Syntheses, Characterization, Redox Properties, and Mixed-Valence Chemistry of Tetra- and Hexanuclear Diyndiyl Complexes

Hydrogenating an organometallic carbon chain: buten-yn-diyl (CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C) as a missing link

The sequential reaction of [Ru(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH)Cl(CO)2(PPh3)2] with [Ru(CO)2(PPh3)3], and N-chlorosuccinimide affords the binuclear tetracarbido complex [Ru2(μ-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)Cl2(CO)4(PPh3)4]. This may be compared with the first example of a butenyndiyl bridged bimetallic complex [Ru2(μ-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C)Cl2(CO)4(PPh3)4] which is obtained from the reaction of [Ru(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH)Cl(CO)2(PPh3)2] with [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3] followed by carbonylation. Characterisational data are discussed with reference to constituent model complexes [Ru(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH)Cl(CO)2(PPh3)2] and [Ru(CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH2)Cl(CO)2(PPh3)2] in addition to DFT analysis of the bonding in the complexes [Ru2(μ-L)Cl2(CO)4(PMe3)4] (L = C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C, CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CHC[triple bond, length as m-dash]C, CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]CH). A range of other tetracarbido complexes which may be prepared from [RuCl(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CH)(CO)2(PPh3)2] is also described and includes [RuAu(μ-C4)Cl(CO)3(PPh3)3], [RuIr(μ-C4)Cl(CO)3(PPh3)4], [RuIr(μ-C4)H(NCMe)(CO)3(PPh3)4]BF4, [RuIr(μ-C4)Cl(η2-O2)(CO)3(PPh3)4], [Ru2Hg(μ-C4)2Cl2(CO)4(PPh3)4], [Ru2Pt(μ-C4)2Cl2(CO)4(PPh3)6] and [Ru2(μ-C4)HCl(CO)4(PPh3)4].

Anodic electrochemistry of mono- and dinuclear aminophenylferrocene and diphenylaminoferrocene complexes

Two related three-membered series of nonlinear aminophenylferrocene and diphenylaminoferrocene complexes were prepared and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The first series consists of 4-(diphenylamino)phenylferrocene (TPA-Fc, 1a), its dimethoxy-substituted tetraphenylphenylenediamine derivative (M2TPPD-Fc, 1c), and the triphenylamine-bridged bis(ferrocenyl) complex (Fc-TPA-Fc, 1b). The second series involves bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aminoferrocene (M2DPA-Fc, 1d), 4-methoxyphenylaminoferrocene (MPA-Fc) with N-phenyl-appended terminal TPA (1e), and the corresponding bis(MPA-Fc) complex with bridging TPA (1f). The structure of complex 1d was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Combined investigations, based on anodic voltammetry, UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were conducted to illustrate the influence of the integration of multiple redox-active components on the sequential oxidation of these complexes. The first anodic steps in 1a-1f are localized preferentially on the ferrocenyl units, followed by oxidation of the TPA or TPPD moieties (absent in 1d). Irreversible oxidation of the ferrocene-appended strong donor DPA/MPA units in 1d-1f terminates the anodic series. The one-electron oxidation of the triphenylamine-bridged diferrocenyl (1b) and bis(phenylaminoferrocenyl) (1f) complexes triggers their facile redox disproportionation to dicationic bis(ferrocenium) products.

Multistep Oxidation of Diethynyl Oligophenylamine-Bridged Diruthenium and Diiron Complexes

Homo-dinuclear nonlinear complexes [{M(dppe)Cp*}₂{μ-(-C≡C)₂X}] (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane; Cp* = η⁵-C₅Me₅; X = triphenylamine (TPA), M = Ru (1a) and Fe (1b); X = N,N,N',N'-tetraphenylphenylene-1,4-diamine (TPPD), M = Ru (2a)) were prepared and characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (1a, 2a). Attempts to prepare the diiron analogue of 2a were not successful. Experimental data obtained from cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, UV-vis-NIR (NIR = near-infrared) spectro-electrochemistry, and very informative IR spectro-electrochemistry in the C≡C stretching region, combined with density functional theory calculations, afford to make an emphasizing assessment of the close association between the metal-ethynyl termini and the oligophenylamine bridge core as well as their respective involvement in sequential one-electron oxidations of these complexes. The anodic behavior of the homo-bimetallic complexes depends strongly both on the metal center and the length of the oligophenylamine bridge core. The poorly separated first two oxidations of diiron complex 1b are localized on the electronically nearly independent Fe termini. In contrast, diruthenium complex 1a exhibits a significantly delocalized character and a marked electronic communication between the ruthenium centers through the diethynyl-TPA bridge. The ruthenium-ethynyl halves in 2a, separated by the doubly extended and more flexible TPPD bridge core, show a lower degree of electronic coupling, resulting in close-lying first two anodic waves and the NIR electronic absorption of [2a]⁺ with an indistinctive intervalence charge transfer character. Finally, the third anodic waves in the voltammetric responses of the homo-bimetallic complexes are associated with the concurrent exclusive oxidation of the TPA or TPPD bridge cores.

Syntheses, characterization and electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of ruthenium–iron complexes of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine and ferrocene-acetylide ligands

A mixed-valence Ru^IIFe^III complex displays 0.50 V of redox potential difference induced by Ru⋯Fe interactions across the Ru–CC–Fc backbone and moderate IVCT band centered at 1247 nm.

Electronic Coupling in [Mo2]-Bridge-[Mo2] Systems with Twisted Bridges

In order to evaluate the impact of bridge conformation on electronic coupling in donor-bridge-acceptor triad systems, two Mo2 dimers, [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-{C(O)NH}2-Naph] (1, DAniF = N,N'-di(p-anisyl)formamidinate and Naph = naphthalenyl) and [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-(CS2)2-2,5-Me2C6H2] (2), have been synthesized and structurally characterized. These two compounds feature a large dihedral angle (>60°) between the central aromatic ring and the plane defined by the Mo-Mo bond vectors, which is distinct from the previously reported phenylene bridged analogues [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-{C(O)NH}2-ph] (I) and [Mo2(DAniF)3]2[μ-1,4-(CS2)2-C6H4] (II), respectively. Unusual optical behaviors are observed for the mixed-valence (MV) species (1(+) and 2(+)), generated by single-electron oxidation. While 2(+) exhibits a weak intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) absorption band in the near-IR region, the IVCT band is absent in the spectrum of 1(+), which is quite different from what observed for I(+) and II(+). Optical analyses, based on superexchange formalism and Hush model, indicate that, in terms of Robin-Day classification, mixed-valence species 1(+) belongs to the electronically uncoupled Class I and complex 2(+), with Hab = 220 cm(-1), is assigned to the weakly coupled Class II. Together with I(+) and II(+), the four MV complexes complete a transition from Class I to Class II-III borderline as a result of manipulating the geometric topology of the bridge. Given the structural and electronic features for the molecular systems, the impacts of electrostatic interaction (through-space) and electron resonance (through-bond) on electronic coupling are discussed.

Tris(triazole) tripodal receptors as selective probes for citrate anion recognition and multichannel transition and heavy metal cation sensing

The preparation and binding properties towards citrate anions and cations of two three-armed triazole based receptors are described.

Modulation of electronic couplings within Ru2-polyyne frameworks

Dimers of [Ru(2)(Xap)(4)] bridged by 1,3,5-hexatriyn-diyl (Xap are 2-anilinopyridinate and its aniline substituted derivatives), [Ru(2)(Xap)(4)](2)(μ-C(6)) (1), were prepared. Compounds 1 reacted with 1 equiv of tetracyanoethene (TCNE) to yield the cyclo-addition/insertion products [Ru(2)(Xap)(4)](2){μ-C≡CC(C(CN)(2))-C(C(CN)(2))C≡C} (2) and 1 equiv of Co(2)(dppm)(CO)(6) to yield the η(2)-Co(2) adducts to the middle C≡C bond, [Ru(2)(Xap)(4)](2)(μ-C(6))(Co(2)(dppm)(CO)(4)) (3). Voltammetric and spectroelectrochemical studies revealed that (i) two Ru(2) termini in 1 are sufficiently coupled with the monoanion (1(-)) as a Robin-Day class II/III mixed valence species; (ii) the coupling between two Ru(2) is still significant but somewhat weakened in 3; and (iii) the coupling between two Ru(2) is completely removed by the insertion of TCNE in 2. The attenuation of electronic couplings in 2 and 3 was further explored with both the X-ray diffraction study of representative compounds and spin-unrestricted DFT calculations.