Santiago 2801, Chile;
| | - Alexander I. Boldyrev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA;
- Correspondence:
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4
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Abstract
Since the prediction of the existence of metallabenzenes in 1979, metallaaromatic chemistry has developed rapidly, due to its importance in both experimental and theoretical fields. Now six major types of metallaromatic compounds, metallabenzenes, metallabenzynes, heterometallaaromatics, dianion metalloles, metallapentalenes and metallapentalynes (also termed carbolongs), and spiro metalloles, have been reported and extensively studied. Their parent organic analogues may be aromatic, non-aromatic, or even anti-aromatic. These unique systems not only enrich the large family of aromatics, but they also broaden our understanding and extend the concept of aromaticity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metallaaromatic chemistry. We have focused on not only the six major classes of metallaaromatics, including the main-group-metal-based metallaaromatics, but also other types, such as metallacyclobutadienes and metallacyclopropenes. The structures, synthetic methods, and reactivities are described, their applications are covered, and the challenges and future prospects of the area are discussed. The criteria commonly used to judge the aromaticity of metallaaromatics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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5
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Organophosphines in Cis-PtP2CCl Derivatives Structural Aspects. Symmetry (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sym10030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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6
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Zhu C, Zhu J, Zhou X, Zhu Q, Yang Y, Wen TB, Xia H. Isolation of an Eleven-Atom Polydentate Carbon-Chain Chelate Obtained by Cycloaddition of a Cyclic Osmium Carbyne with an Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ting Bin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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7
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Zhu C, Zhu J, Zhou X, Zhu Q, Yang Y, Wen TB, Xia H. Isolation of an Eleven-Atom Polydentate Carbon-Chain Chelate Obtained by Cycloaddition of a Cyclic Osmium Carbyne with an Alkyne. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3154-3157. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Qin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ting Bin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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8
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Abstract
Metallaaromatics can be broadly defined as aromatic compounds in which one of the ring atoms is a transition metal. The metallabenzenes are one important class of these compounds that has undergone extensive study recently. Closely related species such as fused-ring metallabenzenes, heterometallabenzenes, π-coordinated metallabenzenes and metallabenzynes have also attracted considerable attention. Although many metallaaromatics can be considered as metalla-analogues of classic organic aromatic compounds, this is not always the case. Recent seminal studies have shown that metallapentalenes and metallapentalynes, which are metalla-analogues of the anti-aromatic compounds pentalene and pentalyne, are in fact aromatic and highly stable. Very unusual spiro-metallaaromatic compounds have also recently been isolated. In this concepts article, key features of all these intriguing metallaaromatic compounds are discussed with reference to the structural, spectroscopic, reactivity and theoretical studies that have been undertaken. These compounds continue to generate much interest, not only because of the contributions they make to fundamental chemical understanding, but also because of the promise of possible practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Frogley
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Melník M, Mikuš P. Organophosphines in organoplatinum complexes – structural aspects of cis-PtP2C2 derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Chen J, Jia G. Recent development in the chemistry of transition metal-containing metallabenzenes and metallabenzynes. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Ghiasi R, Pasdar H. Computational study of substituent effect in para substituted platinabenzene complexes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Dalebrook AF, Wright LJ. Metallabenzenes and Metallabenzenoids. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396970-5.00003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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13
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Lin R, Zhang H, Li S, Wang J, Xia H. New highly stable metallabenzenes via nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Chemistry 2011; 17:4223-31. [PMID: 21360601 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of the ruthenabenzene [Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHC(PPh(3))CH}Cl(2)(PPh(3))(2)]Cl (1) with excess 8-hydroxyquinoline in the presence of CH(3)COONa under air atmosphere produced the S(N)Ar product [(C(9) H(6)NO)Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHC(PPh(3))C}(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl(2) (3). Ruthenabenzene 3 could be stable in the solution of weak alkali or weak acid. However, reaction of 3 with NaOH afforded a 7:1 mixture of ruthenabenzenes [(C(9)H(6)NO)Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHCHC}(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl (4) and [(C(9)H(6)NO)Ru{CHCHCHC(PPh(3))C}(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl (5), presumably involving a P-C bond cleavage of the metallacycle. Complex 3 was also reactive to HCl, which results in a transformation of 3 to ruthenabenzene [Ru{CHC(PPh(3))CHC(PPh(3))C}Cl(2)(C(9)H(6)NO)(PPh(3))]Cl (6) in high yield. Thermal stability tests showed that ruthenabenzenes 4, 5, and 6 have remarkable thermal stability both in solid state and in solution under air atmosphere. Ruthenabenzenes 4 and 5 were found to be fluorescent in common solvents and have spectral behaviors comparable to those organic multicyclic compounds containing large π-extended systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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14
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Zhu ZB, Chen K, Wei Y, Shi M. Preparation of Di-μ-chlorobis[π-1-chloro-1-aryl-2-(2′,2′-diarylvinyl)allyl]palladium(II) Complexes and a Novel Dehydrogenative Rearrangement of Arylvinylcyclopropenes for the Synthesis of 7H-Benzo[c]fluorene Derivatives. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om1009846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bin Zhu
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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15
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Johns PM, Roper WR, Woodgate SD, Wright LJ. Thermal Rearrangement of Osmabenzenes to Osmium Cyclopentadienyl Complexes. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1003754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Johns
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren R. Roper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Scott D. Woodgate
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L. James Wright
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Huang J, Lin R, Wu L, Zhao Q, Zhu C, Wen TB, Xia H. Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Bisosmabenzenes Bridged by Diisocyanides. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om1001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Bin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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17
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Sherden NH, Behenna DC, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. Unusual allylpalladium carboxylate complexes: identification of the resting state of catalytic enantioselective decarboxylative allylic alkylation reactions of ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:6840-3. [PMID: 19672907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H Sherden
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratories of Chemical Synthesis and the Caltech Center for Catalysis and Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard MC 164-30, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Sherden N, Behenna D, Virgil S, Stoltz B. Unusual Allylpalladium Carboxylate Complexes: Identification of the Resting State of Catalytic Enantioselective Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation Reactions of Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Jacob V, Landorf CW, Zakharov LN, Weakley TJR, Haley MM. Platinabenzenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity Studies of a Rare Class of Metalla-aromatics. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900439z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253
| | | | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253
| | | | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253
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20
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Rubin M, Rubina M, Gevorgyan V. Transition metal chemistry of cyclopropenes and cyclopropanes. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3117-79. [PMID: 17622181 DOI: 10.1021/cr050988l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1047] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.
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21
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Wu HP, Weakley TJR, Haley MM. Regioselective formation of beta-alkyl-alpha-phenyliridabenzenes via unsymmetrical 3-vinylcyclopropenes: probing steric and electronic influences by varying the alkyl ring substituent. Chemistry 2006; 11:1191-200. [PMID: 15624125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of unsymmetrical (Z)-1-alkyl-3-(2-iodovinyl)-2-phenyl-1-cyclopropenes (R=Me (8 a), Et (8 b), iPr (8 c), and tBu (8 d)) and their reactions with Vaska's complex [Ir(CO)Cl(PPh3)2] and its trimethylphosphine analogue [Ir(CO)Cl(PMe3)2] were investigated. Iridabenzvalene (13/20), iridabenzene (14/21), and/or eta(5)-cyclopentadienyliridium complexes (15/22) were obtained in modest yields and were fully characterized by spectroscopic means. X-ray structural data was secured for iridabenzvalene 13 d and iridabenzenes 14 a,b,d. Whereas iridabenzenes 14 a-c were stable at 75 degrees C for 48 h, 14 d, which possesses a bulky tBu group, rearranged cleanly to cyclopentadienyliridium 15 d at 50 degrees C over 15 h and displayed first-order kinetics. The influence of the alkyl substituent on the mechanisms of iridacycle generation, isomerization, and iridabenzene regioselectivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Ping Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
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23
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Abstract
Research into aromatic metallacycles, though discussed in the literature over the last quarter century, has undergone a major expansion since 2000. A wide variety of new metallabenzenes, encompassing new synthetic methods and new metal centers, is now available. New aromatic metallacycle topologies (iridanaphthalene, osmabenzynes) have been isolated and characterized. The first metallabenzene valence isomers (iridabenzvalenes, rhodabenzvalenes) and constitutional isomers (isoosmabenzenes) are now known. This review discusses the synthesis, chemistry, and physical properties of these intriguing aromatic compounds.
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Abstract
Metallabenzenes are analogues of benzene in which one of the benzene CH groups has been formally replaced by a transition metal and its ancillary ligands. This article summarises some of the important recent highlights of metallabenzene chemistry including the synthesis of the first platinabenzene, the synthesis of the first metallanaphthalene (an iridanaphthalene) and the development of new synthetic routes to metallabenzenes. The results of a number of theoretical studies that provide important insights into the nature and reactivity of metallabenzenes are discussed and in the concluding section some of the immediate goals and challenges in this field are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L James Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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25
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Chin CS, Lee H. New iridacyclohexadienes and iridabenzenes by [2+2+1] cyclotrimerization of alkynes and facile interconversion between iridacyclohexadienes and iridabenzenes. Chemistry 2006; 10:4518-22. [PMID: 15378630 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Iridabenzenes [Ir[=CHCH=CHCH=C(CH2R)](CH3CN)2(PPh3)2]2+ (R=Ph 4 a, R=p-C6H4CH3 4 b) are obtained from the reactions of H+ with iridacyclohexadienes [Ir[-CH=CHCH=CHC(=CH-p-C6H4R')](CO)(PPh3)2]+ (R'=H 3 a, R'=CH3 3 b), which are prepared from [2+2+1] cyclotrimerization of alkynes in the reactions of [Ir(CH3CN)(CO)(PPh3)2]+ with HC[triple chemical bond]CH and HC[triple chemical bond]CR. Iridabenzenes 4 react with CO and CH3CN in the presence of NEt3 to give iridacyclohexadienes [Ir[-CH=CHCH=CHC(=CHR)](CO)2(PPh3)2]+ (6) and [Ir[-CH=CHCH=CHC(=CHR)](CH3CN)2(PPh3)2]+ (7), respectively. Iridacyclohexadienes 6 and 7 also convert to iridabenzenes 4 by the reactions with H+ in the presence of CH3CN. Alkynyl iridacyclohexadienes [Ir[-CH=CHCH=CHC(=CH-p-C6H4R')](-C[triple chemical bond]CH)(PPh3)2] (8) undergo a cleavage of C[triple chemical bond]C bond by H+/H2O to produce [Ir[-CH=CHCH=CHC(=CH-p-C6H4R')](-CH3)(CO)(PPh3)2] (10) via facile inter-conversion between iridacyclohexadienes and iridabenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Shik Chin
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
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26
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Iron MA, Lucassen ACB, Cohen H, van der Boom ME, Martin JML. A Computational Foray into the Formation and Reactivity of Metallabenzenes. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:11699-710. [PMID: 15366918 DOI: 10.1021/ja047125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various metallabenzene complexes, analogues of benzene where one CH unit has been replaced by an organometallic fragment, have been reported in the literature. A detailed theoretical investigation on the chemistry of these complexes is presented here. This includes an evaluation of their aromaticity, the mechanisms of formation of osmium, iridium, and platinum metallabenzene complexes, and one intriguing aspect of their chemistry, the formation of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on two osmabenzene examples are also presented. In addition, diffuse functions for use with the SDD and SDB-cc-pVDZ basis set-RECP combinations are presented for the transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Iron
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Research Support Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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Landorf CW, Jacob V, Weakley TJR, Haley MM. Rational Synthesis of Platinabenzenes. Organometallics 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/om034371a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253
| | | | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253
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Gilbertson RD, Wu HP, Gorman-Lewis D, Weakley TJ, Weiss HC, Boese R, Haley MM. An unusually robust triple bond: synthesis, structure and reactivity of 3-alkynylcyclopropenes. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Iron MA, Martin JML, van der Boom ME. Metallabenzene versus Cp Complex Formation: A DFT Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13020-1. [PMID: 14570463 DOI: 10.1021/ja037983v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One common reaction that metallabenzene complexes undergo is the formation of cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes. Density functional theory (DFT) was used here to investigate the reaction mechanism. It was found that the reaction can proceed via a carbene migratory insertion class of C-C coupling. Cp complexes are found to be thermodynamically favored, except for the case of (C5H5Ir)(PH3)2Cl2 (1j) where the metallabenzene was favored. Isolation a rhodiabenzene of the type (C5H5Rh)(PH3)2Cl2 (1m) and a palladiabenzene, such as (C5H5Pd)Cp (1p), may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Iron
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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